链脲菌素诱发新生期大鼠糖尿病的量效关系及其胸腺淋巴细胞增殖活性的变化

目的　研究链脲菌素 (STZ)处理新生期大鼠后诱发成年发病糖尿病的量效关系及其胸腺淋巴细胞增殖活性的变化。方法　STZ分别以 2 0、40、6 0及 10 0mg kg ,ip ,给予Wistar新生期大鼠 ,于注射STZ后第 3天、第 7天、第 17天、第 42天观察体重、血糖、血浆胰岛素及胸腺淋巴细胞增殖反应的动态变化。结果　 10 0mg kg剂量组可于第 42天形成慢性糖尿病模型 ,血糖值 (16 8± 4 6 )mmol Lvs (5 8± 1 6 )mmol L ,P <0 0 0 1;血浆胰岛素水平(5 2± 1 2 )mIU Lvs(8 4± 1 6 )mIU L ,P <0 0 1) ,胸腺淋巴细胞增殖呈现升高、受抑制再恢复的变化过程。其他各剂量组 ,特别是 40mg kg虽无明显高血糖形成 ,但可使胸腺淋巴细胞增殖活性增强。结论　STZ(10 0mg kg,ip)处理新生期大鼠诱发糖尿病的最适剂量为 10 0mg kg ,诱发时间为 42d。诱发过程中伴有胸腺增殖活性的变化。     

马麝生理生化正常值的测定

对甘肃兴隆山国家级自然保护区人工养麝场的马麝 3项临床指标、6项血液生理指标和 1 3项血清生化指标进行了测定。结果表明 ,成麝体温为 ( 39 94± 0 87)℃ ,呼吸 ( 1 2 4 67± 1 7 2 9)次 min ,心率( 1 2 4 67± 1 7 2 9)次 min;红细胞 ( 2 0 1 9± 4 95 )× 1 0 12 L ,白细胞计数 ( 1 2 4 76± 5 4 96)× 1 0 9 L ,PCV 0 5 78±0 0 3;血糖 ( 8 2 64± 2 0 5 6)mmol L ,K( 4 4 85± 0 2 4 3)mmol L ,Na ( 1 38 2± 1 6 64)mmol L ,Ca ( 2 75 8± 0 31 )mmol L ,总蛋白 ( 74 70 5± 8 1 5 9)g L ,白蛋白 ( 5 2 77± 2 2 32 )g L ,球蛋白 ( 2 1 4 8± 7 2 76)g L等。     

高脂喂养联合链脲佐菌素注射的糖尿病大鼠模型特征

目的观察高脂喂养联合低剂量STZ注射的SpragueDawley(SD)大鼠2型糖尿病模型的代谢特征、病理学以及胰岛分子生物学变化。方法4周龄雄性SD大鼠36只随机分为三组(1)正常对照组(Control)9只,普通饲料喂养。(2)高脂组(HighFatchow,HE)9只,高脂饲料喂养,为普通饲料中添加20%脂肪(猪油和蛋黄粉各50%)和20%蔗糖。(3)糖尿病组(DM)18只。喂养4周后腹腔注射STZ(40mg/kg)。所有大鼠做灌胃葡萄糖耐量(OGTT)试验。放免法测定血清胰岛素,免疫组化染色观察胰岛β细胞的形态学特点,彩色图像分析系统测定胰岛素表达量,RT-PCR测定胰腺β细胞胰岛素mRNA表达水平。结果糖尿病大鼠空腹血糖(FBG)、胰岛素水平(FINS)显著高于Control组和HE组大鼠(P<0.01),空腹血清甘油三酯(TG)和游离脂肪酸(FFA)水平显著高于Control组(P<0.05);胰岛β细胞吸光度(A)显著低于高脂组大鼠(P<0.05),降低11.6%。胰岛素免疫反应阳性区占胰岛百分比显著低于Control组和HE组,分别下降31.9%(P<0.05)和43.1%(P<0.01)。胰岛素mRNA表达水平显著低于HE组(P<0.05)。STZ注射后48h(基线值)大鼠FBG水平的分布情况为A组(FBG<10.0mmol/L)占7/18;B组(FBG10~19.9mmol/L)占5/18;C组(FBG≥20mmol/L)占6/18。STZ注射后9d的OGTT结果与基线值相比,B组OGTT值总体变化最小,A组FBG的变异最大,达到25%。结论高脂喂养联合低剂量STZ注射的糖尿病大鼠模型模拟2型糖尿病发生的主要病理生理过程,具有高血糖、高胰岛素血症以及血脂异常等基本特征。     

