植物栽培区划的模糊数学模型－－以油橄榄（Olea europaea L.）为例

本文根据植物引种栽培工作的特点与经验,提出了一个多层次结构综合评判的模糊数学模型。以油橄榄为例,运用该模型计算结果作出了湖北省油橄榄宜林地区划图。对于不同植物,只需要修改其中评判因素及权重分配值进行计算。我们认为,模糊数学的综合评判方法为植物引种栽培区域的选择提供了一种有效的工具。     

贴近度分析法在辽河干流铁岭段河岸带健康评价中的应用

贴近度分析法是一种具有模糊识别功能的评价方法,对等级划分具有一定适用性,广泛应用于土壤重金属污染水平和水环境质量的评价。本文通过对辽河干流铁岭段河岸带进行监测,将贴近度分析法应用于该河岸带的健康评价中,使用模糊评判法进行对比研究,得到现阶段辽河干流铁岭段河岸带的健康等级为良好状态,并根据评价结果与实际状况的吻合度和评价结果自身的偏差度进行方法适宜性检验,最终确定贴近度分析法在河岸带的健康评价中具有一定适宜性。     

基于模糊物元模型的桃儿七潜在地理分布研究

桃儿七(Sinopodophyllum hexandrum(Royle)Ying)为小檗科多年生草本植物,是我国传统濒危藏药。依据模糊物元模型建立桃儿七分布点位以及其产量数据与12个气候环境因子之间的模糊隶属函数,采用最大信息熵模型确定评价指标权重,利用GIS空间分析功能确定我国西部7省桃儿七生境适宜性空间分布。研究表明研究区桃儿七不适宜生境面积占研究区总面积的61.76%;低适宜生境占20.11%;中适宜生境占7.70%;高适宜生境占10.43%,主要集中在青藏高原东缘的四川、甘肃、青海境内次生植被丰富、地形复杂的高海拔地区。结果显示基于GIS与模糊物元构建的生境适宜性评价模型可以准确的对我国西部7省桃儿七生境适宜性做出科学综合评价,量化适宜生境面积和空间分布,为其资源保护和管理提供科学依据。     

基于潜力-约束模型的冀中南区域建设用地适宜性评价

区域建设用地适宜性评价是区域规划空间布局的重要前提和基础,是区域土地资源合理利用的重要依据.基于GIS软件平台,采用区域综合实力与空间可达性分析方法对冀中南区域发展潜力进行了空间定量分析,采用生态环境敏感性方法对研究区发展的生态约束进行定量评价,进而借鉴损益分析法,构建了由发展潜力和生态约束构成的潜力-约束模型,并通过相互作用判别矩阵,得到不同发展理念下的建设用地适宜性情景方案.结果表明： 研究区综合实力与空间发展潜力均呈首位分布,且点轴发展模式明显;生态环境敏感性总体上呈西高东低的分布格局;区域经济发展理念对区域生态安全格局和城市建设用地增长空间规模具有重要影响.潜力-约束模型重新构建了区域用地发展适宜性的评判原则与方法,能够较为科学地实现区域综合发展潜力的空间栅格化,获取研究区未来用地的发展趋势和空间布局,可以为城市与区域规划提供科学依据,是实现区域“精明增长”与“精明保护”的有效途径.     

基于改进SPA法的耕地占补平衡生态安全评价

针对目前耕地占补平衡生态安全评价系统的不确定性,在理解集对分析(SPA)原理的基础上,利用原创联系度的可展性对其进行改进,将三级评判扩展到四级评判,并结合信息熵法,建立了基于改进SPA法的耕地占补平衡生态安全综合评价模型,并利用该模型对永川区影响耕地占补平衡生态安全的18项指标进行评价,得到永川区2005、2009、2015以及2020年的耕地占补平衡生态安全等级.此外,为了验证改进SPA法的可行性与合理性,将其评价结果与改进模糊综合评价结果以及多指标综合评价结果进行比较,研究结果表明:利用改进SPA法得到2005年永川区耕地占补平衡生态安全级别为Ⅱ级,2009年为Ⅲ级,2015年为Ⅳ级,2020年同样为Ⅳ级,整体上呈现出由Ⅱ级向Ⅳ级上升的趋势;改进SPA法综合评价结果与改进模糊综合评价结果以及多指标综合评价结果基本一致.研究认为利用集对势进行耕地占补平衡生态安全评价具有一定的可行性和可行性,评价结果比较贴近实际情况,为耕地占补平衡生态安全评价提供了一种科学合理且简单实用的评价方法.     

