组织工程用真皮成纤维细胞渗透特性的初步研究

在优化组织工程化真皮低温保存程序时,需要了解体外培养的真皮成纤维细胞的渗透特性。利用细胞计数与尺寸分析仪初步研究了组织工程用真皮成纤维细胞对水的渗透特性,其中包括细胞的等渗体积、细胞在低渗或高渗溶液(渗透压范围：130～1250mOsm)中细胞的平衡体积及细胞的不可渗体积。结果表明,在等渗条件下(280．67mOsm),真皮成纤维细胞的平均体积为5105．51μm^3(直径d=21．40μm);细胞体积随溶液渗透压的变化规律符合Boyle van't Hoff关系式,据此得到真皮成纤维细胞的不可渗体积Vb=0．3631Vi,为1853．81μm^3。     

CXCL12过表达促进骨髓基质干细胞整合素αv／β3介导的黏附和增殖

研究利用骨髓基质干细胞移植治疗急性心肌梗死时趋化因子CXCL12过表达对由整合素介导αv/β3的干细胞黏附和增殖过程的影响.采用重组DNA技术使得骨髓基质干细胞过表达趋化因子CXCL12,采用western blot法检测CXCL12过表达后骨髓基质干细胞整合素αv/β3表达量的变化.在体外通过黏附实验观察趋化因子CXCL12过表达对整合素介导的细胞与细胞外基质黏附过程的影响,并在心肌梗死大鼠模型中通过检测报告基因观测CXCL12对移植后整合素介导骨髓基质干细胞增殖的作用.基因重组后骨髓基质干细胞过表达了具有生物活性的趋化因子CXC12,趋化因子CXCL12过表达使骨髓基质干细胞整合素αv/β3表达明显增多,并促进了整合素介导的细胞与细胞外基质黏附.CXCL12还使细胞移植后位于梗死区的细胞数量增多.且这一作用也与整合素αv/β3有关.CXCL12过表达通过促进骨髓基质干细胞整合素αv/β3表达提高了移植干细胞黏附和增殖能力,有利于骨髓基质干细胞移植后在心肌梗死区域的生长和分化.     

CXCL12过表达促进骨髓基质干细胞整合素 /介导的黏附和增殖

目的 研究利用骨髓基质干细胞移植治疗急性心肌梗死时趋化因子CXCL12过表达对由整合素介导αV/β3的干细胞黏附和增殖过程的影响。方法 采用重组DNA技术使得骨髓基质干细胞过表达趋化因子CXCL12,采用Western-blot法检测CXCL12过表达后骨髓基质干细胞整合素αV/β3表达量的变化。在体外通过黏附实验观察趋化因子CXCL12过表达对整合素介导的细胞与细胞外基质黏附过程的影响,并在心肌梗死大鼠模型中通过检测报告基因观测CXCL12对移植后整合素介导骨髓基质干细胞增殖的作用。结果 基因重组后骨髓基质干细胞过表达了具有生物活性的趋化因子CXCL12,趋化因子CXCL12过表达使骨髓基质干细胞整合素αV/β3表达明显增多,并促进了整合素介导的细胞与细胞外基质黏附。CXCL12还使细胞移植后位于梗死区的细胞数量增多,且这一作用也与整合素αV/β3有关。结论CXCL12过表达通过促进骨髓基质干细胞整合素αV/β3表达提高了移植干细胞黏附和增殖能力,有利于骨髓基质干细胞移植后在心肌梗死区域的生长和分化。     

体外定向诱导大鼠骨髓基质干细胞向成骨细胞分化的实验研究

目的研究大鼠骨髓基质干细胞的生长特点和诱导条件下的成骨能力。方法通过密度梯度离心和贴壁培养法分离成年大鼠骨髓基质干细胞,应用含地塞米松、p甘油磷酸纳和维生素c的诱导分化培养液定向诱导传代细胞向成骨细胞分化并检测碱性磷酸酶活性和细胞矿化作用。结果原代培养基质干细胞首先形成细胞集落,14d时集落间接近融合;传代细胞体积变大,约5～7d传代一次。诱导条件下,细胞碱性磷酸酶活性明显增高,并出现了矿化结节。结论骨髓基质干细胞易于分离培养及体外扩增,成骨能力肯定,可作为骨组织工程的种子细胞。     

