中华鳖胚胎肾脏的发育

采用H.E常规组织学方法对92例中华鳖Pelodiscus sinensis胚胎发育过程中肾脏的发育做了研究.结果 表明:5 d前仅见由前肾管和前肾导管构成的前肾, 5～12 d是中肾的发育期,由中肾管、中肾小管和肾小体构成,12 d前后中肾逐步退化,后肾原基形成,16 d后肾各部分开始分化.     

中华鳖卵的形态结构

报道了鳖（Pelodiscus sinensis)卵的形态与结构。鳖卵圆形,直径1.40-2.70cm,重1.1227-7.0825g。卵壳约占卵重的20％;蛋白少,约占卵重的21％;卵黄多,约占卵重的59％;无蛋白系带,无气室,少数畸形。     

中华鳖肠道益生菌的筛选、鉴定与生长特性研究

通过点种法初筛和牛津杯法复筛, 从中华鳖肠道筛选到1株对嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)、温和气单胞菌(A. sobria)以及豚鼠气单胞菌(A. caviae)具有拮抗作用的益生菌株Dec-43。对该菌株进行形态、生理生化特征分析, 结果与《常见细菌系统鉴定手册》中屎肠球菌(Enterococcus faecium)的生理生化特征一致。提取细菌基因组DNA, 通过16S rRNA基因通用引物进行PCR扩增, 从该菌株的16S rRNA基因中克隆到了一个长度1448 bp的片段, 经测序和序列比对, 该片段与Genbank中屎肠球菌的序列相似性达99%, 因此, 该菌株确定为屎肠球菌。通过单因素试验确定了该菌株的最佳生长温度、盐度、初始pH、接种量等参数分别为: 36℃、盐度0.6%、培养基初始pH 7、接种量10%; 通过正交试验, 确定了该菌株培养基中碳源(葡萄糖)、氮源(蛋白胨)最适含量分别为15和10 g/L。研究发现了一株中华鳖肠道潜在益生菌, 并研究了其生长特性, 为中华鳖养殖行业益生菌的应用提供了基础。       

中华鳖人工孵化的研究

试验采用四种孵化方式：自然孵化、人工孵化箱孵化、恒温水溶箱孵化、调温调湿箱孵化。从孵化方式、温度、鳖卵的大小及放置方位等不同因素对其孵化的影响进行了研究。结果表明：温度在孵化过程中,对孵化期的长短起着重要的作用鳖卵孵化最适宜温度为３０－３１℃左右;卵正放的孵化率＞和的孵化率＞倒放的孵化率;卵子的卵径和卵重直接影响着孵出稚鳖的大小。     

草鱼、中华鳖造血器官和血细胞凝集素结合部位的观察

Lectin binding patterns in the hemopoietic organs and blood cells of Grass carp ( Ctenopharyngodon idellus ), Chinese soft shelled turtle ( Trionyx sinensis) were observed with two affinity histochemical methods, ABC staining and fluorescence bound lectin staining. Concanavalin (ConA), Phytohemagglutinin (PHA), Pokeweed agglutinin (PWM) and Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) binding sites were distributed mainly on the plasma membrane of lymphocytes. ConA, PHA binding sites were distributed in thymus, cordic structure of head kidney and scatterly spleenic tissue of C. idellus, also in thymus and periellipsoidal lymphatic sheaths and marginal region of T. sinensis. PWM, LPS binding sites were scatterly distributed in cordic structure of head kidney of C. idellus, spleenic tissue of C. idellus and T. sinensis, but positive cell groups were not obvious. ConA, PHA and PWM positive percents of lymphocytes in blood smears were repectively 36%～41%, 33%～37%, 38%～43% in C. idellus and 37%～48%, 36%～45%, 44%～53% in T. sinensis, but percents of positive cells were repectively 15%～18%, 14%～17%, 9%～12% in imprints of head kidney of C. idellus.     

