The subjects of the study were 31 pregnant women aged 22–34 years in the course of regular pregnancy. Data concerning the sources of fluoride exposure such as diet, oral hygiene measures and topical application of fluoride procedures, were collected from each individual with a questionnaire. Samples of blood plasma were drawn in the 28th, 33rd week of pregnancy and during delivery. The analysis evaluating the fluoride concentration in the samples was carried out with the use of fluoride electrode ORION (model 96-09). The data were statistically analyzed using the program Statistica for Windows.
Mean value of fluoride concentration in the samples of blood plasma from the 28th week of pregnancy was lower than the mean concentration detected in the 33rd week of pregnancy (3.29 and 3.73 μmol/l, respectively). These values suggest that apart from drinking water, there were other important sources of fluoride in the examined sample.
The results indicate that a reliable assessment of fluoride exposure in a given population cannot be based solely on the concentration of fluoride in drinking water. Relatively high levels of fluoride in blood plasma of examined women suggest that there is no need for fluoride supplementation in this group of patients. 相似文献
The method developed was validated. The absolute recoveries evaluated over the whole concentration range were 95±2% and 95±4% for NIF and DNIF, respectively. The method was found to be linear in the 0.5–100 ng/ml concentration range for the two analytes (r2=0.999 for both NIF and DNIF). The mean R.S.D. values for repeatability and intermediate precision were 2.9 and 3.0% for NIF and 2.2–4.7% for the metabolite.The method developed was successfully used to investigate the plasma concentration of NIF and DNIF in the pharmacokinetic studies. 相似文献
This open study was a single dose, three-period, crossover trial with a randomised treatment sequence in 24 hypogonadal men, consisting in a single 48-h application of two patches of 2× 30 cm2, 2× 45 cm2, 2× 60 cm2, separated by a 5-day wash-out. Testosterone concentrations were determined during patch application and after patch removal. Dose proportionality was assessed on baseline corrected, dose normalised parameters for Cav,corr/D, Cmax,corr/D and AUC(0–48),corr/D.
Testosterone concentrations rose during the first 9 h following patch application, remained relatively sustained until 48 h and then decreased abruptly after patch removal, with a half-life of 1.3 h. Testosterone levels were maintained above 3 ng/mL for 42–45 h with all patches. Cav were 3.39, 4.03 and 4.58 ng/mL and Cmax were 4.33, 5.29 and 6.18 ng/mL according to the doses. AUC(0–48), Cav and Cmax were dose dependent with mean ratios within the acceptance range (0.70–1.43).
In conclusion, dose linearity was demonstrated between the different strengths of testosterone patches. Application resulted in dose proportional increases in serum T levels in hypogonadal men into the low to mid-normal range within the first hours and achieved steady state for 48 h. During this short term study with three consecutive patch applications, this patch was shown to be efficient, convenient and safe with excellent adhesiveness and skin tolerability, and with no cross-contamination to partner or to environment. 相似文献
The coefficients of variation on replicate analyses ranged from 7–16%. The louest level of 17-hydroxy-progesterone uhich may be determined is 5 ng/100 ml plasma. The concentration (mean ± S.D.; ng/100 ml plasma) in a group of healthy men (aged 20–40 yrs) uas 123 ± 65. From women during days 1–10 of the menstrual cycle the value uas 40 ± 15, during days 18–32 of the cycle 134 ± 57 and during pregnancy (12th week to term) 622 ± 262. Progesterone was determined in the same samples using an antiserum to 11-hydroxyprogesterone-11-hemisuccinate-BSA. 相似文献
Leaf-scale gas exchanges, by means of an IRGA open-flow system, were measured in response to light intensity (8 levels from 0 up to 2000 μmol m−2 s−1), CO2 concentrations (ambient—350 μmol mol−1 and short-term enriched—700 μmol mol−1) and air temperature (from 7 up to 35 °C) on three Vicia faba L. genotypes, each representing one of the three cultivated groups: major, equina and minor. The net assimilation rate response to light intensity was well described by an exponential rise to max function. The short-term CO2 enrichment markedly increased the values of light response curve parameters such as maximum photosynthetic rate (+80%), light saturation point (+40%) and quantum yield (+30%), while less homogenous behaviour was reported for dark respiration and light compensation point. For each light intensity level, the major and minor genotypes studied showed assimilation rates at least a 30% higher than equina.
The positive effects of short-term CO2 enrichment on photosynthetic water use efficiency (WUE) indicate a relevant advantage in doubling CO2 concentration. In the major and minor genotypes studied, similar assimilation rates, but different WUE were observed.
The optimum leaf temperature for assimilation process, calculated through a polynomial function, was 26–27 °C and no relevant limitations were observed in the range between 21 and 32 °C.