大鼠骨髓基质干细胞的分离培养与向神经元样细胞诱导分化的实验研究

目的 探讨大鼠骨髓基质干细胞的提取、分离培养和体外扩增的最佳条件,研究其在体外培养中定向诱导分化为神经元样细胞的可能。方法 通过密度梯度离心和贴壁培养法从成年大鼠骨髓中分离骨髓基质干细胞,进行培养扩增,观察其生长特性;用2-巯基乙醇(β-mercaptoethanol,β-ME)对传代细胞诱导分化,并通过免疫细胞化学染色鉴定分化细胞的类型。结果 原代培养时形成由基质干细胞组成的细胞集落,细胞集落14d时接近融合,传代后,细胞体积变大,约5～7d传代一次。β-ME诱导后,70％以上的细胞在形态上呈神经元样,免疫细胞化学染色呈NSE阳性,GFAP阴性,说明诱导分化的细胞为神经元,而不是星形胶质细胞。结论 骨髓基质干细胞在体外培养条件下生长良好,并可连续传代;在β-ME作用下可被诱导分化为神经元样细胞。     

METTL3对猪干细胞多能基因表达的调控作用

m~6A是真核生物m RNA中重要的转录后修饰,METTL3作为m~6A甲基转移酶复合物中的重要组分,在细胞重编程、胚胎干细胞和诱导多能干细胞的干性维持、胚胎发育等过程中发挥重要作用。为了揭示猪METTL3的表达模式,对不同物种METTL3蛋白序列进行了比对,用RT-PCR检测了METTL3基因在不同猪组织和细胞中的表达情况,并确认了METTL3的细胞核定位。为了研究METTL3对猪干细胞多能基因表达的调控作用,克隆了猪METTL3编码区序列,设计了METTL3干扰片段,并构建了相应的过表达和沉默载体。发现干扰METTL3的表达后,猪多能干细胞出现类似na?ve状态的细胞克隆,NANOG、OCT4和LIN28A表达水平显著升高。在猪多能干细胞培养基中添加m~6A甲基化抑制剂环亮氨酸培养细胞48 h后,试验结果与干扰METTL3表达的结果一致。本研究为优化猪多能干细胞的培养体系提供了新的方向和依据。     

骨髓基质干细胞向心肌细胞诱导分化的实验研究

目的探讨大鼠骨髓基质干细胞在体外和体内向心肌细胞诱导分化的能力,为下一步的细胞移植治疗心肌梗死提供实验基础.方法体外诱导实验中,将不同浓度的5-氮胞苷作用于不同培养时间的骨髓基质干细胞,摸索5-氮胞苷的最佳诱导时机和浓度,观察诱导后细胞形态变化,并用免疫细胞化学染色检测心肌特异性肌钙蛋白T的表达;在体内实验中,培养扩增的骨髓基质干细胞经BrdU标记后,自体移植于正常心肌内,分别通过BrdU和心肌特异性肌钙蛋白T免疫组织化学染色检测移植细胞的存活和分化情况.结果体外诱导实验中,5-氮胞苷的诱导作用以10μmol/L的浓度对传代细胞进行两次诱导,效果最好,不仅能诱导出表达心肌特异蛋白的心肌样细胞,而且这些细胞在体外能够自发搏动.体内诱导实验中,移植的细胞在正常心肌微环境中能够存活并分化为心肌细胞.结论骨髓基质干细胞在体外化学诱导和体内心肌微环境诱导时均能分化为心肌细胞,可用于细胞移植治疗心肌梗死的实验.     

猪骨髓间充质干细胞的分离培养及核移植后重构胚胎发育能力的研究

不同类型的细胞核移植效率不同,原因之一可能是不同类型细胞核移植后进行重编程的潜力不同.本实验对猪骨髓间充质干细胞(porcine bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells,pMSCs)体外分离培养的方法进行了优化.对猪骨髓间充质干细胞的增殖及生长特性进行了观察分析,并以其作为供体细胞进行核移植,对此类型细胞进行重编程的潜力进行了评估.结果表明用密度梯度离心法分离猪骨髓间充质干细胞优于全骨髓贴壁法:猪骨髓间充质干细胞数目在培养第6天达到峰值,传代培养10 h时,贴壁率达到78.50%;传代培养后第4天分裂指数最高,为24.00‰;以猪骨髓间充质干细胞(pMSCs)和猪胎儿成纤维细胞(PF)分别作为供核细胞构建核移植胚胎,其体外囊胚发育率分别为14.63%与15.07%(P＞0.05),孤雌对照组囊胚发育率为30.91%(P＜0.05);而三组囊胚细胞数分别为30.67±17.7、24.1±6.5和25.8±11.4(P＞0.05).实验表明,体外培养的猪骨髓间充质干细胞生长增殖旺盛,生物学性状稳定.并适合作为核移植供体细胞.     

