日本血吸虫磷酸甘油酸变位酶SjPGAM基因的克隆、表达及功能分析

磷酸甘油酸变位酶(Phosphoglycerate mutas)是糖酵解过程中的一种重要酶,主要催化3-磷酸甘油酸转化为2-磷酸甘油酸.利用PCR技术从日本血吸虫19 d童虫中首次扩增到一个PGAM家族基因,序列分析表明该基因的完整编码框含753 bp,编码250个氨基酸,理论分子量28.26 kD,理论等电点7.01.同源性分析结果表明,该基因的氨基酸序列具有典型PGAM家族特征,推测为血吸虫的PGAM基因,命名为SjPGAM(GenBank Accession No.EU374631).实时定量PCR分析显示该基因在14d和19d童虫中的表达量明显高于其他发育阶段,42d雄虫中的表达量高于雌虫.构建了该基因的原核重组表达质粒pET-28a( )-PGAM,在大肠杆菌系统中成功获得了表达,重组蛋白以包涵体形式存在,Western blotting显示表达产物能被日本血吸虫成虫粗抗原免疫血清所识别.SjPGAM基因及其表达产物的获得,为探索PGAM基因家族在血吸虫能量代谢过程中碳水化合物转运、新陈代谢调节和生长发育提供了重要基础.     

缺氧应激对肝癌细胞代谢信号通路的调节作用

通过实验阐明在缺氧条件下糖酵解相关基因表达的变化规律及对肿瘤细胞和正常细胞增殖的影响,并探索活性氧(ROS)介导肝癌细胞代谢途径及对相关基因表达和酶活性的调节作用.以SMMC-7721人肝癌细胞和L02正常肝细胞作为研究对象,分别在单纯缺氧及加葡萄糖缺氧条件下,观察细胞生长,并检测糖代谢关键酶:丙酮酸激酶(pyruvate-kinase,PK)、己糖激酶(hexokinase,HK)、琥珀酸脱氢酶(succinic dehydrogenase,SDH)、异柠檬酸脱氢酶(isocitric dehydrogenase,IDH)mRNA表达水平和乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase,LDH)活性.还检测了pkb基因及缺氧诱导因子hif-1的表达.实验结果说明:a.肿瘤细胞较正常细胞具有更强的缺氧耐受性;b.缺氧条件下,糖酵解途径的增强是保证肿瘤细胞能快速增殖的机制之一;c.ROS通过HIF-1介导了糖代谢通路相关酶的基因表达,参与肝癌细胞缺氧信号通路调节,用抗氧化剂干预可以降低肿瘤细胞的缺氧耐受能力.     

基于有氧糖酵解的天然小分子抑制剂的研究进展CSCD

有氧糖酵解作为恶性肿瘤最显著的能量代谢特征之一,肿瘤细胞中大约有50%的ATP是通过有氧糖酵解途径合成的,同时糖酵解过程中产生的各种中间代谢产物也是合成蛋白质等生物大分子重要的原料来源。此外酵解途径导致的乳酸增加为肿瘤细胞提供了一个酸性成长环境,有利于其浸润和转移,因此其在维持肿瘤细胞能量需求、合成代谢平衡和肿瘤浸润和转移方面发挥着重要作用。研究表明有氧糖酵解的过程与葡萄糖转运蛋白、己糖激酶、丙酮酸激酶、磷酸果糖激酶等密切相关。目前靶向有氧糖酵解相关转运蛋白和关键限速酶已经成为抗肿瘤药物研发的有效途径,本文对目前天然产物中靶向有氧糖酵解相关蛋白的小分子抑制剂研究最新进展及作用机理进行总结,以期为相关领域药物研究人员提供新的思路和参考。     