异搏定对四氧嘧啶损害大鼠胰岛β细胞的保护作用

本工作用四氧嘧啶(尾静脉注射)造成大鼠实验性糖尿病模型。若预先由腹腔注射异搏定(40mg/kg)则可使大鼠血糖水平明显降低,不产生糖尿病,注射四氧嘧啶后48h,血糖浓度的平均值由22.93±1.37mmol/L下降到8.79±0.83mmol/L。口服葡萄糖耐量试验观察到,经过异搏定处理的糖尿病大鼠,在注射四氧嘧啶后的48h,其胰岛素分泌功能较未经异搏定处理的糖尿病大鼠有明显的恢复。组织学切片也显示,胰岛β细胞内胰岛素分泌颗粒的含量在异搏定处理组较单独四氧嘧啶处理组明显增多。上述结果表明,预先注射异搏定能减轻四氧嘧啶对胰岛β细胞造成的急性损伤。     

柯萨奇B4病毒对小鼠胰岛的影响及干扰素的保护作用

采用我国流行的柯萨奇B4病毒 (CB4V)感染swiss小鼠 ,建立I型糖尿病的动物模型 ,并观察干扰素对CB4V引起的I型糖尿病的保护作用。结果表明 ,80 %的小鼠在感染后 72h出现低血糖 ,血糖在 (90 .87±8.2 6 )mg/L范围之内 ,6～ 8周全部发展为高血糖。糖刺激的胰岛素释放量在感染后 72h增加 ,但至 3～ 8周明显低于正常对照组。在用CB4V感染小鼠的同时给予干扰素 ,目的在于观察干扰素对CB4V攻击胰岛 β细胞的保护作用 ,结果经干扰素治疗后的感染小鼠 ,当给干扰素到 6周 ,80 %小鼠血糖在 (118.6 6± 5 .73)mg/L范围之内 ,而低糖与高糖刺激下的胰岛素释放量分别在 (18.34± 3.5 0 )uIU/mL ,(31.5 1± 4 .71)uIU/mL范围之内 ,均与正常对照组无差异 (p >0 .0 5 )。     

明日叶查尔酮对2型糖尿病大鼠红细胞胰岛素受体亲和力的影响

目的:研究明日叶查尔酮对2型糖尿病大鼠红细胞胰岛素受体亲和力的影响.方法:将高脂喂养加链脲佐菌素注射诱发的2型糖尿病大鼠随机分为4组,每组10只.糖尿病对照组和高、中、低剂量组喂饲高脂饲料分别经口灌胃明日叶查尔酮0、30、10、5mg (kg·bw)-1,正常对照组为正常大鼠喂饲普通饲料,连续4周.测定空腹血糖、血清胰岛素与MDA、红细胞胰岛素受体结合常数与结合容量等指标.结果:高剂量组的高亲和力与低亲和力胰岛素受体结合常数高于糖尿病对照组,血糖、胰岛素和MDA含量则降低,差异均有显著性(P＜0.05).结论:明日叶查尔酮能提高2型糖尿病大鼠红细胞胰岛素受体亲和力,改善胰岛素抵抗.     

明日叶查尔酮对2型糖尿病大鼠骨骼肌细胞胰岛素抵抗的干预作用

目的:研究明日叶查尔酮对2型糖尿病大鼠骨骼肌胰岛素抵抗的干预作用.方法:将2型糖尿病大鼠随机分成四组,高、中、低剂量组分别每日经口灌胃给予明日叶查尔酮30、10和5mg/(kg·bw),糖尿病对照组给予等量生理盐水.各组均以高脂饲料喂养.四周后采用葡萄糖氧化酶法检测空腹血糖;放射免疫法检测血清胰岛素含量;免疫组化法检测葡萄糖转运体1和葡萄糖转运体4蛋白表达水平.结果:经图像分析,高剂量组骨骼肌细胞中葡萄糖转运体1和葡萄糖转运体4蛋白表达平均光密度值分别为0.054± 0.0064和0.063±0.0139,均较糖尿病对照组显著性升高(P＜0.05).高剂量组空腹血糖和胰岛素水平分别为(12.3± 1.64)mmol/L和(25.65±3.34) (μIU/mL),均较糖尿病对照病显著性降低(P＜0.05).结论:明日叶查尔酮可增加2型糖尿病大鼠骨骼肌葡萄糖转运体l和葡萄糖转运体4蛋白表达水平,降低空腹血糖和胰岛素水平,改善胰岛素抵抗状况.     

