miR-490和miR-363对结肠癌功能协同调控及其机制探究

本研究分析miR-490和miR-363过表达后功能及对结肠癌影响机制探究。利用结肠癌细胞株SW620、HCT116和正常结肠上皮细胞中,应用瞬时转染过表达miR-490及miR-363,然后通过分析细胞凋亡、细胞周期及生存率等指标来研究miR-490和miR-363在结肠癌细胞的功能,用Western blotting检测WEE1及Cdc2等蛋白的表达情况。得到结果 miR-490和miR-363转染后可抑制结肠癌SW620细胞株增殖,同时促进其凋亡及下调细胞周期G2/M的比例。miR-490和miR-363协同可抑制WEE1蛋白激酶进而调节Cdc2。结果表明miR-490和miR-363可协同抑制结肠癌细胞株SW620功能。     

JIB-04通过调控细胞周期蛋白抑制结肠癌细胞增殖

已有报道显示,组蛋白去甲基化酶抑制剂JIB-04(Jumonji histone demethylase inihibitor,JIB-04)抑制肿瘤的发生发展,但其具体作用机制仍不清楚。本研究以结肠癌细胞HCT116和HT29为对象,探讨组蛋白去甲基化酶抑制剂JIB-04对结肠癌细胞增殖的影响,并阐述其作用机制。MTT和平板克隆形成实验显示,JIB-04以浓度和时间依赖的方式降低HCT116和HT29细胞的增殖能力,半数抑制浓度分别为661.7 nmol/L及226.1 nmol/L,细胞克隆数也明显减少。qRT-PCR和Western印迹结果证明,与未经JIB-04处理的HCT116和HT29细胞比较,细胞周期蛋白D1(cyclinD1)、细胞周期蛋白E1(cyclinE1)的mRNA水平和CDK4、CDK6及细胞周期蛋白D1的蛋白质水平有不同程度的降低,同时CDK抑制剂p21的蛋白质水平分别上调约1.99倍和2.37倍。检测凋亡相关因子发现,在HCT116和HT29细胞中,p53、胱天蛋白酶3、胱天蛋白酶9、Bax、JNK及PUMA的mRNA及蛋白质水平均降低。机制研究显示,JIB-04使组蛋白赖氨酸特异性去甲基化酶1(LSD1)的mRNA水平分别下调约56.8%和75.5%,其蛋白质水平下调约27.12%和15.32%。本研究结果表明,JIB-04可改变组蛋白赖氨酸特异性去甲基化酶LSD1的活性,调控细胞周期蛋白及相关因子在mRNA和蛋白质水平的表达,同时诱导凋亡蛋白质发生改变,从而抑制结肠癌细胞增殖和凋亡。     

EZH2通过抑制miR-608基因表达促进结肠癌细胞增殖

探讨EZH2对结肠癌细胞增殖调控作用以及具体作用机制。通过对结肠癌细胞系SW480以及HCT116进行EZH2基因沉默,以检测EZH2对结肠癌细胞的增殖调控作用。MTT检法测细胞的增殖,流式细胞仪检测细胞周期及荧光定量PCR检测周期相关基因Cyclin D1、P15、P21以及mi R-608的表达变化。si RNA转染后,结肠癌细胞中EZH2的表达明显下降(p0.001),细胞增殖受到明显抑制(p0.05,p0.01或p0.001);si RNA组与阴性对照相比,G_1期细胞比例增高,G_2/M、S期细胞相对减少,cyclin D基因表达下调(p0.01,p0.05),P15、P21表达上调(p0.01)。通过荧光定量PCR发现,结肠癌细胞增殖抑制基因mi R-608在EZH2基因沉默组表达量显著上调(p0.001)。萤光素酶活性测试结果表明,EZH2在SW480和HCT116细胞中直接调控miR-608的基因转录(p0.001)。此外,miR-608基因沉默阻断siEZH2对结肠癌细胞增殖的调控作用。本研究发现了EZH2对结肠癌细胞增殖的显著促进作用,其具体作用机制在于抑制miR-608基因表达。因此,EZH2可望成为结肠癌潜在的治疗靶标。     

