中国猕猴桃种质资源的研究与利用

全世界猕猴桃属植物共有66种,中国分布有62种,种质资源极为丰富。猕猴桃属植物中经济栽培价值较高的是中国特有的美味猕猴桃、中华猕猴桃、软枣猕猴桃和毛花猕猴桃等。以此为主要对象,对其起源、栽培历史及利用价值、种类与分布、品种资源与特异种质、种质保存、花粉形态、染色体数目与倍性、同工酶分析以及DNA分子标记等研究利用现状作一综述,并讨论了中国猕猴桃种质资源今后的研究展望,这将有助于猕猴桃种质资源的可持续利用和品种改良。     

中国猕猴桃种质资源的研究与利用

全世界猕猴桃属植物共有66种,中国分布有62种,种质资源极为丰富。猕猴桃属植物中经济栽培价值较高的是中国特有的美味猕猴桃、中华猕猴桃、软枣猕猴桃和毛花猕猴桃等。以此为主要对象,对其起源、栽培历史及利用价值、种类与分布、品种资源与特异种质、种质保存、花粉形态、染色体数目与倍性、同工酶分析以及DNA分子标记等研究利用现状作一综述,并讨论了中国猕猴桃种质资源今后的研究展望。这将有助于猕猴桃种质资源的可持续利用和品种改良。     

广西野生阴生观赏植物资源及其特点

为了解广西境内蕴藏的野生阴生观赏植物资源及珍贵种质,采取野外实地考察及标本采集鉴定相结合的方法,对广西全境分布的阴生和半阴生观赏植物资源进行研究。结果表明:广西野生阴生观赏植物有5个基本特点:种类丰富(162科485属1309种)、种质资源珍贵(珍稀植物195种,广西特有植物136种)、生长基质多样(喜钙植物、喜酸植物和中间类型植物)、草本性状比值显著(草本植物约占总种数的66.1%)、野生资源贮藏量的多寡悬殊性。6个主要野生阴生观赏类群为:蕨类植物(43科240种)、兰科(37属126种)、百合科(21属82种)、苦苣苔科(17属63种)、秋海棠科(1属43种)、天南星科(12属30种)。研究结果可为合理开发利用广西野生阴生观赏植物资源提供参考。     

广西猕猴桃种质资源调查研究

本文报道广西猕猴桃种质资源调查研究的结果。1.广西猕猴桃属植物资源丰富,计有33个种或变种、变型,66个县有分布,年产量1,000万斤。2.猕猴桃不同种类的果实性状与营养成分有较大差异,维生素C含量最高者为毛花猕猴桃和阔叶猕猴桃,每100克鲜果分别含110.792毫克和1046.54毫克。3.猕猴桃属植物既有相似的生态特性,也表现了一定的各自特殊的生态特性。4.初步选出了一些优良类型和优良单株。     

栽培中华猕猴桃的染色体观察

对原产地位于赣鄂边界幕阜山地区的十二个大果型中华猕猴桃优株或株系的染色体数目观察表明,这些栽培类型全部为四倍体,2n=4x=116。讨论了染色体倍性与果实大小的关系及几种可能的育种方法。     

薏苡属的遗传变异性及核型演化

在广泛收集我国薏苡（ＣｅｒｘＬ．）种质资源,进行田间栽培,杂交试验和细胞学观察的基础上,讨论薏苡属植物的遗传多样性、地理分布及种类划分,在原１种２变种的分类基础上,把我国的薏苡属植物划分为３种４变种。根据这些种类的１８个栽培及野生类型的染色体核型演化散点图并结合总苞性状,探讨了该属可能的系统演化关系。     

在开发利用中的广西植物资源

<正> 引言 一、广西现有植物资源概况 (一)科、属、种的构成 (二)用途类别统计 (三)性状划分统计 (四)优势植物 (五)特有植物和受保护植物 (六)入载为模式的植物 二、广西植物资源直接利用概况 (一)政府部门收购及生产单位的利用 (二)民间利用 三、广西植物资源开发应用的试验研究 (一)种类的调查发现 (二)综合性的调查 (三)应用上的研究 (四)研究成果的社会效益和经济效益 四、广西植物资源开发利用途径的探讨     

10种叶籽银杏染色体核型分析

本研究以叶籽银杏幼叶为试材,对来自河南、广西、云南、湖北以及山东等省的10个种质进行核型分析及倍性鉴定,并对核型与进化的关系进行了分析和探讨.结果表明:该10个种质的染色体数目均为2n=2×=24,核型主要由中部着丝粒染色体(m)和近中部着丝粒染色体(sm)组成,共有2A、3A、2B和3B四类核型;染色体相对长度组成中以中短(M1)、中长(M2)染色体为主,稀有长(L)染色体;邓肯检验表明:山东叶籽实生子代(未表达)和湖北种质的染色体长度比(3.97、1.87)及广西种质和山东叶籽实生子代(未表达)的核型不对称系数、平均臂比值(68.65%和2.36,62.14%和1.72)差异显著;四川种质较原始,广西种质的进化程度最高.     

