扁桃在我国的适宜气候生态引种区研究

对我国北方 2 6个样点及 2 0个国外扁桃分布区的 1 0项气候要素进行主成分分析和模糊聚类 ,结果表明 :1温度与热量、降水及其季节性分配 (雨型 )是决定扁桃引种栽培的主要气候因素。适于扁桃生长的气候因子指标为 :无霜期 ( >2 0 0 d)、年平均气温 ( >1 2℃ )、温暖指数 ( 1 1 3～ 1 67)、≥ 1 0℃积温 ( 40 0 0～ 60 0 0℃ )、寒冷指数 ( <-2 5)、生长期降水量 ( <2 0 0 mm)、生产期干燥度指数 ( <2 .0 )、年日照时数 ( >2 50 0 h)。与扁桃的中心栽培区相比 ,生长季节热量不足、干热条件不匹配是我国北方各省引种扁桃所面临的普遍问题。2依据不同的水热条件 ,可将 4 6个样点划分为 6个气候类型。其中 ,适宜扁桃生长的气候类型有 2类 ,即地中海式气候区及中亚 -西亚暖温带干燥气候区 ,我国仅有新疆的喀什地区属此类气候类型。我国其它样点分属 2类引种扁桃较困难的气候类型。第 1类为热量不足地区 ,包括属于温带半湿润气候区的大连、天水、庆阳、平凉、太原 ;温带干旱半干旱气候区的兰州、银川、乌鲁木齐、武威、白银、张掖 ;和寒温带半湿润气候区的榆中、呼和浩特、西宁。第 2类为热量适宜但生长季节湿度过高地区 ,包括暖温带半湿润气候区的北京、天津、石家庄、青岛、济南、郑州、西安、徐州。     

高寒地区四倍体刺槐引种栽培试验

通过对四倍体刺槐进行引种栽培试验。结果表明：(1)四倍体刺槐苗在高寒地区引种栽培。平均成活率达85％以上;(2)1年生四倍体刺槐比2年生苗的适应能力强,移栽成活率为95％以上;(3)1年生苗的萌芽期、晨叶期比2年生苗平均早6～9d;(4)该树种可适应西藏地区特殊的高寒气候紊件。且生长旺盛。枝叶繁茂。成活率高．有较强的开发潜力。     

虎舌红的繁殖栽培与推广利用

虎舌红 (ＡｒｄｉｓｉａｍａｍｉｌａｔａＨａｎｃｅ)为紫金牛科常绿小灌木 ,高约 15～ 2 0ｃｍ ,栽培条件下可达 5 0～ 6 0ｃｍ ,产四川、云南、贵州、广东、广西、福建及江西等省 ,生于海拔 5 0 0～ 12 0 0ｍ的山谷及沟边阴湿阔叶林下。作者通过多年的引种栽培 ,发现该种叶、果奇特 ,是一种很好的观叶和观果植物 ,且易繁殖栽培 ,具有较大的观赏和推广利用价值。1 繁殖栽培虎舌红结果量大 ,成熟度高 ,种子易萌发 ,故种子繁殖是最基本的繁殖方法。种子无休眠期 ,可随采随播 ,盆播效果较佳。取疏松透气的腐殖土或拌入锯末、细沙的土壤 ,放入…     

淡黄花百合的引种驯化与繁殖栽培技术

在武汉对从云南红河州采集的野生淡黄花百合进行引种栽培,研究其物候期、生长发育规律及繁殖栽培技术,为引种栽培提供科学依据。结果表明:淡黄花百合适应性较好,植株生长健壮,开花结实正常,观赏价值高,耐热性良好;通过鳞茎、珠芽、种子繁殖,以珠芽繁殖效果较好;开展基质、施肥对珠芽生长的试验,表明泥炭与珍珠岩比例为1∶1、氮磷钾比例为2∶1∶1的组合对植株成活率、株高以及鳞茎增长等方面均具有显著促进作用,可作为珠芽繁殖的最佳配比,为淡黄花百合的人工繁育提供技术参考。     

泰山顶上的野生园林植物资源与利用

山地野生园林植物是发展园林绿化事业的物质基础和种质保存、品种栽培的珍贵资源 ,有着广阔的引种、开发前景。文章分析了泰山顶上的野生园林植物的特点、种类、资源、分布、筛选出 2 0种有重要研究、栽培和开发价值的多功能性树种 ,并就如何进行保护、引种、发展和综合利用提出建议和措施。     