冬凌草甲素对人结肠癌细胞株HCT116生长的影响及其机制研究

目的：研究冬凌草甲素（ORI）对人结肠癌细胞株HCT116生长的影响及其可能机制。方法：以体外培养的HCT116细胞为研究对象,给予不同浓度（0、2.5、5、10、20μM）ORI处理HCT116细胞不同时间（0、24、48、72 h）,通过MTT法检测其对HCT116细胞增殖的影响,DAPI染色观察其对细胞核的形态的影响,western blot检测细胞内β-catenin、c-myc蛋白表达的变化。结果：1ORI可显著抑制HCT116细胞的增殖,且此作用随着浓度和作用时间的增加或延长而增强（P〈0.05）。2ORI处理HCT116细胞24小时后,细胞核固缩的百分率随药物作用浓度的增加而增加。35、10、20μM ORI处理HCT116细胞24小时后,细胞内的β-catenin、c-myc蛋白水平均显著下调,且随着ORI浓度的增加逐渐减少。结论：ORI能以浓度和时间依赖性的方式抑制HCT116细胞的增殖,其机制可能与Wnt/β-catenin信号通路有关。     

LncRNA RP1通过调控细胞周期蛋白质促进结肠癌细胞增殖

长链非编码RNAs(long non-coding RNAs, lncRNAs)是一类无蛋白质编码功能,长度大于200 nt的RNAs。qRT-PCR实验证实,lncRNA RP1-506.5(命名为RP1)在人结肠癌细胞株中的表达量明显高于人正常结肠上皮细胞。RP1在结肠癌组织中的表达量为癌旁组织表达量的8.5倍。在HCT116细胞中,上调RP1的表达,同时在HCT8细胞中沉默RP1的表达,探讨RP1对结肠癌细胞生物学特性的影响。MTS检验、活细胞工作站增殖实验,结合平板克隆检测发现,过表达RP1能明显促进结肠癌细胞HCT116的增殖能力。而在HCT8细胞中沉默RP1表达后,该细胞的增殖能力明显减弱。流式细胞周期分析的结果表明,RP1能促进细胞周期快速通过G_1/S检测点,并能加速S期进程。荧光定量PCR、Western印迹检测发现,在HCT116细胞中上调RP1的表达,P21的表达水平下调,细胞周期蛋白D1(cyclinD1)、依赖细胞周期蛋白激酶6(CDK6)表达水平上调;当沉默LncRNA RP1的表达时,能上调P21的表达水平,下调cyclinD1、CDK6的表达水平。上述结果表明,LncRNA RP1可通过调控周期相关蛋白质的表达促进结肠癌细胞增殖。     

冬凌草甲素对人结肠癌细胞株HCT116生长的影响及其机制研究

目的:研究冬凌草甲素(ORI)对人结肠癌细胞株HCT116生长的影响及其可能机制。方法:以体外培养的HCT116细胞为研究对象,给予不同浓度(0、2.5、5、10、20μM)ORI处理HCT116细胞不同时间(0、24、48、72 h),通过MTT法检测其对HCT116细胞增殖的影响,DAPI染色观察其对细胞核的形态的影响,western blot检测细胞内β-catenin、c-myc蛋白表达的变化。结果:1ORI可显著抑制HCT116细胞的增殖,且此作用随着浓度和作用时间的增加或延长而增强(P0.05)。2ORI处理HCT116细胞24小时后,细胞核固缩的百分率随药物作用浓度的增加而增加。35、10、20μM ORI处理HCT116细胞24小时后,细胞内的β-catenin、c-myc蛋白水平均显著下调,且随着ORI浓度的增加逐渐减少。结论:ORI能以浓度和时间依赖性的方式抑制HCT116细胞的增殖,其机制可能与Wnt/β-catenin信号通路有关。     

CCDC3对结肠癌细胞增殖、迁移和侵袭功能的影响及其作用机制

该文研究了CCDC3基因对人结肠癌HCT116细胞增殖、迁移和侵袭的影响及其作用机制。采用CCK-8法检测CCDC3对人结肠癌HCT116细胞增殖的影响。采用平板克隆和软琼脂克隆方法检测CCDC3对癌细胞克隆形成能力的影响。采用Transwell方法检测CCDC3对HCT116细胞迁移和侵袭的影响。采用Western blot法检测CCDC3对HCT116细胞上皮间质转化相关蛋白质水平的影响。采用体内成瘤实验检测CCDC3对HCT116细胞致瘤能力的影响。结果表明, CCDC3在癌细胞的生长调节中发挥重要的作用。过表达CCDC3显著促进癌细胞生长,增强癌细胞的克隆形成能力,增强癌细胞的迁移、侵袭和致瘤能力;敲低CCDC3后,癌细胞的恶性减弱。同时,该研究还发现, CCDC3的表达与癌细胞发生上皮间质转化相关。这些研究结果表明, CCDC3可能是一个新的癌基因,为结肠癌治疗寻找新的治疗靶点提供了线索。     