黄河三角洲国家级自然保护区生态敏感性评价

基于GIS下的网格分析,建立了结合生境适宜性评价和人为干扰特征分析的生态敏感性评价模型.首先建立被列为世界自然保护联盟(IUCN)红色名录濒危等级(截止到2007)的水禽数据库,并结合相关文献及实地调查,识别评价所选物种的生境需求.再基于GIS下的200m×200m网格系统,依据生境适宜性评价模型,从景观水平上进行生境现状评价,提出"综合生境适宜性的概念"并计算综合生境适宜性指数, 再根据综合指数进行生境适宜性评价;然后从已建立的数据库中选取典型物种鹤类作为指示种,同样基于200m×200m的网格,借助GIS技术分析研究区内的人为干扰因子(道路和油井)造成的生境损失;最后在以上的研究基础上,将生境适宜性评价和人为干扰特征分析的结果叠加运算进行生态敏感性分析.结果表明:研究区生态敏感性整体上较高,总的分布规律是靠近沿海的区域敏感性较高,内陆区域的敏感性较低;并按生态敏感度的高低,将研究区划分为极敏感区、敏感区、较敏感区、一般敏感区和不敏感区5个等级,其中极敏感区和敏感区面积共占研究区面积的55.74%,较敏感区约占16.26%,一般敏感区和不敏感区各占22.81%和5.19%.此外,为更有效地保护重要生境,对照保护区现有的功能分区,并结合评价结果,讨论了功能分区调整的相关建议.     

生态旅游资源定量评价指标体系与评价方法——以江苏海滨为例

生态旅游是新世纪最重要的旅游发展方向之一,生态旅游资源的评价有其特殊性.在综合考虑旅游资源条件、生态环境条件、旅游条件与发展潜力的基础上,尝试建立了新的生态旅游资源评价的指标体系.综合运用准主成份、主观经验判断法等方法,基于专家调查的结果,确定了指标体系各因子权重.并以江苏沿海湿地生态旅游资源为例,应用模糊综合评判法对江苏海滨湿地9个生态旅游区的生态旅游资源进行了评价,结果表明,所构建的指标体系具有较好的区分度、较强的普适性和可推广性.     

基于不确定性的城市扩展用地生态适宜性评价

针对土地适宜性评价中采用定性和单因素方法而产生的主观、片面和精度低等缺点,分析了土地适宜性评价中的不确定性因素,并提出基于不确定性和灰色系统关联度的土地生态适宜性评价模型。结合长沙市生态规划,在野外生态调查的基础上,依据稳定性、独立性、主导性和综合性原则选取坡度、地基承载力、土壤生产力、植被、土壤渗透性、地表水、居民点用地程度、景观价值等土地生态适宜性评价因子。在地理信息系统（GIS）和遥感（Rs）的支持下,定量地获取各评价因子信息;采用AHP法确定各评价因子的权重;并运用改进的土地生态适宜性评价模型对长沙市城市扩展用地进行定性定量的评价,最终得到长沙市最适宜用地、适宜用地、基本适宜用地、不适宜用地、不可用地分别占总用地的14．77％、16．64％、24．07％、30．91％、13．61％,说明长沙市适宜开发的土地较多（最适宜、适宜和基本适宜用地占55．48％）。根据评价结果提出的相应对策,对城市用地的可持续性发展具有指导意义。     