生物能量分析仪在肿瘤细胞生物能量代谢中的应用研究

靶向肿瘤细胞代谢过程中关键调控分子抑制肿瘤细胞生长的研究日益成为热点。目前,研究肿瘤细胞氧化磷酸化和有氧糖酵解主要是应用Clark氧电极法测定细胞氧耗率以及对相关中间代谢物的测定,如乳酸和葡萄糖。但是,这些方法测定的指标相对单一,而且过程繁琐。该文详细介绍了生物能量分析仪在研究肿瘤细胞糖酵解和线粒体氧耗率中的应用,并通过研究肿瘤细胞应用阿霉素及相关药物处理后生物能量代谢的变化,深入探讨了这一方法在研究肿瘤细胞生物能量代谢方面中的优越性。研究结果表明,羰基氰–对–三氟甲氧基本腙(carbonylcyanide p-trifluoro methoxyphenylhydrazone,FCCP)的浓度以及细胞数量对于研究肿瘤细胞的氧耗率十分关键,应用阿霉素能够显著抑制肿瘤细胞的有氧糖酵解和线粒体氧耗率。通过该文的介绍,期望能为肿瘤细胞生物能量代谢研究提供进一步的参考。     

缺氧诱导因子HIF-1在肿瘤Warburg效应中作用机制的研究进展

正常状态下人体细胞的能量主要来源于有氧磷酸化,而在肿瘤细胞,其能量主要来源于糖酵解,即使在含有充足氧气的环境中肿瘤细胞依然进行糖酵解,这种现象被称为Warburg效应.在肿瘤细胞中,缺氧诱导因子HIF-1水平的升高与糖酵解活动的增强密切相关,HIF-1上调一系列与糖酵解能量代谢、血管新生、肿瘤细胞存活和红细胞生成相关的基因,从而促进了肿瘤细胞Warburg效应的发生.在肿瘤细胞代谢重编程过程中,丙酮酸激酶M2(PKM2)与HIF-1之间构成一个正反馈过程,而缺氧诱导因子抑制因子1 (FIH-1)能通过抑制HIF-1对重要基因转录因子CPB/p300的招募,来抑制HIF-1的活性.     

细胞糖代谢方式改变与肿瘤转移的相关性

肿瘤转移是引起肿瘤相关死亡的主要原因,肿瘤细胞的代谢异常在肿瘤转移中扮演重要角色。肿瘤的糖代谢以“Warburg效应”为显著特征,即细胞在有氧条件下也以糖酵解为主要糖代谢途径提供能量。而这种现象在转移性肿瘤细胞中更为突出,表现为葡萄糖的大量摄取、高糖酵解速率和核酸合成速率等,这为肿瘤细胞的快速生长和增殖提供了重要的能量和物质基础。对于肿瘤转移过程中相关代谢改变的研究,将为最终揭示肿瘤转移的机制打下基础。本文综述肿瘤细胞糖代谢中糖酵解、线粒体有氧代谢及磷酸戊糖途径中的变化与肿瘤转移发生的相关性,其结果为进一步从调控肿瘤代谢角度发现新的肿瘤转移控制手段提供了启示。     

葡萄糖介导SCAP的N-糖基化为SREBP-1激活和肿瘤生长所必需

正细胞代谢的改变是许多肿瘤的一个重要特征。在肿瘤细胞中,有氧糖酵解和脂质生成的增加能提供肿瘤细胞生长所需的能量和脂质。然而葡萄糖代谢和脂质生成通路之间的相互联系依然不清楚。本文的研究人员立足于此,探讨了葡萄糖代谢和脂质生成通路之间的联系,发现葡萄糖能通过胰岛素非依赖的通路来控制SCAP并促进脂质生成。研究表明,EGFR信号能增加肿瘤细胞对葡萄糖的摄取。细胞内的葡萄糖主要进入了糖酵解通路的分支己糖胺生物合成     

FN1在GBM中的表达差异及对预后的影响

[目的]探究纤维连接蛋白1(Fibronectin 1,FN1)在多形性胶质母细胞瘤(GBM)中的表达情况及对患者预后的影响,为GBM的早期诊断和治疗提供生物标志物。[方法]CCLE数据库分析FN1在不同肿瘤细胞系中的表达;UALCAN和GEPIA2数据库分析FN1在GBM肿瘤组织和正常组织中的表达差异;The Human Protein Atlas数据库分析FN1蛋白在GBM肿瘤组织和正常组织中的表达;GEPIA2数据库分析FN1在肿瘤组织中的异常表达对GBM患者总体生存率和无病生存率的影响;DAVID 6.8在线软件对FN1相关基因进行KEGG通路富集。[结果]在所有类型肿瘤细胞系中,GBM肿瘤细胞系中FN1 mRNA表达水平中排第八;FN1在GBM肿瘤组织中的表达高于正常组织(***P<0.001和*P<0.05),并且FN1高表达后GBM患者的总体生存率和无病生存率均降低(P=0.028和P=0.0056);KEGG分析结果表明与FN1正相关的基因富集通路有57个,癌症通路位于第三位。[结论]FN1在GBM中明显上调,是GBM诊断和预后的有效生物标志物。     

