蚕豆蚜种群动态与蚕豆生理变化的关系

本文以蚕豆和蚕豆蚜构成的人工种间关系系统为对象,研究了蚜虫种群动态和植物生理变化的关系。发现蚕豆生理应激过程能影响蚕豆蚜种群的生殖率、存活率等种群特征,从而调节其种群的动态。蚕豆还能传导放大昆虫种群自主调节的信息。蚜虫种群的适应过程,包括减小种群数量(低生殖率和迁移),降低对植物的胁迫,从而维持种间关系系统的持续发展。本文还初步将植物的生理应激过程与昆虫种群的动态过程相耦联,建立动态模型,对种间关系的发展趋势进行了分析和讨论。     

南方小花蝽对西花蓟马和蚕豆蚜的捕食作用

南方小花蝽Orius similis是多种小型害虫的重要天敌昆虫,为了掌握其控制潜能,本文研究了南方小花蝽对西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis和蚕豆蚜Aphis craccivora的捕食作用。研究结果表明南方小花蝽3～5龄若虫和雌成虫对西花蓟马和蚕豆蚜的功能反应均符合HollingⅡ型方程,南方小花蝽3～5龄若虫和雌成虫对西花蓟马2龄若虫的瞬时攻击率均高于蚕豆蚜。南方小花蝽5龄若虫对蚕豆蚜的控制能力比雌成虫强,而对西花蓟马的控制能力比雌成虫差。南方小花蝽5龄若虫对西花蓟马2龄若虫和蚕豆蚜的捕食率（E）随着捕食者自身的密度（P）的增加而下降,其干扰反应方程分别为E=0.412P-1.623和E=0.416P-1.639。南方小花蝽5龄若虫对西花蓟马2龄若虫和蚕豆蚜有明显的选择性,5龄若虫喜欢取食西花蓟马2龄若虫,但前期取食的猎物对其选择性有明显的影响,更喜欢选择前期取食过的猎物。     

茼蒿总黄酮提取及对羟自由基清除作用

采用超声波乙醇浸提法从茼蒿中提取黄酮类物质,对所提取的黄酮类物质进行验证,并用分光光度法测定含量,用茼蒿总黄酮对羟自由基清除作用进行试验。测得样品中总黄酮的含量C=0.169 0 mg/mL,回收率为101.3%,其纯度和产率均较高。该方法采用全物理过程,无任何污染,是提取茼蒿黄酮类物质的有效途径。茼蒿总黄酮提取液对Fenton体系产生的.OH自由基有很好的清除作用。     

苜蓿蚜为害蚕豆的初步观察

1963-1965年我们在江苏海安地区对苜蓿蚜(Aphis medicaginis Koch)进行了观察,现将初步结果整理如下: 一、苜蓿蚜的为害性 苜蓿蚜除为害蚕豆外,还为害苜蓿、苕子、豇豆、扁豆、花生和洋槐等。它集中在嫩头、花序上吸收汁液,常造成生长停滞、植株矮小、花易脱落、结荚少而籽粒轻。被害重的成为“龙头”),甚致整株枯死。据测定,单枝有虫70头的比38头的平均减少结荚21％。龙头枝比健全枝平均减少结荚59％,每荚减少0.23粒、百粒重减少17.6％,总的产量损失70.64％。 二、主要习性 1.耐寒性:据1965年1月11日大田观察,在     

洗涤剂对蚕豆根和叶片的作用

研究了家用洗衣粉对蚕豆根生长、细胞分裂和叶片叶绿素含量的影响。结果表明:不同浓度的洗衣粉均能抑制蚕豆根的生长,降低根尖细胞有丝分裂指数,诱发细胞产生高频率的微核且是明显的时间与剂量效应关系和叶绿素含量明显下降。     

数种农药对蚕豆根腐病的田间防效

在实验室内探讨了三唑酮,甲基硫菌灵,福美双,恶霜灵和甲霜灵等5种杀菌剂单用或混用对蚕豆种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响,据此,在田间开展了杀菌剂拦种和杀菌剂与杀虫剂混用防治蚕豆根腐病的研究,第1年的结果表明,在11个处理中,三唑酮单独拌和效果最为显著,与对照相比,在0.01ga.i.kg^_1种子的剂量下,使6周龄植株的根腐病指数降低51.5%,成株累计死亡率减少36%,单株种子产量提高21%,每公顷种子产量增加97.6%,其他处理未取得显著防效,第2年开展的三唑酮拌种是防治蚕豆根腐病的有效措施之一。但杀菌拌种应与其他防治措施综合应用,方可取得更好的防治效果。     