膨化饲料动植物蛋白比对中华鳖稚鳖生长特性的影响

本实验设计了营养相近、不同动植物蛋白比的四种膨化饲料（饲料1,1.5∶1;饲料2,3∶1;饲料3,5∶1;饲料4,7∶1）,研究了动植物蛋白比对中华鳖稚鳖摄食、生长、饲料利用能力和营养组成的影响。饲料1组稚鳖的摄食率显著高于饲料2—4组。饲料1—4组稚鳖的特定生长率没有显著影响。饲料1组稚鳖的干物质和脂类消化率、饲料转化效率、蛋白贮积率和能量贮积率显著低于饲料2—4组。饲料1组稚鳖体脂肪含量显著低于饲料4组。稚鳖的上述指标在饲料2—4组间均无显著差异。结果表明,鳖膨化饲料动植物蛋白比对中华鳖稚鳖生长特性有明显的影响,适宜的动植物蛋白比为3∶1。     

中华鳖幼体呼吸代谢的初步研究

本文利用改装后的Ｋａｌａｂｕｋｈｏｖ－Ｓｋｖｏｒｓｔｏｖ呼吸器,同时测定了中华鳖在自由潜水状态下的空气呼吸和水呼吸摄氧量。结果表明：在正常生活状态下,中华鳖主要依靠空气呼吸摄氧;水呼吸仅占总呼吸摄氧量为２．６８％左右。呼吸摄氧率无显著昼夜变化。     

皱纹盘鲍肾脏的组织化学和超微结构

以组织学、组织化学和透射电镜观察等方法研究了皱纹盘鲍（Haliotis discus hannai)的肾脏。肾脏由无数肾小管和集合管组成。肾小管上皮细胞游离面有明显的刷状缘,并有少量纤毛,细胞顶端存在大量直径为0.8-1.8μm的折光小体,组化研究显示小体内含铁。基底端质膜高度内折,并呈碱性磷酸酶活性。上皮细胞与血窦仅有基底膜相隔,细胞内最具特征性的结构是“膜囊体”,光镜下它呈嗜酸性团块,组化研究显示含丰富的蛋白质,电镜下观察它由双层单位膜围成的众多的小管及扁囊构成,小管的直径或扁囊的高度为30－80nm,某一局部的小管或扁囊的形状及排列很有规律性。“膜囊体”的性质尚不清楚。除纤毛数量增加和“膜囊体”较小一局部的小管或扁囊的形状主排列很有规律性。“膜囊体”的性质尚不清楚。除纤毛数量增加和“膜囊体”较小外,集合管上皮细胞的组织化学和超微结构类似于肾小管上皮细胞。在集合管和腔上皮还存在少量的粘液细胞。     

中华鳖常见疾病的诊断及其综合防治

研究对从江西省抚州市南丰县某中华鳖养殖基地患病中华鳖(Trionyx sinensis)组织中分离培养得到的一株按蚊伊丽莎白菌(Elizabethkingia anophelis)疑似菌株进行鉴定和药敏特性研究。在无菌环境中解剖患病中华鳖得到肝脏、脾脏组织, 匀浆后接种在LB培养基上, 分离得到优势菌株EJX2021。对该菌株进行形态学观察、16S RNA基因序列测定和生理生化鉴定以鉴定菌株种类; 进行人工回归感染、组织病理学观察、毒力因子分析和抗生素药物敏感性试验研究其致病能力和药物敏感性特征。从患病中华鳖中分离出一株优势菌株EJX2021, 结合其表型特征、16S RNA基因序列测定和生理生化鉴定, 确定其为按蚊伊丽莎白菌。在人工回归感染后, 该菌株对中华鳖15d的LD₅₀为1.62×10⁸ CFU/mL, 95%置信区间为(0.78—3.37)×10⁸ CFU/mL; 组织病理学观察肠道、肺脏、脾脏、肝脏等组织出现不同程度病变。毒力因子分析显示该菌株包含246个潜在毒力基因。药物敏感性试验显示该菌株为多重耐药菌株, 对多西环素、米诺环素、卡那霉素、哌拉西林、恩诺沙星、氟苯尼考敏感, 对头孢曲松、头孢哌酮中度敏感, 对新霉素等15种抗生素具有耐药性。研究证明了按蚊伊丽莎白菌是能够导致中华鳖病害的一种病原菌, 为该细菌导致中华鳖病害的检测、鉴别和防治提供科学依据。

     

人胎儿呼吸道肥大细胞的组化特征及其共与其它细胞的关系

用组织化学技术方法 ,我们对 5 0例不同胎龄人胎儿的鼻粘膜和气管的组织内的肥大细胞组织化学特征以及其与周围其它细胞的关系进行了研究。结果发现 :随着胎龄的增加 ,肥大细胞的颗粒甲苯胺蓝 (TB)染色时从浅紫色加深至深紫色 ,Alcian蓝·藏红 (AB· S)染色呈从蓝色到出现红色、红蓝混合染色的变化 ,临界电解质浓度 (CEC)值和硫酸小蘖碱荧光染色强度逐渐增高 ;多见肥大细胞与成纤维细胞、淋巴细胞和毛细血管内皮等密切接触 ,且出现在神经内、外膜之中。这提示 :1肥大细胞的发育成熟与胎儿呼吸道器官的发育是相关的。 2肥大细胞可能参与细胞、组织的分化成熟。     