逆境胁迫下甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶功能多元化的研究进展

糖酵解是动植物以及微生物细胞中葡萄糖分解产生能量的共同代谢途径,而甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶(GAPDH)作为糖酵解途径中的一种关键酶,被认为是只存在于细胞质中的管家基因产物。但近年来的研究表明GAPDH mRNA和蛋白质水平会随着各种环境因素的影响而发生变化,并具有不同的亚细胞定位以及多元化的生理功能。本文综述逆境胁迫下GAPDH在不同生物体细胞中的不同功能的相关作用机制。     

己糖激酶-Ⅱ与肿瘤的糖代谢

己糖激酶作为糖酵解途径的第一个关键酶,在肿瘤细胞中有高度表达,并使肿瘤细胞表现出高度的糖分解代谢表型。该介绍己糖激酶一Ⅱ基因的组成特点及其在肿瘤细胞中的表达特征等。     

The BCL2L1 and PGAM5 axis defines hypoxia-induced receptor-mediated mitophagy

Receptor-mediated mitophagy is one of the major mechanisms of mitochondrial quality control essential for cell survival. We previously have identified FUNDC1 as a mitophagy receptor for selectively removing damaged mitochondria in mammalian systems. A critical unanswered question is how receptor-mediated mitophagy is regulated in response to cellular and environmental cues. Here, we report the striking finding that BCL2L1/Bcl-xL, but not BCL2, suppresses mitophagy mediated by FUNDC1 through its BH3 domain. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that BCL2L1, but not BCL2, interacts with and inhibits PGAM5, a mitochondrially localized phosphatase, to prevent the dephosphorylation of FUNDC1 at serine 13 (Ser13), which activates hypoxia-induced mitophagy. Our results showed that the BCL2L1-PGAM5-FUNDC1 axis is critical for receptor-mediated mitophagy in response to hypoxia and that BCL2L1 possesses unique functions distinct from BCL2.     

The BCL2L1 and PGAM5 axis defines hypoxia-induced receptor-mediated mitophagy

Receptor-mediated mitophagy is one of the major mechanisms of mitochondrial quality control essential for cell survival. We previously have identified FUNDC1 as a mitophagy receptor for selectively removing damaged mitochondria in mammalian systems. A critical unanswered question is how receptor-mediated mitophagy is regulated in response to cellular and environmental cues. Here, we report the striking finding that BCL2L1/Bcl-xL, but not BCL2, suppresses mitophagy mediated by FUNDC1 through its BH3 domain. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that BCL2L1, but not BCL2, interacts with and inhibits PGAM5, a mitochondrially localized phosphatase, to prevent the dephosphorylation of FUNDC1 at serine 13 (Ser13), which activates hypoxia-induced mitophagy. Our results showed that the BCL2L1-PGAM5-FUNDC1 axis is critical for receptor-mediated mitophagy in response to hypoxia and that BCL2L1 possesses unique functions distinct from BCL2.     