茼蒿素类似物对菜粉蝶幼虫的生物活性及作用机理研究(英文)

以菜粉蝶幼虫为对象对茼蒿素类似物进行了拒食活性筛选,结果表明,12号和20号化合物的活性最高。生测结果表明,在非选择性条件下,12号和20号化合物对菜粉蝶3龄幼虫处理后24h后的AFC50分别为370.00μg/mL和226.93 μg/ml;在选择性条件下,对菜粉蝶4龄幼虫处理后24h后的AFC50分别为398.88?g/ml和280.54?g/ml。20号化合物能明显延迟菜粉蝶卵的孵化,降低菜粉蝶幼虫血淋巴及其蛋白质的含量。盆栽试验结果表明,20号化合物具有较好的保叶效果并对菜粉蝶幼虫具有较好的防效。     

壳聚糖处理对不同紫色土壤种植下蚕豆共生固氮影响的研究

本研究采用盆栽实验和实验分析相结合的方法,观察壳聚糖对蚕豆共生固氮体系的影响。结果表明：经壳聚糖溶液处理的蚕豆植株其盛花期根瘤数量明显多于空白;经壳聚糖溶液处理的蚕豆植株固氮酶活性明显好于空白;处理后其植株生物量的差异不大。本文还对以上结果的产生原因进行了初步的分析和探讨。     

我国蚕豆品种资源对蚕豆锈病的抗性鉴定

1998～2000年对241份蚕豆品种(系)进行抗蚕豆锈病鉴定,其中表现高抗(HR)的材料2份,占0.83%;抗病(R)和中抗(MR)的材料131份,占54.36%.中感(MS)和感病(S)材料104份,占43.15%,高感(HS)的材料4份,占1.66%.结果表明,不同地理来源、株高、单株粒数、单株产量及粒重的材料抗性有差异.     

重金属对蚕豆的细胞遗传学毒理作用和对蚕豆根尖微核技术的探讨

Ｐｂ２＋ 、Ｃｄ２＋ 和Ｈｇ２＋ 显著地缩短蚕豆（Ｖｉｃｉａ ｆａｂａ Ｌ．）根尖细胞分裂的持续时间,延长细胞间期的时间间隔,在总体上延长了细胞分裂周期;除Ｈｇ２＋ 随浓度升高一直表现为对有丝分裂抑制外,在Ｐｂ２＋ 、Ｃｄ２＋ 和Ｚｎ２＋ 浓度分别小于１．０、０．０１、１０．０ ｐｐｍ 时,细胞有丝分裂指数随处理浓度升高而上升,当超出上述浓度时则随浓度升高而下降;微核率（ＭＣＮＦ）在Ｐｂ２＋ 、Ｃｄ２＋ 、Ｈｇ２＋ 和Ｚｎ２＋ 的浓度分别小于１．０、５．０、０．５０、１００．０ ｐｐｍ 时,染色体畸变率（ＣＡＦ）在Ｐｂ２＋ 、Ｃｄ２＋ 、Ｈｇ２＋ 和Ｚｎ２＋ 的浓度分别小于５．０、５．０、０．５０、１００．０ ｐｐｍ 时,这两参数随处理浓度的升高而增大;超过上述浓度后,则随处理浓度升高而下降。Ｍｎ２＋ 对各项参数无显著影响。对蚕豆根尖细胞遗传学毒性顺序为Ｈｇ２＋ ＞ Ｃｄ２＋ ＞ Ｐｂ２＋ ＞ Ｚｎ２＋ ＞ Ｍｎ２＋ 。经综合分析,３ 个参数在不同剂量范围下相关性程度有很大的差异。认为蚕豆根尖微核技术检测危险化学品和监测环境污染时取得可靠结果的条件是：受检物质在检测条件下不严重抑制细胞分裂和ＣＡＦ和ＭＣＮＦ呈正相关     