广西苦苣苔科观赏植物资源

苦苣苔通常为多年生草本植物,许多种类具有较高的观赏价值,但目前在国内仍鲜为人知。近年来我们进行了广西苦苣苔观赏植物开发利用研究。本文报道其资源研究结果,即：１、广西是我国苦苣苔科植物分布中心和多样性中心之一;２、特有现象突出,表现在两个方面,即区域特有性和土壤专化性;３、珍稀濒危种类较多;４、苦苣苔科植物具有多重的观赏价值,因而具有很大的开发前景。     

泡果荠属和阴山荠属（十字花科）的分属界限及两属的分类校订

泡果荠属Hilliella和阴山荠属Yinshania是十字花科中国特有的两小群植物,但是,它们的分属界定却一直颇有争议。本文结合前人的研究结果重新对这两群植物做了研究,从而进一步确认这两群植物应该界定为两个属,即泡果荠属和阴山荠属。文中比较了两属间重要的性状特征,并指出它们的主要区别在于:泡果荠属果实无假隔膜,种子较大,表面具小瘤状突起,染色体倍性为六倍体（2n=6x=42）;而阴山荠属果实有假隔膜,种子较小,表面具网纹,染色体倍性为二倍体（2n=2x=12）。两属其他方面如叶形态、叶表皮结构、被毛类型     

石山苣苔属四种(含一变种)植物的染色体数目和倍性研究

石山苣苔属(苦苣苔科)约41种,主要分布于我国西南石灰岩地区。到目前为止,仅其中四种的染色体数目被研究和报道,其余绝大多数物种的染色体数目和倍性尚不清楚,染色体数目和倍性在该属及其姐妹属报春苣苔属中的演变历史及其对两属物种多样性分化的影响亦不清楚。该文以叶片水培生根法获取的四种(含一变种)石山苣苔属植物 [即石山苣苔原变种(Petrocodon dealbatus var. dealbatus)、齿缘石山苣苔(Petrocodon dealbatus var. denticulatus)、弄岗石山苣苔(Petrocodon longangensis)、石山苣苔未定名种(Petrocodon sp.)]的根尖细胞为材料开展染色体实验,探索了多种不同的实验条件对染色体制片效果的影响并获取染色体数目,在石山苣苔属和报春苣苔属的系统树上追踪了染色体数目和倍性的演变历史,同时探讨染色体数目尤其是倍性变化是否对两属物种多样性分化存在影响。结果表明:(1)长度为1～1.5 cm的根尖,0.002 mol·L^-1 8-羟基喹啉溶液预处理5 h,解离4 min为较适宜的染色体制备条件。(2)四种(含一变种)石山苣苔属植物染色体数目一致,均为二倍体(2n=2x=36)。(3)两属之间及两属各自的最近共同祖先染色体数目尚不能确定,除个别物种染色体条数或倍性有变化以外,其余已知染色体数目的物种均为2n=2x=36,在两属中高度一致,石山苣苔属与报春苣苔属物种多样性分化尤其两属物种多样性巨大差异与染色体数目和基因组倍性变化无关。综上结果为石山苣苔属植物及其近缘类群染色体制备提供了参考,也为进一步对该类群的分类、系统演化和物种形成等方面的研究提供了基础数据和启示。     

半蒴苣苔属植物染色体制片优化及染色体数目和倍性研究

染色体数目和倍性是系统与进化生物学和遗传学研究中十分重要的基础信息。为探索半蒴苣苔属染色体制片的适宜条件以及染色体数目的进化模式及其与物种的进化关系，该研究基于半蒴苣苔属染色体数目的进化历史，并根据该属植物具有叶片扦插繁殖的特性，采用叶片水培生根法获取半蒴苣苔(Hemiboea subcapitata)、弄岗半蒴苣苔(H.longgangensis)、龙州半蒴苣苔(H.longzhouensis)、江西半蒴苣苔(H.subacaulis var.jiangxiensis)、华南半蒴苣苔(H.follicularis)和永福半蒴苣苔(H.yongfuensis)6种植物的根尖材料，分析不同实验条件对染色体制片效果的影响，对染色体制片实验的条件进行优化及染色体计数，结果表明：(1)9:30—10:00取材，解离10 min以及染色15 min为半蒴苣苔属染色体制片的适宜条件。(2)上述6种半蒴苣苔属植物均为二倍体，染色体数目均为32(2n=2x=32)。(3)除个别物种染色体数目有变化以外，该属大部分物种染色体数目可能为2n=2x=32且染色体数目变化可能是非整倍化的作用，与物种进化没有明...     