幽门螺杆菌致炎症微环境促进结肠癌SW620细胞发生EMT

该文探讨了幽门螺杆菌(Helicobacter pylori, HP)炎症微环境对结肠癌SW620细胞发生上皮-间质转化(epithelial mesenchymal transformation, EMT)的影响。使用ELISA方法检测HP干预U937细胞后上清中炎症因子MIF、IL-1β等的变化;采用RT-PCR方法检测MIF、IL-1β、NF-κB基因水平的变化;细胞划痕实验检测炎症上清处理SW620细胞后SW620细胞的侵袭迁移能力; CCK-8方法检测HP处理U937细胞后炎症上清对SW620细胞增殖活性的影响;免疫荧光实验检测炎症上清处理SW620细胞后SW620细胞EMT相关蛋白Vimentin的荧光变化; Western blot实验检测脂多糖(LPS)上清干预SW620细胞后EMT相关蛋白Vimentin、E-cadherin和N-cadherin的变化; Western blot实验检测HP干预U937细胞后NF-κB蛋白,炎症上清处理SW620细胞后EMT相关蛋白Vimentin、E-cadherin和N-cadherin的变化。结果显示, HP干预U937细胞后引起巨噬细胞移动抑制因子(MIF)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)和NF-κB等相关炎症因子及基因表达升高; CCK-8结果表明HP干预U937细胞后, U937细胞毒性增强;划痕实验结果表明在12 h、24 h、36 h时,随着时间点的推移, SW620细胞的侵袭迁移能力有所增强;免疫荧光实验结果显示SW620细胞Vimentin绿色点状聚集显著增加; Western blot结果显示在16 h、24 h时间点U937细胞NF-κB蛋白表达明显升高; LPS上清干预SW620细胞后Vimentin蛋白表达无明显变化,N-cadherin蛋白24 h组表达减少, E-cadherin蛋白增多, HP炎症微环境上清干预SW620细胞后12 h、24 h、36 h时,随着时间点推移SW620细胞Vimentin蛋白表达显著增加, E-cadherin和N-cadherin蛋白表达显著减少。该实验研究结果表明,幽门螺杆菌致炎症微环境可以促进SW620细胞发生EMT。     

敲低HSP60 对结肠癌SW480 细胞增殖能力的影响及其机制探究

目的:研究热休克蛋白60(HSP60)敲低对结肠癌SW480细胞增殖的影响,并进一步探究其作用机制。方法:通过含HSP60sh RNA载体的慢病毒感染加上流式细胞仪无菌分选的方法构建结肠SW480 HSP60基因稳定RNA干扰(RNAi)单克隆细胞系,利用Western blot和q-PCR验证结肠癌细胞中HSP60的敲低效率;使用CCK-8试剂检测结肠癌细胞增殖能力,并用流式细胞仪检测其HSP60敲低对细胞周期的影响。结果:Western blot和q-PCR结果验证了HSP60在结肠癌细胞中的敲低效率,与对照组细胞相比,实验组细胞HSP60的m RNA水平和蛋白水平均降低了60%以上。CCK-8实验结果表明,敲低HSP60后SW480细胞的增殖能力下降了约70%;流式细胞周期实验显示敲低HSP60后SW480细胞中G0/G1期、S期、G2/M期的分布比例变化不大。结论:敲低HSP60能够显著抑制SW480细胞的增殖能力,而SW480细胞周期并没有发生明显变化,推测HSP60的敲低引起的线粒体损伤导致细胞生长速度变慢。     

Valosin-containing protein (VCP) promotes the growth,invasion, and metastasis of colorectal cancer through activation of STAT3 signaling

Valosin-containing protein (VCP) was previously shown to exhibit high expression in colorectal cancer (CRC) tissues as compared with that in normal tissues; however, the role of VCP in human CRC cells has remained to be elucidated. Two colorectal cancer cell lines HCT116 and RKO were used in the experiment. We introduced lentiviral constructs expressing VCP to infect RKO cells and lenti-shRNA targeting VCP into HCT116 cells, respectively. Cell proliferation, invasion, apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest were subsequently examined by MTT assay, transwell chamber assay, flow cytometry, and western blot analysis, respectively. Furthermore, a subcutaneous tumor mouse model and lung metastasis model was used to investigate the effects of VCP on the growth and metastasis of CRC cells in vivo. VCP knockdown was shown to inhibit cell proliferation, chemoresistance and invasion, and induce apoptosis in the HCT116 CRC cells, whereas VCP over-expression suppressed apoptosis and chemoresponse, promoted proliferation and invasion of the RKO CRC cells. In addition, in the subcutaneous tumor and lung metastasis mouse model, VCP knockdown in HCT116 cells suppressed carcinogenesis and metastasis in vivo. The findings of the present study indicated that VCP is very important for the proliferation and metastasis of CRC; therefore, targeting VCP and its downstream targets may represent novel therapies for the treatment of CRC.