Stress eating and tuning out: Cancer cells re-wire metabolism to counter stress

Abstract

Cancer cells reprogram metabolism to maintain rapid proliferation under often stressful conditions. Glycolysis and glutaminolysis are two central pathways that fuel cancer metabolism. Allosteric regulation and metabolite driven post-translational modifications of key metabolic enzymes allow cancer cells glycolysis and glutaminolysis to respond to changes in nutrient availability and the tumor microenvironment. While increased aerobic glycolysis (the Warburg effect) has been a noted part of cancer metabolism for over 80 years, recent work has shown that the elevated levels of glycolytic intermediates are critical to cancer growth and metabolism due to their ability to feed into the anabolic pathways branching off glycolysis such as the pentose phosphate pathway and serine biosynthesis pathway. The key glycolytic enzymes phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK1), pyruvate kinase (PKM2) and phosphoglycerate mutase 1 (PGAM1) are regulated by upstream and downstream metabolites to balance glycolytic flux with flux through anabolic pathways. Glutamine regulation is tightly controlled by metabolic intermediates that allosterically inhibit and activate glutamate dehydrogenase, which fuels the tricarboxylic acid cycle by converting glutamine derived glutamate to α-ketoglutarate. The elucidation of these key allosteric regulatory hubs in cancer metabolism will be essential for understanding and predicting how cancer cells will respond to drugs that target metabolism. Additionally, identification of the structures involved in allosteric regulation will inform the design of anti-metabolism drugs which bypass the off-target effects of substrate mimics. Hence, this review aims to provide an overview of allosteric control of glycolysis and glutaminolysis.     

CircDUS2L (circ_0039908) promotes lung adenocarcinoma progression by upregulating PGAM1 by acting as a miR-590-5p molecular sponge

Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is usually found at the metastatic stage. Circular RNA dihydrouridine synthase 2-like (DUS2L) (circDUS2L) has been discovered to be upregulated in LUAD. Nevertheless, the function of circDUS2L in LUAD has not been verified. Levels of circDUS2L, microRNA-590-5p (miR-590-5p), and phosphoglycerate mutase 1 (PGAM1) mRNA were analyzed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Cell proliferation, apoptosis, metastasis, and invasion were assessed by 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide (MTT), colony formation, 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (Edu), flow cytometry, and transwell assays. Protein levels were detected by western blotting. Cell glycolysis was analyzed by measuring cell glucose consumption, lactate production, and extracellular acidification rate (ECAR). The regulatory mechanism of circDUS2L in LUAD cells was analyzed by bioinformatics analysis, dual-luciferase reporter, RNA pull-down, and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assays. Xenograft assay was conducted to confirm the function of circDUS2L in vivo. CircDUS2L was highly expressed in LUAD tissues and cells. CircDUS2L silencing constrained xenograft tumor growth in vivo. CircDUS2L knockdown induced apoptosis, repressed viability, colony formation, proliferation, metastasis, invasion, and glycolysis of LUAD cells in vitro by releasing miR-590-5p via functioning as a miR-590-5p sponge. MiR-590-5p was lowly expressed in LUAD tissues and cells, and miR-590-5p mimic curbed malignant behaviors and glycolysis of LUAD cells by targeting PGAM1. PGAM1 was overexpressed in LUAD tissues and cells, and circDUS2L sponged miR-590-5p to regulate PGAM1 expression. CircDUS2L elevated PGAM1 expression through functioning as a miR-590-5p sponge, thus driving malignant behaviors and glycolysis of LUAD cells.     

Regulation of platelet activating factor synthesis: modulation of 1-alkyl-2-lyso-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine:acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation in rat spleen microsomes

1-Alkyl-2-lyso-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine:acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase plays an important regulatory role in the biosynthesis of platelet activating factor, a potent bioactive mediator. We tested the hypothesis that the activity of acetyltransferase may be modulated by enzymatic phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. The results showed that acetyltransferase activity in rat spleens was 2- to 3-fold higher in microsomes isolated in the presence of F-than in those isolated in the presence of Cl-. The microsomal acetyltransferase could be activated by preincubation of microsomes, isolated in the presence of Cl-, with ATP, Mg2+, and the soluble fraction from rat spleen. Addition of phosphatidylserine, diacylglycerols, plus Ca2+ further enhanced the activity. The increase in the activity of acetyltransferase was abolished by treatment of the activated microsomes with alkaline phosphatase. Conversely, the activity of acetyltransferase can be reactivated in the alkaline phosphatase-treated microsomes with incubation conditions that favor phosphorylation. Therefore, our findings suggest that acetyltransferase activity is regulated by reversible activation/inactivation through phosphorylation/dephosphorylation.     