MaxEnt生态学模型在野生植物近自然林引种区划中的应用——以红姜花为例

近自然林的营建是园林景观的一个重要发展方向。由于待引种的野生植物种类繁多且缺少引种栽培实践,如何在仅有野生分布数据的条件下进行植物的引种区划具有重要意义。Max Ent(Maximum entropy method)的原理是基于物种分布与气候相适应,以物种野生分布数据为基础,寻找物种的潜在分布区,与近自然林条件下野生植物引种区划的需要一致。该文以红姜花为例采用理论和实践检验相结合的方法,对MaxEnt模型的有效性进行评价。在收集红姜花的野生地理分布数据基础上,选择温度、降雨、海拔为环境因子,以75%的数据进行建模,25%的分布数据作为检验作ROC(Receiver operating characteristic)曲线对模型的有效性进行评价。结果表明:ROC曲线下面积AUC值为0.991,评价结果优秀,表明预测模型可靠性高;进一步以全部分布数据在Max Ent中制作区划图,将引种栽培数据的分布位置与区划预测图进行比对,划分适生性等级;在适生性被划分为0~1的11级时,区划图中大于0.01的区域内红姜花即可成功引种。结果证明对于缺少引种栽培实践、拟采用近自然林模式栽培的野生植物,可采用Max Ent生态学模型制作引种区划图。     

芭蕉芋资源的开发与利用(摘要)

芭蕉芋Ｃａｎｎａｅｄｕｌｉｓ又名蕉藕、蕉芋等 ,属美人蕉科多年生草本植物。近年来安徽大别山区的岳西县从四川引种 ,并获成功。1 .生态环境　芭蕉芋适应性广。原南美洲 ,我国云南、广东、广西、四川等省种植 ,均能正常生长。能耐 40℃高温和 -2℃的低温 ,耐肥、耐旱、耐轻度盐碱。喜光 ,喜深厚肥沃疏松的砂质壤土 ,忌粘重黄泥和水湿地。2 .栽培管理　 (1 )选地作畦 :芭蕉芋丰产关键是要选土层深厚 ,土质疏松 ,排水良好的地段和土壤。 (2 )种植 :一般在春分至清明时 ,土壤温度稳定在 1 0℃以上时种植 ,由于它萌蘖力强 ,可采用高垄单行种植…     

管花蒲公英的引种栽培(简报)

用3年的时间对菊科舌状花亚科的新种-管花蒲公英(Neo-Taraxacum siphonanthum)进行了引种栽培并取得了成功,认为管花蒲公英对土壤及气候的要求不严格,有较强的适应性.因其具有观赏性、可食性、药用性,实生播种和引种栽培都很容易,成活率高,宜于各地引种栽培,推广应用.     

苦瓜良种──台湾苦瓜引种栽培研究

本文报道苦瓜良种──台湾苦瓜引种栽培结果。台湾苦瓜在桂林地区种植具有生长快、长势好、瓜大、瓜期长、产量高、质优等综合优良性状,引种栽培获得成功。适时播种、施足基肥、适量追肥是台湾苦瓜获得丰产的技术措施。     

班克松苗木培育及造林技术初步研究

本文针对班克松引种栽培、结实后的苗木繁育和野外造林技术进行了研究。结果表明,种子通过低温催芽后,10±1g/m2播种量、0.5cm覆土厚度、湿润的床面可以提高种子的发芽率和存活率;叶面喷施磷钾肥对苗木后期生长和提高木质化程度具有促进作用。S1-1型的班克松苗木造林其缓苗时间、须根发育、地径、平均高生长、成活率和保存率等指标均优于S2-0型。改造后班克松种子千粒重达到3.65g,比改造前增加0.3g。     

中国兜兰属植物生态地理分布

分析了国产兜兰属植物的生态地理分布特点和发展趋势及兜兰属植物的系统演化趋势与生态地理环境的关系。国产兜兰野生种共有 18种 ,主要分布于热带过渡地区 (南亚热带 ) ,主产西南各省区 ;大多数种类生长于石灰岩山地 ,多为半附生兰 ,呈丛生生长 ,另一部分生长于酸性砂岩面的腐叶土上 ,多为地生兰 ,呈单株生长或分蘖状散生 ;大部分兜兰分布于较高海拔地区 ;国产兜兰属中最原始的短瓣亚属绝大部分种类仅分布在滇东南地区与贵州、广西连成一片的岩溶地貌的石灰岩地区 ,而兜兰属中较进化的兜兰亚属大部分种类在本区皆有分布。以上说明滇东南的石灰岩地区可能是兜兰属的起源中心和演化中心 ,中国的南亚热带地区是兜兰属植物的生态多样性中心     