     

Annexin A3 depletion overcomes resistance to oxaliplatin in colorectal cancer via the MAPK signaling pathway

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common disease with high mortality and morbidity. Annexin A3 (ANXA3) belongs to the structurally homologous family of Ca²⁺ and phospholipid-binding proteins. This study aimed to investigate the effects and potential mechanisms of ANXA3 on oxaliplatin (Ox) resistance in CRC. We generated two human CRC cell lines (HCT116/Ox and SW480/Ox) with acquired Ox resistance and determined their resistance properties. ANXA3 expression and cell apoptosis, migration and invasion also were evaluated. We found that cell viability of HCT116/Ox and SW480/Ox was higher than that in parental cells in the presence of Ox. ANXA3 was highly expressed in HCT116/Ox and SW480/Ox cells. ANXA3 downregulation diminished cell survival, migration and invasion, while increased the apoptosis of HCT116 and SW480 with or without Ox. Moreover, depletion of ANXA3 reduced cell viability and BrdU incorporation, increased cell apoptosis and c-caspase 3 expression in HCT116/Ox with or without Ox. A transwell assay determined that knockdown of ANXA3 impeded the migration and invasion of HCT116/Ox and SW480/Ox cells. Additionally, phosphorylation of extracellular signal–regulated kinase (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) decreased upon ANXA3 depletion in HCT116/Ox cells, and ANXA3 silencing suppressed Ox-induced activation of ERK and JNK signaling pathway. ANXA3 downregulation reduced Ox resistance in CRC, and treatment with the ERK inhibitor PD098059 or JNK inhibitor SP600125 contributed to this process. These results indicate that silencing ANXA3 could overcome Ox resistance in CRC via the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway.     

Role of CSN5/JAB1 in Wnt/β-catenin activation in colorectal cancer cells

CSN5/JAB1 is a critical subunit of the COP9 signalosome (CSN) and is overexpressed in many human cancers, but little is known about the role of CSN5 in colorectal cancer (CRC). To explore the functional role of CSN5 in colorectal tumorigenesis, we applied siRNA technology to silence CSN5 in HeLa, SW480, HCT116, HT29, and CaCo2 cells. CSN5 knock-down led to reduced β-catenin and phospho-bcatenin levels and this was paralleled by reduced CRC cell proliferation and reduced apoptosis rates, whereas the short-term β-catenin protein stability was enhanced by CSN5 knock-down in SW480 cells. Together, these data implicate the CSN in the pathogenesis of CRC via regulation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway     

Knockdown of DNA‐binding protein A enhances the chemotherapy sensitivity of colorectal cancer via suppressing the Wnt/β‐catenin/Chk1 pathway

DNA‐binding protein A (dbpA) is reported to be upregulated in many cancers and associated with tumor progress. The present study aimed to investigate the role of dbpA in 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU)‐resistant and oxaliplatin (L‐OHP)‐resistant colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. We found that 5‐FU and L‐OPH treatment promoted the expression of dbpA. Enhanced dbpA promoted the drug resistance of SW620 cells to 5‐FU and L‐OHP. DbpA knockdown inhibited cell proliferation, induced cell apoptosis, and cell cycle arrested in SW620/5‐FU and SW620/L‐OHP cells. Besides, dbpA short hairpin RNA (shRNA) enhanced the cytotoxicity of 5‐FU and L‐OHP to SW620/5‐FU and SW620/L‐OHP cells. Meanwhile, dbpA shRNA inhibited the activation of the Wnt/β‐catenin pathway that induced by 5‐FU stimulation in SW620/5‐FU cells. Activation of the Wnt/β‐catenin pathway or overexpression of checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) abrogated the promoting effect of dbpA downregulation on 5‐FU sensitivity of CRC cells. Importantly, downregulation of dbpA suppressed tumor growth and promoted CRC cells sensitivity to 5‐FU in vivo. Our study indicated that the knockdown of dbpA enhanced the sensitivity of CRC cells to 5‐FU via Wnt/β‐catenin/Chk1 pathway, and DbpA may be a potential therapeutic target to sensitize drug resistance CRC to 5‐FU and L‐OHP.     