Ca2+对黄瓜子叶离体培养物花芽分化的影响

黄瓜子叶离体培养物分化培养 0～ 8d期间 ,添加Ca2 有利于花芽分化 ,花芽分化率可从Ca2 0mmol/L的 (7.9± 5 .6 ) %上升到Ca2 6mmol/L的(31.7± 4.0 ) % ;0～ 2d和 2～ 4d无钙脉冲处理不利于花芽分化 ,高钙脉冲处理的花芽分化率比对照略高 ;4～ 6d和 6～ 8d高钙脉冲不利花芽分化 ,而无钙脉冲处理使花芽分化率上升很多。尤其是在 4～ 6d ,高钙处理使花芽分化率从 (2 2± 1.5 ) %下降到 (15 .7±3 .5 ) %。而无钙处理使花芽分化率从 (2 2 .4± 1.4) %上升到 (4 3± 3 .5 ) %。表明 0～ 8d期间不同时间段对Ca2 的需求是有差别的。相关性分析表明 :0～ 8d期间外源Ca2 影响花芽分化率与总芽中花芽比例极显著相关 ,提示Ca2 可能影响子叶向花芽或营养芽分化的趋势。本文结合已报道的黄瓜子叶培养物花原基形成的时程 ,分析了Ca2 对花原基形成和分化的影响     

针对性健康教育对老年2型糖尿病患者糖代谢及生活质量的影响*

摘要目的：观察针对性健康教育对老年2 型糖尿病患者的干预效果及对生活质量的影响,为糖尿病的临床护理提供参考。方法： 将120 例老年2 型糖尿病患者随机分为两组,对照组实施常规健康教育,观察组根据患者的文化水平、心理状况、遵医态度、实际 需求实施针对性健康教育,护理3 个月后观察患者餐后2h 血糖（2hPG）、空腹血糖（FPG）、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）变化,并采用抑 郁自评量表(SDS)、焦虑自评量表(SAS)、生活质量评定表(QOL)对患者的生活质量进行评定。结果：观察组护理后2hPG、FPG、 HbA1c 分别为（9.3± 1.4）mmol/L、(6.9± 2.1) mmol/L、（5.1± 1.3）%,低于对照组的（11.3± 1.8）mmol/L、(8.4± 2.6) mmol/L、（6.9± 1.5）%（P<0.05);观察组完全从医率为65.00 %,高于对照组的40.00 %（P<0.01);观察组护理后总体健康评分为（92.84± 7.19) 分, 高于对照组的（84.62± 6.91）分（P<0.05)。结论：针对性健康教育有利于提高老年2型糖尿病患者的从医性,提高血糖控制效率,改 善患者的身心功能,提高生活质量。     

I、Ⅱ型糖尿病和透析患者的肠道内环境与生化指标的比较研究

对Ⅰ、Ⅱ型糖尿病及透析患者的肠道内环境和血液指标进行了比较观察.肠内细菌群的检测采用光冈复合式法;氨和硫化物的测定,采用Terada的方法;吲哚及臭素等的测定方法采用同吉原方法.临床主要生化指标观察方法,采用美国康宁644电解质分析仪和美国RA-1000全自动生化分析仪.随机选取住院的Ⅰ、Ⅱ型糖尿病以及透析患者各10名对肠道内环境以及血离子、肾功能进行检测分析.结果表明(1)肠内细菌群变化Ⅰ型糖尿病患者,双歧杆菌数为7.73±0.44(log CFU/g),占肠内总菌数的百分率为(0.84±0.75)‰.腐败菌数亦为8.14±0.37.Ⅱ型糖尿病患者,双歧杆菌数为7.88±0.34(log CFU/g),占肠内总菌数的百分率为(2.40±3.18)‰.腐败菌数亦为7.99±1.15.透析患者,双歧杆菌数为7.76±0.42(log CFU/g),占肠内总菌数的百分率为(0.78±0.92)‰.腐败菌数亦为8.33±0.50.并检测到绿脓杆菌,其检出率为40%.(2)腐败物质的变化Ⅰ型糖尿病患者粪便中氨为823±67.2(μg/g);硫化物为50.7±16.0;粪便中苯、甲酚、吲哚、粪臭素等的变化,吲哚、粪臭素分别为57.1±12.1、53.5±11.2(μg/g).Ⅱ糖尿病患者粪便中氨为759.9±62.9(μg/g);硫化物为30±8.3.吲哚、粪臭素分别为40.1±9.9、36.5±9.1(μg/g).透析患者粪便中的氨为1 006.6±164.9(μg/g);硫化物为80±9.9.吲哚、粪臭素分别为78.7±9.7、77.9±10.1(μg/g).(3)血清无机离子的检测结果Ⅱ型糖尿病人的肾功、尿素、肌酐,尿素、肌酐、尿酸结果在正常范围内,肾脏无实质性损伤,但结果为正常值的上限,尿素5.24±2.11(mmol/L),肌酐93.8±6.15(μmol/L),尿酸0.27±0.04(mmol/L),有肾损伤的可能.Ⅰ型糖尿病人的肾脏已有轻度的实质性损害,尿素7.75±2.29(mmol/L),肌酐120.1±62.91(μmol/L),尿酸0.29±0.04(mmol/L).透析病人的肾脏已严重实质性损伤,尿素44.2±10.50(mmol/L),肌酐702.32±164.98(μmol/L),尿酸0.43±0.13(mmol/L).     