兜兰属植物杂交育种研究进展

兜兰属(Paphiopedilum)的杂交育种已有150 多年的历史,目前已有20262个杂交种在英国皇家园艺协会(RHS)登录。对兜兰属植物的种质资源、杂种登录,杂交方法、杂交亲本的选择、属间杂交、不同兜兰种类在花色遗传育种中的作用、杂交育种存在的问题等进行了综述, 并结合我国兜兰属植物育种现状, 提出了我国兜兰属植物育种的方向。     

翡翠兜兰,中国云南兰科一新种

对兰科新种翡翠兜兰(Paphiopedilum smaragdinum)作了描述与绘图。新种产云南西部高黎贡山,与虎斑兜兰有亲缘关系,但花淡黄绿色无斑点和斑纹,退化雄蕊矩圆形,先端有短尖,短尖长1～1．5mm,易于区别。     

A new orchid Paphiopedilum guangdongense and its molecular evidence

A new Paphiopedilum entity found in southern Guangdong was studied taxonomically by means of internal transcribed spacer of nuclear ribosomal DNA analysis in addition to morphological and phytogeographical considerations. This entity is similar to Paphiopedilum gratrixianum (Masters) Rolfe morphologically, from which it differs by having narrower leaves not wider than 2 cm and lacking purple spots toward abaxial base, pale green dorsal sepal veined with pale purplish brown and not heavily spotted with purple, and staminode subtruncate and mucronate at apex. An analysis of internal transcribed spacer sequences of this entity and its allies came to the same conclusion that the entity is a member of Paphiopedilum section Paphiopedilum and closely related to but distinct from P. gratrixianum. As a result, it is treated here as a new species, Paphiopedilum guangdongense Z.J. Liu & L.J.Chen.     

Phytochrome and blue light-mediated stomatal opening in the orchid,paphiopedilum

Guard cells of the orchid genus, Paphiopedilum have been reported to lack developed chloroplasts and detectable chlorophyll a autofluorescence. Paphiopedilum stomata lack a photosynthesis-dependent opening response but have a blue light-specific opening. The present study found that low fluence rate green and red light elicited stomatal opening in Paphiopedilum and this opening was reversed by far red light, indicating the presence of a phytochrome-mediated opening response. Phytochrome-dependent, red light-stimulated opening was largest under low fluence rates and decreased to near zero as fluence rate increased. A recently discovered green light reversibility of blue light-specific stomatal opening was used to probe the properties of the blue light response in Paphiopedilum stomata. Blue light-stimulated opening was completely reversed by green light in the presence of far red light. Red light enhanced the blue light response of Paphiopedilum guard cells when given as a pretreatment or together with blue light. Analysis of guard cell pigments showed that guard cells have small amounts of chlorophyll a and b, zeaxanthin, violaxanthin, antheraxanthin and lutein. Zeaxanthin content increased in response to blue light or ascorbate and declined in the dark or under illumination in the presence of dithiothreitol, indicating the presence of an active xanthophyll cycle. Thus Paphiopedilum stomata possess both a blue light-mediated opening response with characteristics similar to species with normal chloroplast development and a novel phytochrome-mediated opening response.     

兰属、兜兰属、石斛属植物叶片的扫描电镜观察

对兰科植物的兰属、兜兰属及石斛属１６个种折叶片及其横断面进行了扫描电镜的观察。兰属各种叶片上表皮细胞均为矩形,上表皮细胞表面具小乳突或不明显突起。石斛属及兜兰属的各个种上下表皮细胞均为多边形,但石斛属表皮细胞表面无坦无纹饰,而兜兰属花叶类上表皮细胞表面明显呈乳突状,绿叶类呈龟背状隆起。兰属及石斛属叶片叶肉组织没有栅栏组织及海绵组织的分化,而兜兰属的绿叶类叶肉不分化;花叶类叶肉有分化。     

国产兜兰属植物的引种和栽培

兜兰由于独特的花朵造型、绚丽的花朵色彩、持久的观赏花期而具有极高的观赏价值,是国际上栽培最广泛的兰花之一。由于生态环境的破坏以及人们对其过度地采挖,兜兰现已成为世界上最濒危的植物物种之一,许多种类已濒临灭绝,所有兜兰野生种均被列入《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》(CITES)附录I而被禁止交易。进行兜兰的迁地保护是兜兰种质资源保护最有效的措施之一。作者于2003~2008年对原产于中国的兜兰属植物进行了系统的引种,已收集到了原产于中国的所有兜兰种类,并种植于中国科学院华南植物园具有加温和水帘降温设施的科研温室中,所有种类均已成活并开花,但不同种类的生长状态和开花率表现出较大的差异。对兜兰属植物的引种方法和栽培技术也进行了探讨。     