内蒙古镶黄旗草地蝗虫潜在发生可能性评价

以内蒙古草地蝗虫产卵期、越冬期和孵化期的关键气象影响因子作为草地蝗虫气象适宜度指数构建的主要因子,对内蒙古镶黄旗2010年草地蝗虫潜在发生的气象适宜性进行评价;根据当年7月上中旬在镶黄旗的实地调查资料,选取海拔、坡向、土壤类型、土壤含砂量、植被类型、植被盖度、土地覆被类型7个相对稳定的生境因子,用模糊评判方法和3S（GIS、RS、GPS）技术对该旗草地蝗虫潜在发生的生境适宜性进行评价;最后通过构建气象-生境适宜性综合评价模型,得到该旗2010年草地蝗虫潜在发生可能性（POG）等级,并用2010年实测数据和2001-2010年历史数据对模型模拟的蝗虫发生位置和蝗灾发生面积进行验证.结果表明：用本文所建气象-生境适宜性综合评价模型对镶黄旗POG等级的评价结果是可靠的.该旗草地蝗虫潜在发生的气象适宜性等级非常一致,绝大多数为适宜等级;蝗虫潜在发生源地的空间异质性主要与生境因子有关,在海拔1300～1400 m的平地/东坡/南坡、植被盖度30%～50%的温带丛生禾草草原、土壤含砂量60%～80%的典型栗钙土的生境条件下,草地蝗虫潜在发生的可能性最高.     

内蒙古镶黄旗草地蝗虫潜在发生可能性评价

以内蒙古草地蝗虫产卵期、越冬期和孵化期的关键气象影响因子作为草地蝗虫气象适宜度指数构建的主要因子,对内蒙古镶黄旗2010年草地蝗虫潜在发生的气象适宜性进行评价;根据当年7月上中旬在镶黄旗的实地调查资料,选取海拔、坡向、土壤类型、土壤含砂量、植被类型、植被盖度、土地覆被类型7个相对稳定的生境因子,用模糊评判方法和3S(GIS、RS、GPS)技术对该旗草地蝗虫潜在发生的生境适宜性进行评价;最后通过构建气象-生境适宜性综合评价模型,得到该旗2010年草地蝗虫潜在发生可能性(POG)等级,并用2010年实测数据和2001-2010年历史数据对模型模拟的蝗虫发生位置和蝗灾发生面积进行验证.结果表明:用本文所建气象-生境适宜性综合评价模型对镶黄旗POG等级的评价结果是可靠的.该旗草地蝗虫潜在发生的气象适宜性等级非常一致,绝大多数为适宜等级;蝗虫潜在发生源地的空间异质性主要与生境因子有关,在海拔1300～1400 m的平地/东坡/南坡、植被盖度30％ ～ 50％的温带丛生禾草草原、土壤含砂量60％～80％的典型栗钙土的生境条件下,草地蝗虫潜在发生的可能性最高.     

基于生态位和模糊数学的冬小麦适宜性评价

为定量评价气象、土壤等要素对作物生长的影响,利用江苏省及周边40个气象站1980—2010年日气象资料,选取影响冬小麦品种生长发育的主要气象(如气温、降水、日照时数等)和土壤(如土壤厚度、有机质和p H值等)生态因子,基于生态位理论和模糊数学的方法,依据冬小麦生长对生态各因子的响应关系建立各生态因子适宜度模型,借助GIS空间插值和空间分析,计算江苏省冬小麦品种的种植适宜度并进行等级划分。结果表明:从单要素看,研究区气温适宜度和日照时数适宜度都由北往南逐渐降低,降水适宜度由南往北逐渐降低;大部分地区土壤厚度和土壤有机质适宜,但大部分地区的p H值适宜度较低;从气候适宜度看,江苏省气候适宜度的范围为0.68—0.81,中北部大部分区域适宜度大于0.73,全省的气候适宜度均适合种植冬小麦,大体上呈现由北往南逐渐减小的变化;从土壤适宜度看,全省中部、南部与西北部大部分区域适宜度大于0.70,适合种植冬小麦。从综合适宜度看,全省大部分地区适宜度为0.50—0.86,适宜于冬小麦生长。综合考虑农业气候资源和土壤资源对江苏省冬小麦品种种植的综合适宜性进行评价,评价结果为充分利用江苏省农业生态资源、指导及科学制定冬小麦品种区域种植规划提供科学依据;按作物品种分生育期多角度的精细化研究方法和建立的各因子的适宜度模型可为今后作物区域适宜性评价提供一种新的思路,对同类研究具有一定的借鉴作用。     