芒属植物资源研究、利用现状和开发前景北大核心CSCD

对芒属17种植物的自然资源状况,从分类学、遗传育种学和生理学等方面研究的进行了综述,梳理了芒属植物资源利用现状,并展望了芒属植物的应用前景和产业价值。同时指出,对芒属类群的研究深度和应用程度极不均衡,对适应于极端环境的地区特有类群开发利用不够。为全面促进芒属植物资源开发利用,助力芒属新品种的研发和推广,倡议加强极端环境下芒属种质资源研发,实现更广阔的应用前景。     

Cross-species amplification of microsatellite loci within the dioecious, polyploid genus Actinidia (Actinidiaceae)

Microsatellite marker transfer across species in the dioecious genus Actinidia (kiwifruit) could offer an efficient and time-effective technique for use during trait transfer for vine and fruit improvement in breeding programmes. We evaluated the cross-species amplification of 20 EST-derived microsatellite markers that were fully informative in an Actinidia chinensis mapping family. We tested all 20 markers on 120 genotypes belonging to 21 species, 5 with varieties and/or chromosome races. These 26 taxa included 16 diploids, 7 tetraploids, 2 hexaploids and 1 octaploid, and represented all four taxonomic sections in the genus. All 20 markers showed some level of cross-species amplification. The most successful marker amplified in all genotypes from all species from all sections of the genus, the least successful amplified fragments only in A. chinensis and A. deliciosa. One species, A. glaucophylla, failed to amplify with all but 2 markers. PIC (Polymorphism information content) values were high, with 14 of 17 markers recording values of 0.90 and above. Sequence data demonstrated the presence of the microsatellite in all the amplified products. Sequence homology was less 5′ of the microsatellite and increased toward the start codon of the translated region of the EST from which the marker was derived. The data confirm that EST-derived microsatellite markers from Actinidia species show cross-species amplification with high levels of polymorphism which could make them useful markers in breeding programmes.     

Microsatellite DNA in Actinidia chinensis: isolation, characterisation, and homology in related species

 We have isolated and sequenced 263 microsatellite-containing clones from two small insert libraries of Actinidia chinensis enriched for (AC/GT) and (AG/CT) repeats, respectively. Primer pairs were designed for 203 microsatellite loci and successfully amplified from both plasmid and A. chinensis genomic DNA. In this paper we report the sequences of 40 primer pairs for which we have demonstrated Mendelian segregation in the progeny from controlled crosses. The polymorphism of ten microsatellites of each type was evaluated in four diploid and six tetraploid genotypes of A. chinensis. All microsatellites proved to be polymorphic, the number of alleles per locus detected in polyacrylamide sequencing gels ranging from 9 to 17. The high degree of polymorphism in Actinidia renders these markers useful either for mapping in A. chinensis or for fingerprinting cultivars of both domesticated kiwifruit species (A. chinensis and A. deliciosa). While most primer pairs produced single amplification products, about 20% generated banding patterns consistent with the amplification of two different loci. This supports the hypothesis that diploid species of Actinidia (2n=2x=58) are polyploid in origin with a basic chromosome number x=14/15 and that chromosome duplication may have occurred during the evolution of the genus. Finally, we have assayed the cross-species transportability of primer pairs designed from A. chinensis sequences and have found extensive cross-species amplification within the genus Actinidia; 75% of primer pairs gave successful amplification in the eight species assayed (A. arguta, A. rufa, A. polygama, A. chrysantha, A. callosa, A. hemsleyana, A. eriantha, and A. deliciosa), which are representative of the four sections into which the genus is currently split. Received: 14 February 1998 / Accepted: 26 May 1998     

Characterisation of microsatellites from Actinidia chinensis

We have identified a set of informative microsatellite markers for genome analysis in kiwifruit and related Actinidia species. A small-insert genomic library was constructed from Actinidia chinensis DNA, and screened for microsatellites. About 1.2% of the total colonies hybridised to a (GA)₈ probe, 0.4% to (GT)₈, and 0.1% to a mixture of three different trinucleotide repeat probes, (CAA)₅, (GAA)₅ and (CTA)₅. From the DNA sequences of 35 hybridising clones, 18 primer pairs were designed, and used to amplify genomic DNA from 38 individual plants, representing 30 different accessions of ten Actinidia species. The banding patterns for most of the dinucleotide repeats showed a high degree of polymorphism in the diploid and tetraploid A. chinensis, and in the hexaploid A. deliciosa (kiwifruit). Heterozygosity levels of up to 100% were found among eight diploid accessions of A. chinensis examined, and the number of different-sized bands among all the species varied from 3 to 36 for each microsatellite. One simple CT microsatellite gave 21 bands with sizes suggesting that the number of repeats ranged from 9 to 37. The highest number of bands (36) and the largest size variation (>100 bp) were observed with a complex microsatellite harbouring four different repeat motifs. The majority of primer pairs amplified bands from most of the ten Actinidia species tested. The most polymorphic primer pairs were used successfully to fingerprint a range of closely related varieties of kiwifruit (A. deliciosa).Abbreviations PCR polymerase chain reaction - RFLP restriction fragment length polymorphism - VNTR variable number of tandem repeats     