青海一株蚕豆根瘤菌的鉴定及抗旱性评价

【目的】研究青海干旱地区蚕豆根瘤菌的遗传多样性,获得与蚕豆品种共生匹配且具有耐旱性的根瘤菌株,促进蚕豆耐旱根瘤菌在青海干旱地区生产中的应用。【方法】以分离自青海干旱地区一株菌株QHCD22为材料,利用细菌形态学、生理生化指标鉴定、Biolog细菌鉴定系统、16S rRNA基因序列分析、全基因组分析等进行菌种鉴定和系统发育分析,进一步通过PEG6000模拟干旱胁迫、盆栽回接干旱胁迫处理及旱作田间接种验证试验对该菌株的耐旱性进行综合评价。【结果】QHCD22菌株属快生型根瘤菌属(Rhizobium),Rhizobium indicum种。随着PEG6000模拟干旱胁迫程度的加剧,在−0.6 mPa这一更低渗透势时菌株存活数量增高,浊度由61.48%上升到69.42%,表现出较强的耐旱性。盆栽试验表明,接种根瘤菌处理(NA)的株高、植株鲜干比、根瘤数、根瘤鲜重、叶绿素含量(SPAD)、叶片相对含水量(RWC)、脯氨酸含量(PRO)、超氧化物歧化酶活性(SOD)、根系活力(TCC)均高于不接种根瘤菌处理(NN),并且在正常供水条件下,NA处理的各指标也均高于NN处理。旱作田间验证试验表明接种该菌株显著提高固氮酶活性,青海13号蚕豆根瘤固氮酶活性由不接种的42.07 C₂H₄ nmol/(g·h)显著增加到221.78 C₂H₄ nmol/(g·h),青蚕14号蚕豆由40.60 C₂H₄ nmol/(g·h)显著增加到109.78 C₂H₄ nmol/(g·h),马牙蚕豆由33.41 C₂H₄ nmol/(g·h)显著增加到643.15 C₂H₄ nmol/(g·h)。接种根瘤菌对于增加产量具有促进作用,其中青蚕14号的增产效果显著,增产幅度达32.3%。【结论】QHCD22菌株可能为快生型根瘤菌属的一个种Rhizobium indicum,具有一定的耐旱性,研究表明接种根瘤菌可以提高蚕豆的耐旱性,尤其对干旱敏感型蚕豆品种增产效果显著,具有潜在的应用前景。     

The metabolism of ethylene to ethylene oxide in cultivars of Vicia faba: Relationship with waterlogging resistance

The ability of cultivars of Vicia faba L. to metabolize ethylene and the resistance of such cultivars to waterlogging was assessed. Those cultivars showing the highest resistance to waterlogging also had the ability to rapidly metabolize ethylene. It is suggested that a causal relationship may exist between the two processes.     

Cytoplasmic male sterility in Vicia faba L.

Summary In many higher plants, nucleo-cytoplasmic interactions lead to pollen abortion. In Vicia faba, cytoplasmic male sterility is unstable as the cytoplasm appears to shift from a sterile to a fertile state. In this report, five flower phenotypes are defined but the study is focussed on the progenies obtained from intermediate, semi-sterile plants with the same homozygous nuclear constitution during five successive generations. The results could be interpreted by quantitative modifications of at least four different kinds of cytoplasmic determinants.     

NO体外供体硝普钠诱导蚕豆气孔保卫细胞死亡机理研究

为分析NO在植物细胞死亡过程中的作用,以蚕豆表皮条和NO体外供体硝普钠(SNP)及NO信号途径抑制剂为材料,采用表皮条生物法,探讨SNP对蚕豆叶面保卫细胞的毒性机理.结果表明:(1)0.5～9 mmol· L-1的SNP可使蚕豆气孔保卫细胞活性降低,部分细胞死亡,且随着SNP浓度的增高细胞死亡率增高.(2)凋亡抑制剂Z-Asp-CH2-DCB或TLCK可显著降低SNP诱发的保卫细胞死亡率.(3)抗坏血酸(AsA)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、Ca2+螯合剂EGTA或Ca2+通道抑制剂LaCl3与SNP共同作用时,细胞死亡率显著降低.(4)NO清除剂c-PTIO、MAPK激酶抑制剂PD98059和鸟苷酸环化酶抑制荆ODQ亦能有效阻止SNP诱发的细胞死亡.研究发现,较高浓度的SNP可诱导蚕豆保卫细胞程序性死亡,SNP诱发植物细胞死亡与胁迫组保卫细胞内NO、ROS和Ca2+水平升高有关,cGMP和MAPK参与了SNP诱发的细胞死亡.     