中华鳖生态养殖模式的原理、结构和特点

我国中华鳖 (Ｔｒｉｏｎｙｘｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ)养殖一般采用冬季加温的养殖模式 ,所以温室设计是中华鳖养殖的关键技术之一。温室设计应考虑以下几个因素 ,鳖的生理生态需求 ,温室的保温采光性能 ,操作管理的便捷以及基建成本等。我们在借鉴各种养鳖温室优点的基础上 ,设计了一种新型温室 ,现就其设计原理和结构特点做一简要介绍。1　联体温室1.1　设计原理中华鳖生长的最适水温是 2 7～ 33℃ ,而且对环境温度的变化极为敏感 ,水温突变± 5℃就可能使其出现生理紊乱 ,甚至引起死亡[2 ] ,因此 ,中华鳖养殖中一般将养殖水体温度控制在 30± 2…     

虫草属真菌研究进展

虫草是真菌寄生在昆虫体内之后形成的复合体,许多种虫草菌有重要的药用价值,具有广阔的开发前景。介绍了虫草属的种类资源、研究历史、化学成分、药理作用,并展望了虫草研究的前景。     

Substructure of solitary cilia in mouse kidney

Summary Recent scanning electron microscopic studies confirm the presence of solitary cilia on most epithelial cells along the mammalian nephron and collecting ducts.By transmission electron microscopy we have found that the axonemata of such cilia consist of a maximal number of 9 doublet and no singlet filaments. 10% of the cross-sectioned cilia contain 9 doublets arranged in a peripheral ring (9+0 pattern). 30 % of the cross-sections contain 8 or 7 doublets in peripheral ring and 1 or 2 doublets in the central region (8+1 and 7+2 patterns). Serial sections and goniometer tilt reveal the central doublets to originate as dislodged peripheral doublets. 60% of the sectioned cilia contain filament numbers between 8 and 4. In patterns of 5 and 4 filaments single microtubules predominate.The functional significance of these atypical cilia is discussed.We are indebted to Prof. B. Afzelius and Prof. Th. Brun for valuable information and discussions during this work. The technical assistance of Miss K. Weltzin, Mr. E. Erichsen, Mr. R. Jensen and Mr. J. Røli is greatly appreciated     

Analysis of early nephron patterning reveals a role for distal RV proliferation in fusion to the ureteric tip via a cap mesenchyme-derived connecting segment

While nephron formation is known to be initiated by a mesenchyme-to-epithelial transition of the cap mesenchyme to form a renal vesicle (RV), the subsequent patterning of the nephron and fusion with the ureteric component of the kidney to form a patent contiguous uriniferous tubule has not been fully characterized. Using dual section in situ hybridization (SISH)/immunohistochemistry (IHC) we have revealed distinct distal/proximal patterning of Notch, BMP and Wnt pathway components within the RV stage nephron. Quantitation of mitoses and Cyclin D1 expression indicated that cell proliferation was higher in the distal RV, reflecting the differential developmental programs of the proximal and distal populations. A small number of RV genes were also expressed in the early connecting segment of the nephron. Dual ISH/IHC combined with serial section immunofluorescence and 3D reconstruction revealed that fusion occurs between the late RV and adjacent ureteric tip via a process that involves loss of the intervening ureteric epithelial basement membrane and insertion of cells expressing RV markers into the ureteric tip. Using Six2-eGFPCre × R26R-lacZ mice, we demonstrate that these cells are derived from the cap mesenchyme and not the ureteric epithelium. Hence, both nephron patterning and patency are evident at the late renal vesicle stage.     