The Microgeographical Patterns of Morphological and Molecular Variation of a Mixed Ploidy Population in the Species Complex Actinidia chinensis

Polyploidy and hybridization are thought to have significant impacts on both the evolution and diversification of the genus Actinidia, but the structure and patterns of morphology and molecular diversity relating to ploidy variation of wild Actinidia plants remain much less understood. Here, we examine the distribution of morphological variation and ploidy levels along geographic and environmental variables of a large mixed-ploidy population of the A. chinensis species complex. We then characterize the extent of both genetic and epigenetic diversity and differentiation exhibited between individuals of different ploidy levels. Our results showed that while there are three ploidy levels in this population, hexaploids were constituted the majority (70.3%). Individuals with different ploidy levels were microgeographically structured in relation to elevation and extent of niche disturbance. The morphological characters examined revealed clear difference between diploids and hexaploids, however tetraploids exhibited intermediate forms. Both genetic and epigenetic diversity were high but the differentiation among cytotypes was weak, suggesting extensive gene flow and/or shared ancestral variation occurred in this population even across ploidy levels. Epigenetic variation was clearly correlated with changes in altitudes, a trend of continuous genetic variation and gradual increase of epigenomic heterogeneities of individuals was also observed. Our results show that complex interactions between the locally microgeographical environment, ploidy and gene flow impact A. chinensis genetic and epigenetic variation. We posit that an increase in ploidy does not broaden the species habitat range, but rather permits A. chinensis adaptation to specific niches.     

荨麻科三新种

该文描述了荨麻科三新种:(1)自中国重庆市发现的荨麻科荨麻属一新种,城口荨麻。此种与异株荨麻有亲缘关系,区别特征为此种的茎被少数刺毛,叶片多为心形,雄、雌花序均不分枝,瘦果在中央稍凹陷。(2)自中国广西发现的荨麻科赤车属一新种,来宾赤车。此种与特产云南东南部的富宁赤车相近缘,与后者的区别在于本种茎的毛开展或向上弯曲,叶片长椭圆形,基部斜楔形,雌花具3~4枚花被片,其中1~2枚较大花被片在背面顶端具一长筒状突起。(3)自缅甸北部发现的荨麻科楼梯草属一新种,克钦楼梯草。此种在体态上与骤尖楼梯草甚为相似,与后者的区别在于本种的每一茎节具正常叶和一退化叶,托叶狭披针状条形和无脉,雌总苞苞片无角状突起,雌小苞片较大,呈楔状长圆形,雌花具一小花被片,以及雌蕊具一宽倒卵球形柱头。     

来宾赤车, 广西荨麻科一新种

描述了自广西发现的荨麻科赤车属一新种,来宾赤车。此种与特产云南东南部的富宁赤车相近缘,与后者的区别在于本种茎的毛开展或向上弯曲,叶片长椭圆形,基部斜楔形,雌花具3～4枚花被片,其中1～2枚较大花被片在背面顶端具一长筒状突起。     

Maternal inheritance of mitochondrial genomes and complex inheritance of chloroplast genomes in Actinidia Lind.: evidences from interspecific crosses

The inheritance pattern of chloroplast and mitochondria is a critical determinant in studying plant phylogenetics, biogeography and hybridization. To better understand chloroplast and mitochondrial inheritance patterns in Actinidia (traditionally called kiwifruit), we performed 11 artificial interspecific crosses and studied the ploidy levels, morphology, and sequence polymorphisms of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of parents and progenies. Sequence analysis showed that the mtDNA haplotypes of F1 hybrids entirely matched those of the female parents, indicating strictly maternal inheritance of Actinidia mtDNA. However, the cpDNA haplotypes of F1 hybrids, which were predominantly derived from the male parent (9 crosses), could also originate from the mother (1 cross) or both parents (1 cross), demonstrating paternal, maternal, and biparental inheritance of Actinidia cpDNA. The inheritance patterns of the cpDNA in Actinidia hybrids differed according to the species and genotypes chosen to be the parents, rather than the ploidy levels of the parent selected. The multiple inheritance modes of Actinidia cpDNA contradicted the strictly paternal inheritance patterns observed in previous studies, and provided new insights into the use of cpDNA markers in studies of phylogenetics, biogeography and introgression in Actinidia and other angiosperms.