纳米管和镉对蚕豆幼苗根系的毒害效应

以蚕豆幼苗为实验材料,采用水培法研究不同浓度(0、2、4、8、16 mg·L~(-1))羟基化多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs-OH)与10μmol·L~(-1)镉(Cd)单一和联合作用对蚕豆幼苗根系生长、生理及Cd含量的影响。结果表明:(1)单一MWCNTs-OH处理下,随着MWCNTs-OH浓度(2～8 mg·L~(-1))的增加,蚕豆的根长度增加,且■产生速率增加的同时会伴随着SOD、POD活性升高。(2)单一Cd处理的幼苗根系MDA含量和■产生速率均高于对照,其中■产生速率较对照增加了1.98倍。(3)MWCNTs-OH联合处理诱导了蚕豆根■的产生和MDA含量增加,16 mg·L~(-1) MWCNTs-OH和Cd共同作用对蚕豆幼苗根的损伤最大,会促使部分根尖细胞受损脱落,Cd含量明显下降。研究发现,低浓度MWCNTs-OH可促进蚕豆的根生长,降低Cd的毒性;高浓度MWCNTs-OH(16 mg·L~(-1))和Cd对蚕豆幼苗根的致毒性表现为协同效应。     

Genetic diversity in recent elite faba bean lines using AFLP markers

Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers were used to study the genetic diversity among a large set (n = 79) of inbred lines of recent elite faba bean (Vicia faba L.) cultivars with Asian, European (Northern and Southern) and North African origin. The inbred lines were analyzed using eight selected AFLP primer combinations that produced 477 polymorphic fragments. Errors when scoring repeated lanes of one pre-amplification reaction on one gel were negligible, whereas errors when scoring lanes of two individuals of the same inbred line run on different gels were markedly higher. Scoring across gels should be backed by replicates and several appropriate check entries. Based on clustering with Jaccard's similarity coefficient and Principal Coordinate Analysis, only the Asian lines were distinct as a group, the other lines showed no marked further grouping. Nevertheless, several known pedigree relationships were verified. A priori grouping of inbred lines (geographic origin and seed size) and AFLP data corroborate available information on the history of spread and cultivation of faba bean in the studied regions. Based on the diversity observed, studies especially concerning the relationship between genetic similarity based on AFLP markers and hybrid performance within the European elite germplasm have been launched.Communicated by H.F. Linskens     

Vicia root-mirconucleus and sister chromatid exchange assays on the genotoxicity of selenium compounds

Selenium (Se) is an important metalloid with industrial, environmental, biological and toxicological significance. Excessive selenium in soil and water may contribute to environmental selenium pollution, and affect plant growth and human health. By using Vicia faba micronucleus (MN) and sister chromatid exchange (SCE) tests, possible genotoxicity of sodium selenite and sodium biselenite was evaluated in this study. The results showed that sodium selenite, at concentrations from 0.01 to 10.0 mg/L, induced a 1.9–3.9-fold increase in MN frequency and a 1.5–1.6-fold increase in SCE frequency, with a statistically significantly difference from the control (P < 0.05 and 0.01, respectively). Sodium selenite also caused mitotic delay and a 15–80% decrease in mitotic indices (MI), but at the lowest concentration (0.005 mg/L), it slightly stimulated mitotic activity. Similarly, the frequencies of MN and SCE also increased significantly in sodium biselenite treated samples, with MI decline only at relatively higher effective concentrations. Results of the present study suggest that selenite is genotoxic to V. faba root cells and may be a genotoxic risk to human health.     

Sequence of a plant cDNA from Vicia faba encoding a novel Ran-related GTP-binding protein

A clone obtained from a broad bean (Vicia faba) developing cotyledon cDNA library contained the complete coding sequence of a polypeptide with very high homology to the small GTP-binding proteins Ran from human cells and Spi1 from yeast. These proteins belong to the ras superfamily of proteins involved in different basic cellular processes. The Ran/Spi1 proteins interact with a protein bound to DNA (RCC1) and are thought to function in the regulation of the cell cycle. The amino acid sequence of the obtained plant Ran-homologue, designated Vfa-ran, is 74% and 76% identical to Ran and Spi1, respectively. The five functional, conserved domains of ras-related proteins are present in the Vfa-ran sequence. However, as in Ran/Spi1 the C-terminus of Vfa-ran is very acidic and lacks the Cys motif for isoprenylation.Northern blotting revealed a corresponding mRNA expression in broad bean roots, leaves, and cotyledons with the highest level in roots.