MAPK‐mediated upregulation of fibrinogen‐like protein 2 promotes proliferation,migration, and invasion of colorectal cancer cells

Fibrinogen‐like protein 2 (FGL2) has been reported to play a key role in the development of human cancers. However, it is still unmasked whether FGL2 plays a potential role in colorectal carcinogenesis. In this study, the messenger RNA and protein expression levels were measured by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction and western blot. Cell counting kit‐8 assay, transwell migration, and invasion assay were carried out to evaluate the proliferation, migration, and invasion of LOVO and SW620 cells. FGL2 was upregulated in colorectal cancer (CRC) tissues, as well as cell lines. Mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling was activated in CRC tissues and cell lines. FGL2 was confirmed to be downregulated by MAPK signaling inhibitor U0126. Further, we determined that knockdown of FGL2 caused a reduction of proliferation, migration, and invasion in LOVO and SW620 cells. Consistently, treatment of LOVO and SW620 cells with U0126 led to a decrease in cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. However, these changes initiated by U0126 were abolished by FGL2 overexpression. To conclude, MAPK‐mediated upregulation of FGL2 promotes the proliferation, migration, and invasion of CRC cells.     

MicroRNA-218 Inhibits Cell Cycle Progression and Promotes Apoptosis in Colon Cancer by Downregulating BMI1 Polycomb Ring Finger Oncogene

Deregulated miRNAs participate in colorectal carcinogenesis. In this study, miR-218 was found to be downregulated in human colorectal cancer (CRC) by miRNA profile assay. miR-218 was silenced or downregulated in all five colon cancer cells (Caco2, HT29, SW620, HCT116 and LoVo) relative to normal colon tissues. miR-218 expression was significantly lower in 46 CRC tumor tissues compared with their adjacent normal tissues (P < 0.001). Potential target genes of miR-218 were predicted and BMI1 polycomb ring finger oncogene (BMI-1), a polycomb ring finger oncogene, was identified as one of the potential targets. Upregulation of BMI-1 was detected in CRC tumors compared with adjacent normal tissues (P < 0.001) and in all five colon cancer cell lines. Transfection of miR-218 in colon cancer cell lines (HCT116, HT29) significantly reduced luciferase activity of the wild-type construct of BMI-1 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR) (P < 0.001), whereas this effect was not seen in the construct with mutant BMI-1 3′UTR, indicating a direct and specific interaction of miR-218 with BMI-1. Ectopic expression of miR-218 in HCT116 and HT29 cells suppressed BMI-1 mRNA and protein expression. In addition, miR-218 suppressed protein expression of BMI-1 downstream targets of cyclin-dependent kinase 4, a cell cycle regulator, while upregulating protein expression of p53. We further revealed that miR-218 induced apoptosis (P < 0.01), inhibited cell proliferation (P < 0.05) and promoted cell cycle arrest in the G2 phase (P < 0.01). In conclusion, miR-218 plays a pivotal role in CRC development through inhibiting cell proliferation and cycle progression and promoting apoptosis by downregulating BMI-1.     

Association of the ERK1/2 and p38 kinase pathways with nitric oxide-induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in colon cancer cells

To investigate the mechanism by which nitric oxide (NO) induces cell death in colon cancer cells, we compared two types of colon cancer cells with different p53 status: HCT116 (p53 wild-type) cells and SW620 (p53-deficient) cells. We found that S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), the NO donor, induced apoptosis in both types of colon cancer cells. However, SW620 cells were much more susceptible than HCT116 cells to apoptotic death by NO. We investigated the role of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and p38 kinase on NO-induced apoptosis in both types of colon cancer cells. GSNO treatment effectively stimulated activation of the ERK1/2 and p38 kinase in both types of cells. In HCT116 cells, pretreatment with PD98059, an inhibitor of ERK1/2, or SB203580, an inhibitor of p38 kinase, had no marked effect on GSNO-induced apoptosis. However, in SW620 cells, SB203580 significantly reduced the NO-induced apoptosis, whereas PD098059 increases NO-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, we found evidence of cell cycle arrest of the G₀/G₁ phase in SW620 cells but not in HCT116 cells. Inhibition of ERK1/2 with PD098059, or of p38 kinase with SB203580, reduced the GSNO-induced cell cycle arrest of the G₀/G₁ phase in SW620 cells. We therefore conclude that NO-induced apoptosis in colon cancer cells is mediated by a p53-independent mechanism and that the pathways of ERK1/2 and p38 kinase are important in NO-induced apoptosis and in the cell cycle arrest of the G₀/G₁ phase.