低温保存脐带和胎盘组织的效果研究

目的:建立脐带和胎盘组织的低温保存方法,为自体化基因治疗和细胞治疗提供丰富的细胞储备。方法:取离体的脐带和胎盘,冲洗干净,以体积比20kg/m~3、15kg/m~3、10kg/m~3、5kg/m~3共4组浓度的DMSO作为抗冻剂,采用程序降温,至-80℃后转入液氮中保存,采用细胞培养与电镜扫描进行效果评估。结果:10kg/m3组组织低温保存效果最好,15kg/m~3组次之,5kg/m~3组效果最差,培养所得的胎盘组织来源的基质样细胞具有间充质干细胞的某些生物学特性。结论:低温保存脐带和胎盘组织切实可行,为自体基因治疗和细胞治疗提供了细胞储备。     

BrdU体内示踪骨髓基质干细胞生物学状态的效果分析

目的:探讨5-溴脱氧尿嘧啶核苷(Brd U)体内示踪骨髓基质干细胞(BMSCs)生物学状态的效果。方法:抽取健康成年比格狗骨髓,在传代培养中进行Brd U标记并鉴定,体外实验中测定细胞周期、凋亡率和细胞活力;在体内实验中将标记Brd U的骨髓基质干细胞植入自体股骨头缺损处,另一侧单纯植入自体骨作为对照,记录成骨量与分子标记物的表达情况。结果:骨髓基质干细胞的Brd U体外标记率为85.2%。Brd U组的细胞凋亡率为3.62±1.33%,未标记组为3.52±1.08%;Brd U组与未标记组的细胞成活率分别为96.31±1.39%和95.20±2.10%,两组对比差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。移植侧Brd U标记的骨髓基质干细胞免疫组化观察可见Brd U免疫组化染色阳性,阳性率为81.6%。骨髓基质干细胞移植侧缺损区的骨钙素、Ⅰ型胶原阳性细胞表达数量与强度明显高于对照侧缺损区;骨髓基质干细胞移植侧成骨量为17.46±2.12%,对照侧为9.06±1.24%,两两对比差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:Brd U在体外示踪骨髓基质干细胞能有效反映细胞的生物学状态,体内示踪显示移植的骨髓基质干细胞能成活,能促进骨组织形成和坏死骨修复。     

Volume changes of an endothelial cell monolayer on exposure to anisotonic media

The osmotic process plays an important role in controlling the distribution of water across cell membranes and thus the cell volume. A system was designed to detect the volume changes of an endothelial cell monolayer when cells were exposed to media with altered osmolalities. Electrodes housed in a flow chamber measured the resistance of ionic media flowing over a cultured cell layer. Assuming the cell membrane acts as an electrical insulator, volume changes of the cell layer can be calculated from the corresponding changes in chamber resistance. The media used in the experiments had osmolalities in the range 120-630 mmol/kg. When cells were exposed to hypertonic media, there was rapid shrinkage with an approximate 30% reduction in total cell volume for a twofold increase in osmolality. On exposure to hypotonic media, the cells initially swelled with an approximate 20% volume increase for a decrease in osmolality by half. With sustained exposure to low osmolality media, there was a gradual and partial return of cell volume towards isotonic values that started 10 minutes after and was complete within 30 minutes of the osmolality alteration. This finding suggests regulatory volume decrease (RVD); however, no regulatory volume increase (RVI) was observed with the continued exposure to hypertonic media over 45 minutes.     

Kinetics of glutaraldehyde fixation of erythrocytes: size, deformability, form, osmotic and hemolytic properties.

Red blood cells interact with glutaraldehyde (GA) in a complex kinetic pattern of events. At a given GA concentration in phosphate buffered saline (PBS), the sequence of cell 'volume' response, as measured by resistive pulse spectroscopy (RPS), includes: an immediate response to the overall solution osmolality; a constant volume, latent phase; a rapid swelling phase; an intermediate constant volume phase; and a shrinkage phase to a final steady state volume. The final volume depends on fixative solution osmolality; for GA concentrations between 0.05% and 0.25% w/v, fixative osmolalities of less than 355 mosM, including 'isotonic', or greater than 355 mosM, lead to final cell volumes greater or less than native, respectively. Cell-membrane deformability decreases continuously and monotonically with time, as assessed by RPS. The rate of fixation is a direct function of GA concentration, in accordance with a derived empirical expression. The measured kinetic responses are related to considerations of cell size, deformability, and form, and to mechanisms involved in abrupt osmotic hemolysis.     