NEAT1 is essential for metabolic changes that promote breast cancer growth and metastasis

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Emodin-Induced Necroptosis in Prostate Cancer Cells via the Mitochondrial Fission HSP90/MLKL/PGAM Pathway

Currently, prostate cancer is one of the major malignant tumors in males. Recurrence and metastasis are the main obstacles that prevent the effective treatment of prostate cancer. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate emodin (EG) against human prostate cancer PC3 and DU145 cells. Our study showed that EG significantly decreased the cell viability of PC3 and DU145 cells and strikingly induced non-apoptotic cell death via necroptosis that was visualized through colony formation assay, Hoechst 33258 staining, and TEM analysis. Furthermore, RNA-sequencing and KEGG functional enrichment analysis revealed that the necroptosis-related pathway was activated upon EG treatment in PC3 cells. mRNA and protein expression of necroptosis markers were analyzed by qPCR and immunoblotting, which implied that EG-induced cell necroptosis via enhancing the expression of MLKL and HSP90AA1 activating PGAM pathway which is considered as a key mediator of mitochondrial fission and leading to ROS generation in PC3 and DU145 cells. Thus, our findings suggested that EG is a new small molecule agonist that induced necroptosis in prostate cancer cells via the mitochondrial fission HSP90/MLKL/PGAM pathway.     

PGAM5: A crucial role in mitochondrial dynamics and programmed cell death

In response to mitochondrial damage, mitochondria activate mitochondrial dynamics to maintain normal functions, and an imbalance in mitochondrial dynamics triggers multiple programmed cell death processes. Recent studies have shown that phosphoglycerate mutase 5 (PGAM5) is associated with mitochondrial damage. PGAM5 activates mitochondrial biogenesis and mitophagy to promote a cellular compensatory response when mitochondria are mildly damaged, whereas severe damage to mitochondria leads to PGAM5 inducing excessive mitochondria fission, disruption to mitochondrial movement, and amplification of apoptosis, necroptosis and mitophagic death signals, which eventually evoke cell death. PGAM5 functions mainly through protein-protein interactions and specific Ser/Thr/His protein phosphatase activity. PGAM5 is also regulated by mitochondrial proteases. Detection of PGAM5 and its interacting protein partners should enable a more accurate evaluation of mitochondrial damage and a more precise method for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases.     

Inhibitor of Nrf2 (INrf2 or Keap1) protein degrades Bcl-xL via phosphoglycerate mutase 5 and controls cellular apoptosis

INrf2 (Keap1) is an adaptor protein that facilitates INrf2-Cul3-Rbx1-mediated ubiquitination/degradation of Nrf2, a master regulator of cytoprotective gene expression. Here, we present evidence that members of the phosphoglycerate mutase family 5 (PGAM5) proteins are involved in the INrf2-mediated ubiquitination/degradation of anti-apoptotic factor Bcl-xL. Mass spectrometry and co-immunoprecipitation assays revealed that INrf2, through its DGR domain, interacts with PGAM5, which in turn interacts with anti-apoptotic Bcl-xL protein. INrf2-Cul3-Rbx1 complex facilitates ubiquitination and degradation of both PGAM5 and Bcl-xL. Overexpression of PGAM5 protein increased INrf2-mediated degradation of Bcl-xL, whereas knocking down PGAM5 by siRNA decreased INrf2 degradation of Bcl-xL, resulting in increased stability of Bcl-xL. Mutation of PGMA5-E79A/S80A abolished INrf2/PGAM5/Bcl-xL interaction. Therefore, PGAM5 protein acts as a bridge between INrf2 and Bcl-xL interaction. Further studies showed that overexpression of INrf2 enhanced degradation of PGAM5-Bcl-xL complex, led to etoposide-mediated accumulation of Bax, increased release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, activated caspase-3/7, and enhanced DNA fragmentation and apoptosis. In addition, antioxidant (tert-butylhydroquinone) treatment destabilized the Nrf2-INrf2-PGAM5-Bcl-xL complex, which resulted in release of Nrf2 in cytosol and mitochondria, release of Bcl-xL in mitochondria, increase in Bcl-xL heterodimerization with Bax in mitochondria, and reduced cellular apoptosis. These data provide the first evidence that INrf2 controls Bcl-xL via PGAM5 and controls cellular apoptosis.