Analysis at the single leaf level provided both rapid information on the variations in gas exchange in response to environmental factors and selection criteria for the screening of genotypes. 相似文献
Using a Poisson regression model, the placebo group with low GFR-creatinine clearance (CrCl < 60 ml/min) had 60% more falls compared to the group with CrCl ≥ 60 ml/min. Further sub group analyses showed that there is no increased risk of falls with CrCl 60–70, 70–80 and >90 ml/min. Calcitriol treatment significantly reduced the number of falls by 50% (OR = 0.5, 95% CI: 0.4–0.9, p = 0.010) compared to placebo in the low CrCl group.
The group with lower CrCl had lower calcium absorption (p < 0.001), lower serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) (p < 0.001) and normal serum 25OHD suggesting that there is decreased conversion of 25OHD to 1,25(OH)2D by the aging kidney. It is postulated that the decrease in falls on calcitriol therapy is related to an increase in serum 1,25(OH)2D, upregulation of VDR and improvement in muscle strength although one cannot exclude an effect on the central nervous system. 相似文献
We measured the volumes and lengths of the MG bellies. We also measured the length of muscle fascicles in the mid-portion of the muscle belly and the angle that the fascicles made with the deep aponeurosis of the muscle. Volumes were normalised to the subject’s body mass; muscle lengths and fascicle lengths were normalised to the length of the fibula.
Normalised MG belly lengths in the paretic limb were shorter than the non-paretic side at MD (p = 0.0001) and RA (p = 0.0236). Normalised muscle lengths of the paretic limb were shorter than those in TD children at both angles (p = 0.0004; p = 0.0003). However, normalised fascicle lengths in the non-paretic and paretic limbs were similar to those measured in TD children (p > 0.05). When compared to the non-paretic limb, muscle volume was reduced in the paretic limb (p < 0.0001), by an average of 28%, and normalised muscle volume in the paretic limb was smaller than in the TD group (p < 0.0001).
The MG is short and small in the paretic limb of children with SHCP. The altered morphology is not due to a decrease in fascicle length. We suggest that MG deformity in SHCP is caused by lack of cross-sectional growth. 相似文献
The aims of this study were to determine the selenium content in infant formulae sold commercially in Spain, to estimate a daily dietary intake for infants fed on formulae and to compare with the selenium provided by Spanish breast milk samples used as a reference. We have also identified certain trace elements added to formulae which interact with selenium according to the type and protein matrix of the infant formulae.
Selenium concentration was determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) with a hydride generator.
The selenium concentrations in human milk and infant formulae determined in this study are similar to those found by other researchers in different countries. The daily selenium intake from the formulae studied was estimated according to the recommended doses from the manufacturers. The theoretical selenium intake of nursed infants has been studied in relation to the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA: 10 μg Se/day) and the specific recommendations for infant formula nutrient contents (10–35 μg Se/L) set by the Expert Panel of Life Sciences Research Office (LSRO) of the American Society for Nutritional Sciences.
According to our results, on an overall view, infants fed on the studied infant formulae have an intake between basal and normative requirements. This might be considered as providing an adequate selenium supply. However, the intake of selenium provided by several formulae included in this research did not reach the RDA for the first month of neonate life. 相似文献
The relationship between several pathologies and Se content is also evaluated. Se content from 64 samples from subjects with chronic renal failure and 54 from subjects suffering from several malignancies are determined and the results are compared to the reference values. Moreover, Se contents are determined and compared in two groups of children, healthy (19 samples) and children of mothers infected with HIV-1 (16 samples).
In the control group, Se plasma concentration ranges between 50 and 145 μg · L−1 (82.2 ± 17.5 μg · L−1). Significantly lower values are found in the two pathologies studied (malignancy and chronic renal failure), compared to the control group. However, no significant differences in Se content are found between the two groups studied regarding malignancy and chronic renal failure.
In children of mothers infected with HIV-1, Se status is significantly lower than that of healthy children. 相似文献
E1 (pmol/L ± S.D.) and E1S (nmol/L ± S.D.) in the PCa and BPH patients (respectively 126.1 ± 66.1 and 2.82 ± 1.78, and 127.8 ± 56.4 and 2.78 ± 2.12) were significantly higher than in the controls (113.8 ± 47.6 and 2.11 ± 0.96). E2 was not significantly different among the PCa, BPH, and control groups. These assays were also carried out in PCa patients after partition by prognosis (PSA, Gleason score (GS), histological stage, and surgical margins (SM)). Significantly higher E1S levels were found in PCa with: PSA > 10 ng/L (3.05 ± 1.92) versus PSA ≤ 10 ng/mL (2.60 ± 1.55), stage pT3-T4 (2.99 ± 1.80) versus pT2 (2.58 ± 1.58), and positive (3.26 ± 1.95) versus negative margins (2.52 ± 1.48). E1 was higher in poor- than in better-prognosis PCa. E2 was significantly higher in PCa with GS ≥ 4 + 3 (109.5 ± 43.8) versus GS ≤ 3 + 4 (100.6 ± 36.5) and increased significantly when GS increased from 3 + 3 to 4 + 4. Estrogens, especially E1S appeared to be possible markers of PCa progression.