The relationship between cell injury and osmotic volume reduction: II. Red cell lysis correlates with cell volume rather than intracellular salt concentration

It is possible to simulate freezing by suspending cells in progressively hyperosmotic solutions. It is not generally possible, however, to discriminate between cell volume reduction and solute concentration as the cause of injury since, in a normal cell behaving as an osmometer, volume is an obligate function of solution osmolality. The paper describes experiments in which osmolality and volume were disassociated by loading red cells with additional KCl by making them slowly permeable to potassium through treatment with valinomycin. It is shown that cell hemolysis is associated with the reduction of cell volume beyond some minimum volume regardless of the concentration of intracellular or extracellular electrolyte. Similarly, it is shown that hemolysis from thermal shock is related to a decrease in cell volume rather than to an increase in solute concentration.     

Regulatory volume decrease in COS-7 cells at 22 °C and its influence on the Boyle van't Hoff relation and the determination of the osmotically inactive volume

Cryobiological analyses assume that the direction and rate of water movements across cell membranes and equilibrium cell volumes are determined solely by differences in the chemical potentials of intra- and extra-cellular water. A consequence of this assumption is that cells obey the Boyle van't Hoff (BvH) law which states that cell volumes are a linear function of reciprocal osmolality. Extrapolation of the BvH plot to infinite osmolality yields a quantity b, the fractional volume of the cell occupied by solids. In many cells, however, a cell volume excursion above the isotonic volume initiates an energy-requiring response that causes the swollen cells to shrink back to or towards isotonic volume. It is referred to as regulatory volume decrease (RVD). We have observed a strong RVD in COS-7 cells. If not eliminated by keeping exposure times short, this RVD produces a b that is 60% too high (0.48 vs. 0.30). These results indicate the importance of examining cells for volume regulatory mechanisms before performing measurements to determine their osmotic parameters.     

Biophysical characterization of changes in amounts and activity of Escherichia coli cell and compartment water and turgor pressure in response to osmotic stress

To obtain turgor pressure, intracellular osmolalities, and cytoplasmic water activity of Escherichia coli as a function of osmolality of growth, we have quantified and analyzed amounts of cell, cytoplasmic, and periplasmic water as functions of osmolality of growth and osmolality of plasmolysis of nongrowing cells with NaCl. The effects are large; NaCl (plasmolysis) titrations of cells grown in minimal medium at 0.03 Osm reduce cytoplasmic and cell water to approximately 20% and approximately 50% of their original values, and increase periplasmic water by approximately 300%. Independent analysis of amounts of cytoplasmic and cell water demonstrate that turgor pressure decreases with increasing osmolality of growth, from approximately 3.1 atm at 0.03 Osm to approximately 1.5 at 0.1 Osm and to less than 0.5 atm above 0.5 Osm. Analysis of periplasmic membrane-derived oligosaccharide (MDO) concentrations as a function of osmolality, calculated from literature analytical data and measured periplasmic volumes, provides independent evidence that turgor pressure decreases with increasing osmolality, and verifies that cytoplasmic and periplasmic osmolalities are equal. We propose that MDO play a key role in periplasmic volume regulation at low-to-moderate osmolality. At high growth osmolalities, where only a small amount of cytoplasmic water is observed, the small turgor pressure of E. coli demonstrates that cytoplasmic water activity is only slightly less than extracellular water activity. From these findings, we deduce that the activity of cytoplasmic water exceeds its mole fraction at high osmolality, and, therefore, conclude that the activity coefficient of cytoplasmic water increases with increasing growth osmolality and exceeds unity at high osmolality, presumably as a consequence of macromolecular crowding. These novel findings are significant for thermodynamic analyses of effects of changes in growth osmolality on biopolymer processes in general and osmoregulatory processes in particular in the E. coli cytoplasm.     

Regulation of matrix synthesis rates by the ionic and osmotic environment of articular chondrocytes