Characteristics of the membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius

Summary The membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius are investigated using thin section electron microscopy and freeze-fracture replicas. The plasma membrane is covered by a surface coat and is connected to the outer alveolar membrane by short, sometimes branched, bridges. The inner alveolar membrane is coated on both sides. The epiplasm lies in intimate contact with the cytoplasmic surface of this membrane, and there is a corresponding deposit on the other surface. This deposit is regularly striated.The epiplasmic layer and the alveoli are interrupted at sites of cytotic activity,e.g., the attachment sites of trichocysts, the cytoproct, and the parasomal sacs. The striated deposit ends where the epiplasm ends, indicating a direct relationship between these two epimembranous layers.There is a deposit along the sides of the first part of the tip of the trichocysts, and in this region the trichocyst membrane is free of intramembranous particles.The membrane of the parasomal sacs has a coat on both surfaces. That on the extraplasmic surface is similar to the surface coat of the plasma membrane. The origin of the cytoplasmic coat is unknown. The cytotic activity of these sacs is indicated by their highly irregular profiles.     

The early development of the tail and the transformation of the shape of the nucleus of the spermatid of the domestic fowl,Gallus gallus

Summary The differentiation of the spermatid, especially in reference to the formation of the flagellum, and transformation of the shape of the nucleus was investigated in the domestic fowl.In the early stage of the spermatid, a prominent Golgi apparatus appears around the centrioles. The Golgi vesicles then surround the axial-filament complex which develops from the distal centriole. These vesicles fuse to form continuous membrane at the earliest stage of flagellar formation, and in the succeeding stage Golgi lamellae are attached to the plasma membrane of the developing flagellum. From these observations, it is assumed that Golgi apparatus may be a source of the membrane system of the flagellum.The microtubules distributed around the nucleus form the circular manchette. The anterior region of the nucleus with the manchette is cylindrical in shape and the posterior region without it remains irregular in shape. When the circular manchette has been completed, the whole nucleus acquires a slender cylindrical shape. The circular manchette then changes into the longitudinal manchette. The nuclei of spermatids without a longitudinal manchette are abnormal in shape. In view of these observations it is assumed that the nuclear shaping of the spermatid may be accomplished by circular manchette and the maintenance of shape of the elongated nucleus by longitudinal manchette.The authors wish to thank Mr. Takayuki Mori for his helpful suggestions and technical advices     

Observations on the permeability of the choriocapillaris of the eye

Summary The choriocapillaris is a fenestrated capillary bed located posterior to the retinal pigment epithelium. It serves as the main source of supply to the photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, and other cells of the outer retina. The permeability of these capillaries to intravenously injected ferritin (MW — approx. 480,000; mol. diam. 11 nm) was examined in the mouse, rabbit, and guinea pig, each of which is characterized by a different type of retinal vascularization. In all three species, the bulk of the ferritin remained in the capillary lumina, where it appeared to be blocked at the level of the diaphragmed fenestrae. Some ferritin was present in endothelial cell vacuoles. The results confirm previous work on the rat choriocapillaris and indicate that the barrier function of the choriocapillary endothelium is present even among species in which the retinal circulation differs significantly.Supported by NIH grant EY03418     

Separation of the pineal vesicle from the wall of the third ventricle during the post-hatching development of the chicken

Summary According to light- and electron-microscopic observations the pineal organ of the 3-day-old chicken consists of a prominent end vesicle and a tapering parenchymal stalk. During this stage the pineal lumen is in open communication with the third ventricle. However, in the 40-day-old chicken, which still possesses a well-developed end vesicle, the proximal portion of the pineal stalk displays regressive changes leading to local fragmentation. At this stage the pineal stalk is reduced, and the pineal lumen is missing. In 1-year-old chickens the parenchyma of the proximal portion of the stalk is further diminished, and in 3-year-old domestic fowl is completely displaced by bundles of collagenous fibers, only some nerve fibers being present. This post-hatching pineal development may reflect the sequence of changes leading from pineal sense organs to pineal glands.This work was supported by a grant-in-aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Japan