Attempting to identify potential sources of E2 in PCa according to prognosis, as well as in BPH, we found a significant correlation coefficient between E1S and E2 (0.266–0.347) in poor-prognosis PCa and no correlation in BPH (0.026) and better-prognosis PCa (0.013–0.104).
It is as though during progression of PCa from good to poor prognosis there were a shift in the E1 to E2 metabolic pathway from predominantly oxidative to predominantly reductive. 相似文献
The data was obtained from 20 subjects (age: 19–36 years; BMI: 17–32 kg/m2). BC, MR, rectal and skin temperatures were measured for 1 h at 22 °C, followed by 3 h at 15 °C.
A mean bias of 1.8 °C, with a standard error of 0.7 °C, resulted for the mean skin temperature of an average person at 15 °C. When subjective BC and measured MR were incorporated the bias was −0.2±0.9 °C. For the hand-back skin temperature the bias ± standard error fell from 5.3±2.8 °C for an average person to 2.0±2.5 °C, when using individualized characteristics. Trunk skin temperatures were not significantly affected by the adjustments.
In conclusion, this study shows that on a group level predictions of skin temperatures can be improved when adopting individualized body characteristics and measured MR, but the predictions on an individual level were not improved. 相似文献
The enzymatic properties of immobilized CGTase were investigated and compared with those of the soluble enzyme. Soluble and immobilized CGTases showed similar optimum temperature (80–85 °C) and pH (5.5) values, but the pH profile of the immobilized CGTase was broader at higher pH values. The thermoinactivation of the CGTase coupled to Eupergit C was slower than the observed with the native enzyme. The half-life of the immobilized enzyme at 95 °C was five times higher than that of the soluble enzyme. The immobilized CGTase maintained 40% of its initial activity after 10 cycles of 24 h each. After immobilization, the selectivity of CGTase (determined by the ratio CDs/oligosaccharides) was notably shifted towards oligosaccharide production. 相似文献
The findings suggest that PACAP, helodermin and helospectin suppress the electrically evoked contractions in the rat vas deferens via receptors distinct from VIP receptors. 相似文献
A low-dose regimen appears to induce less side effects such as breast tenderness or leg pain than do higher dose preparations.
The decrease in hot flashes with low-dose estrogens, range 60–70%, is less than the 80–90% reduction with standard dosing. But this mean that 60–70% of menopausal women do not need higher doses.
The same applies to bone preservation which is dose dependent: the number of non-respondant women will be higher than with standard doses. However, randomized double-blind, placebo controls trials have defined positive effects on bone of low doses of HRT with adequate calcium and Vitamin D in elderly women. The use of bone densitometry and of biochemical markers of bone turnover is mandatory in women using low or ultra-low-dose preparations.
In spite of the lack of trials conducted with low-dose HRT, this treatment seems to be safer:
- • the plasma levels of estradiol are lower; as far as breast cancer risk is concerned, the decrease of this subrogate marker is considered as favourable;
• the increase in breast density is less pronounced;
• the nurses's health study found a dose relationship for stroke, with no increase in risk with low-dose of estrogens;
• the effects on subrogate markers of cardiovascular risk seem to be more favourable.
Beside the low-dose HRT, one must consider some other facts:
- • the “critical window” theory: it is biologically plausible that HRT, if started early after the menopause can slow the progression of coronary atherosclerosis;
• the way of administration of HRT: some observational studies have shown no increase in the risk of venous thromboembolism risk among women treated with transdermal estrogens;
• the progestogen used: a French cohort study recently performed found no increase in breast cancer risk with the use of micronized progesterone meanwhile the increase in risk observed with other progestogens was similar to the findings of the WHI study.
In the future, it is conceivable that more comprehensive pharmacogenomic studies will lead to effective algorithms for individualizing the right dose of steroids to be used in HRT. 相似文献
At parturition, serum concentration of Cu, Zn, Mo and Co were identical in lambs of both groups, while the serum concentration of Fe (mean ± S.E.) was significantly higher in lambs of control (210.83 ± 9.05 μg/dl) than treatment group (140.71 ± 17.8 μg/dl).
From parturition to the forth weeks of age the serum concentrations of Fe and Cu were increased (P < 0.05) in lambs of treated group which was concomitant with a reduction in Zn concentration.
In conclusion, increase in serum concentrations of Cu and Fe during the first 4 weeks of age in lambs of ewes given vitamin E and selenium compound, could disturb the Zn:Cu and Zn:Fe ratios which in turn lead to zinc deficiency. 相似文献