Chondrocytes in cartilage are embedded in a matrix containing a high concentration of proteoglycans and hence of fixed negative charges. Their extracellular ionic environment is thus different from that of most cells, with extracellular Na⁺ being 250–350 mM and extracellular osmolality 350–450 mOsm. When chondrocytes are isolated from the matrix and incubated in standard culture medium (DMEM; osmolality 250–280 mOsm), their extracellular environment changes sharply. We incubated isolated bovine articular chondrocytes and cartilage slices in DMEM whose osmolity was altered over the range 250–450 mOsm by Na⁺ or sucrose addition. ³⁵S-sulphate and ³H-proline incorporation rates were at a maximum when the extracellular osmolality was 350–400 mOsm for both freshly isolated chondrocytes and for chondrocytes in cartilage. The incorporation rate per cell of isolated chondrocytes was only 10% that of chondrocytes in situ both 4 and 24 hours after isolation. For freshly isolated chondrocytes, the rate increased 30–50% in DMEM to which NaCl or sucrose had been added to the increase osmolality. In chondrocytes incubated overnight in DMEM, the rate was greatest in DMEM of normal osmolality and fell from the maximum in proportion to the change in osmolality. The effects of surcrose addition on incorporation rates were similar but not identical to those of Na⁺ addition. Changes in cell volume might be linked to changes in synthesis rates since the cell volume of chondrocytes (measured by Coulter-counter) increased 30–40% when the cells are removed from their in situ environment into DMEM. Synthesis rates can thus be partly regulated by changes in extracellular osmolality, which in cartilage is controlled by proteoglycan concentration. This provides a mechanism by which the chondrocytes can rapidly respond to changes in extracellular matrix composition. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Investigation of extracellular medium osmolality depending on zinc application and incubation time on A549 cancer cells

Changes in the osmolality of the extracellular medium (ECM) affect cell volume and cellular processes such as cell migration and proliferation. Not only may high concentrations of zinc (Zn) lead to cell death by apoptosis, but Zn is also a physiological suppressor of apoptosis. The aim of our study was to examine whether Zn and regulation of extracellular osmolality had an effect on the lung cancer cell line (A549) and how to be changed in ECM according to elements and osmolality depending on incubation time and Zn application. Our study consisted of four groups: cell-free medium, ECM of cancer cell after 24 h incubation (24hECM), ECM of cancer cell after 48 h incubation (48hECM), and ECM of cancer cell after 48 h incubation with ZnCl₂ (48hECM?+?Zn). ECM osmolality was measured by using osmometer, and the levels of chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), and magnesium (Mg) elements were analyzed using ICP-OES device for all groups. According to the result of the analysis, a statistically significant difference was found when osmolality and element values of ECM of 24hECM and 48hECM groups were compared with the values of the 48hECM?+?Zn group. It was observed that there was a decrease in the levels of Cr, Fe, and Mg with Zn application and incubation period in ECM. The regulation of ECM osmolality is a promising method due to biophysical effects on cancer cells. In our study, we speculated that the understanding of the effects of Zn and osmolality with the relationship between ECM and cancer cell might lead to the discovery of biophysical approaches as a novel therapeutic strategy.

     

Studies of the Mechanism of Activation of the Volume-Regulated Anion Channel in Rat Pancreatic β-Cells

There is evidence that depolarization of the pancreatic β cell by glucose involves cell swelling and activation of the volume-regulated anion channel (VRAC). However, it is unclear whether cell swelling per se or accompanying changes in intracellular osmolality and/or ionic strength are responsible for VRAC activation. VRAC activity was measured in rat β cells by conventional or perforated patch whole-cell recording. Cell volume was measured by video imaging. In conventional whole-cell recordings, VRAC activation was achieved by exposure of the cells to a hyposmotic bath solution, by application of positive pressure to the pipette, or by use of a hyperosmotic pipette solution. Increased concentrations of intracellular CsCl also caused channel activation, but with delayed kinetics. In perforated patch recordings, VRAC activation was induced by isosmotic addition of the permeable osmolytes urea, 3-Ο-methyl glucose, arginine, and NH₄Cl. These effects were all accompanied by β-cell swelling. It is concluded that increased cell volume, whether accompanied by raised intracellular osmolality or ionic strength, is a major determinant of VRAC activation in the β cell. However, increased intracellular ionic strength markedly reduced the rate of VRAC activation. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the accumulation of glucose metabolites in the β cell, and the resultant increase in cell volume, provides a signal coupling glucose metabolism with VRAC activation.     

The volume of mitochondria-rich cells of frog skin epithelium

Summary The pathway for movement of chloride ions across frog skin is not well understood. Mitochondria-rich (MR) cells have been proposed as the route for chloride across the skin. To test this hypothesis we studied the MR cells of the skin of the frog,Rana pipiens, by quantitative light microscopic determination of cell volume. MR cell volume was influenced by changes in the chloride concentration or osmolality of the outside bathing solution. MR cells shrank about 23% when all chloride was removed from the outside (mucosal) bathing solution. MR cells were also shown to be responsive to changes in the osmolality of either the mucosal or serosal bath. Osmotically-induced swelling caused by dilution of the serosal bath resulted in volume regulatory decrease. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that MR cells constitute the pathway for chloride movement across frog skin.