比较几种组织化学显色法在肺内毛细淋巴管的应用

目的 为肺内毛细血管和毛细淋巴管的鉴别提供更好的技术方法。方法 采用5’-核苷酸酶一碱性磷酸酶双重显色法（5′-Nase-ALP）、针对基底膜的免疫组化显色法及特殊染色法。结果 5′-Nase-ALP显色法能够较客观、较清楚地区分肺内毛细血管和毛细淋巴管。结论 针对基底膜的免疫组化显色法及特殊染色法不够准确或受器官结构特点限制,但对于部分实质性或空腔性器官及肿瘤淋巴管的研究仍不为是一种客观、可靠、经济、实用的方法,值得进一步尝试推广。     

Altersabhängige Veränderungen im histochemischen Reaktionsmuster des Thymus bei Wistar-Ratten

Zusammenfassung Makrophagen und entodermale Retikulumzellen samt Ausläufern lassen sich im Thymus der Wistar-Ratte durch den histochemischen Nachweis der sauren Phosphatase und der unspezifischen Esterase selektiv darstellen, während die Lymphozyten nicht reagieren.Häufigkeit und Verteilung der Retikulumzellen und Makrophagen lassen altersabhängige Unterschiede erkennen: Auf Kosten der Retikulumzellen nimmt die Zahl der Makrophagen mit fortschreitendem Lebensalter zu. Bei geschlechtsreifen Tieren bilden sie einen Wall an der Mark-Rinden-Grenze.Die Bedeutung der sauren Phosphatase in entodermalen Retikulumzellen wird unter der Annahme diskutiert, daß es sich um lysosomengebundenes Ferment handelt. Lysosomen sind im involvierenden Thymus wahrscheinlich an autolytischen oder phagozytotischen Prozessen beteiligt. Es stellt sich die Frage, ob Lysosomen in entodermalen Retikulumzellen des Thymus neugeborener Tiere in die Abgabe einer humoral wirksamen Substanz eingreifen können.

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Age dependent histochemical changes in the thymus of the Wistar rat

Summary Macrophages and entodermal reticulum cells in the thymus of Wistar rats contrast by their rich contents of acid phosphatase and unspecific esterase activity with the negativ reacting lymphocytes.Frequency and distribution of the cells vary according to different stages of age: at cost of the entodermal reticular cells the number of macrophages increases with progressive age. In sexually mature animals they form a typical layer at the corticomedullary junction.The functional meaning of acid phosphatase in the entodermal reticulum cells is discussed under the assumption that this enzyme is lysosomebound. In the involuting thymus lysosomes are involved in autolytic or phagocytic processes.The question arises wether lysosomes in entodermal reticulum cells in the thymus of newborn animals can take part in the control of an humoral function of the thymus.

     

Histochemical Study of Aldehyde Dehydrogenase in the Rat CNS

A quantitative histochemical method was developed to determine aldehyde dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.3; ALDH) activity in the CNS. The distribution of ALDH activity in all rat brain and spinal cord regions is described. Among the CNS neuron structures, high enzyme activity was found in receptor and effector neurons, whereas low activity was noted in perikarya of the majority of intermediate neurons, including all aminergic neurons. A positive correlation was demonstrated between the distribution of ALDH activity among rat CNS microregions (our own data) and the density of dopaminergic terminals, dopamine content, and monoamine oxidase activity (literature data) among the same microregions. They may reflect a spatial linkage between ALDH and the predicted sites of natural aldehyde production. Lower enzyme activity was found in phylogenetically younger brain structures. It may explain the differential resistance of CNS structures to ethanol (acetaldehyde). Among the barrier CNS structures, moderate ALDH activity was found in capillaries and surrounding astrocytes and high activity was noted in ependimocytes covering the brain cavities and those of the vascular plexus. This provides realization of the function of ALDH as a brain metabolic barrier for aldehydes.     

肾盂灌注冲洗对肾脏功能和结构的影响

目的：探讨经皮肾镜碎石术肾盂灌注冲洗压对肾脏结构和功能的影响。方法：建立20头活体猪高压肾盂冲洗模型,建立24F肾造瘘通道,分别在0mmHg（作自身对照,只造瘘不灌注）、150mmHg、200mmHg、250mmHg、300mmHg压力下各冲洗30分钟。术中取肾组织送病理检查,监测肾单位光镜和电镜下的形态学改变;术后5天留取尿标本,应用免疫比浊测定法（ITM）检测尿微量白蛋白（ALB）和β2-微球蛋白（β2-MG）;并于术后第5天再次取肾组织行病理检查观察肾单位的形态学改变。结果：所有灌注组术后都出现尿蛋白的增高,术后第1天和术前相比,都有显著差异（P〈0.01）。形态学观察：当肾盂灌注冲洗压在150-200mmHg时,光镜下观察见肾小囊腔轻度扩张,压力超过250mmHg,肾小囊腔见红细胞和蛋白渗出物,肾小管扩张。电镜下见肾近曲小管上皮细胞内空泡形成,微绒毛排列杂乱、稀疏、部分微绒毛脱落。结论：肾盂灌注冲洗安全压不应超过200mmHg。