Ecophysiological significance of leaf traits in Cypripedium and Paphiopedilum

There is a close phylogenetic relationship between Paphiopedilum and Cypripedium, but these two genera diverge considerably in terms of their leaf traits. To understand the evolution and the ecophysiological significance of leaf traits, we investigated the leaf traits of three Paphiopedilum species and three Cypripedium species in southwestern China. Cypripedium tibeticum and C. flavum showed a significantly higher light-saturated photosynthetic rate (P(max) ), stomatal conductance (g(s) ), photosynthetic nitrogen utilization efficiency (PNUE) and specific leaf area (SLA), but lower ratio of leaf carbon to nitrogen content (C/N) and leaf construction cost (CC) than Paphiopedilum. These leaf traits of Cypripedium suggest its high resource use efficiency and high growth rate reflecting adaptation to a short growing period and abundant soil nutrients and water in alpine habitats. Conversely, the low P(max) , g(s) , PNUE, SLA and the ratio of chlorophyll a to chlorophyll b (Chl a/b), but high leaf nitrogen investment in light-harvesting component (P(L) ), CC and C/N in Paphiopedilum indicate its adaptation to a low light, nutrient-poor and limited soil water habitats in karst areas. As a sympatric species of Paphiopedilum, although C. lentiginosum retained the phylogenetic leaf traits of Cypripedium, such as high mass-based light-saturated photosynthetic rate (P(max-M) ), g(s) and PNUE, it had some similar leaf traits to those of Paphiopedilum, such as low mesophyll conductance (g(m) ) and Chl a/b, and high P(L) , which reflected an adaptation to the same habitat. Our results show that the evolution of the leaf traits of Paphiopedilum and Cypripedium are shaped by both phylogeny and environment.     

根茎兜兰——缅甸兰科一新种

基于采自缅甸北部的栽培植物,对兰科新种根茎兜兰（Paphiopedilum rhizomatosum)作了描述和绘图。此新种具长8－10cm、粗8－12mm的根状茎与较坚硬的根;与我们所知的种类有极明显的不同。它在花的色泽与形态方面与小叶兜兰（P.barbigerum)相近,区别点还在于叶要大得多,宽达2.5-3.5cm,退化雄蕊先端近截形并有短尖头。     

On Paphiopedilum malipoense sp. nov.—An Intermediate Form Between Paphiopedilum and Cypripedium,with a Discussion on the Origin of the genus

Paphiopedilum malipoense S. C. Chen et Tsi is a very interesting new species with its flower similar to that of Cypripedium, especially section Cypripedium. It belongs to subgenus Brachypetalum, the most primitive group of Paphiopedilum, but differs from its allied species in hgniva elliptic-lanceolate sepal with cuspidately acuminate apex, rather narrow petals and horizontal lip, which are of common occurrence in many cypripediums, but very rare in paphiopedilums. Apparently, this is an intermediate form, or a link, between Paphiopedilum and Cypripedium, but it does not seem to arise from hybridization between them, because no Cypripedium has been found wherever Paphiopedilum occurs. The new species is distributed in southeastern Yunnan of China. In this area, as well as in river valleys of western Yunnan or the Hengduan Mountains, there have been four species of the same genus reported before. As we know, the Hengduan Mountains and their adjacent areas are rich in Cypripedium. The differentiation of the genus there is remarkable. All five sections it contains occur there and three of them are quite distinctive. For example, the general appearance of the section Bracleosa is dissimilar to that of any other cypripediums, but closely resembles that of Listera. It appears that the difference between sect. Bracteosa of Cypripedium and sect. Brachypetalum of Paphiopedilum is not necessarily wider than that between sect. Bracteosa and sect. Cypripedium of the same genus. Apparently, it is reasonable to consider Paphiopedilum to be an evolutional branch of Cypripedium extending into tropical area, with its primitive group (subgenus Brachypetalum) still remaining in its northern fringe area. This primitive subgenus has eight species, distributed from western Yunnan to the Malay Peninsula. Five of them, including the intermediate and primitive form published here, are found in the hilly land of southeastern Yunnan and the river valleys of western Yunnan. All these facts suggest its area of origin: the river valleys of the Hengduan Mountains and the lower hilly land contiguous to the southof them.