基于核密度估计的动物生境适宜度制图方法

生境适宜度制图能提供动物适宜生境的空间分布信息,对野生动物种群管理、保护地规划等非常重要。生境适宜度制图的关键是构建生境适宜度模型(habitat suitability model, HSM),只基于动物出现位置数据构建HSM的方法在实践中得到了非常广泛的应用。然而现有的只基于动物出现位置数据构建HSM的方法还不能很好地直接表达动物生境适宜度和环境因子之间具有生态学意义的数量关系,因此也就不能很好地体现环境因子对动物生境利用的生态学作用。 本文提出了一种基于核密度估计构建HSM的方法,在地理信息系统技术支持下,通过运用核密度估计从代表性的动物出现位置数据中估计出动物出现对各个环境因子的概率密度函数来直接表达生境适宜度与各个环境因子之间的数量关系,以体现环境因子对动物生境利用的生态学作用,在此基础上对生境适宜度与各个环境因子之间的数量关系进行综合构建了具有明确生态学意义的HSM用于动物生境适宜度制图。以美国Voyageures国家公园的白尾鹿(Odocoileus virginianus)生境适宜度制图为例,基于365个出现位置点位数据并结合积雪深度、地表覆被类型、森林边界长度和坡度等环境因子数据,开展了该方法的案例研究。通过交叉验证计算连续Boyce指数对制图结果进行评价,结果表明：基于核密度估计方法构建的HSM预测能力强,所得出的生境适宜度图经10次交叉验证,连续Boyce指数平均值为0.75,标准差为0.11,达到了较高精度。此外,由于基于核密度估计的方法能以“生境适宜度和环境因子之间具有生态学意义的数量关系”的形式来直接体现环境因子对动物生境利用的生态学作用,就模型的可解释性而言,该方法要优于现有的其他构建HSM的方法。     

Advances in the pollination biology of olive (Olea europaea L.)

The olive originated in the Mediterranean region, and is most extensively cultivated oleiferous tree species in the world due to its high economic value. The olive has been introduced to China for more than 50 years, and some cultivars have showed good ecological suitability. The plantation of olive in China is increasing rapidly. However, many olive trees during the fruiting age showed the low fruit-setting rates and unstable fruit yields. Studies on pollination biology of olive are important to improve olive fruit-setting rates, genetic resources, and clonal selection and cross-breeding. Overseas much have been done about studies on pollination biology of olive, which are still scarce in China. In this paper, we presented a review of the recent advances in the pollination biology of olive, with the emphasis on blossom phenological characteristics, floral morphology, pollen germination, mating system, as well as their impacts on the fruit set of olive. The future researches in China were subsequently suggested as follows: (1) Strengthen the basic researches of olive pollination biology, including the ratio between monoecious and andromonoecious flowers in main introduced cultivars, the mechanisms for the maintenance of the olive sexual system, and the functional differences between monoecious and andromonoecious flowers and their relationship with wind-pollination, (2) Both field artificial pollination and molecular technology should be combined to elucidate the olive breeding system of cultivars, to explore the genetic and physiological mechanisms of self-infertility and cross-pollination, and to find the determinative factors of affecting the pollination compatibility of various cultivars, and (3) Studies on both olive pollination biology and breeding system should be combined to analyze comprehensively the effects of pollination and fertilization processes on fruit setting and early fruit development.     

生态敏感区旅游开发适宜性评价及生态制图方法

生态适宜性分析尽管在城市和区域生态规划中得到了广泛应用,然而在自然保护区、风景名胜区等涉及重要生态敏感区诸如旅游开发的空间布局和选址,以及规划和项目生态环境影响评价问题上,由于缺少系统的评价技术方法体系,却没有得到较好的推广。因此,提出了一种适用于山岳型生态敏感区旅游开发空间适宜性评价及生态制图的方法体系,并以内蒙古五当召风景旅游区为例,通过对地形地势、坡度坡向、土壤环境、植被覆盖、水文水系、地质岩性等因子及其反映出的水土流失、地质灾害、生物多样性和防洪排涝4种典型生态敏感要素的分析,开展了该方法的案例研究。最后,在以上单因子和综合因子的生态敏感性分析及空间适宜性制图基础上,通过与案例研究区各项旅游开发活动的空间布局进行叠合,针对性地提出了项目规划布局的调整建议和具体的生态保护措施。此外,该方法由于系统综合的考虑了影响山岳型生态敏感区开发建设活动中的各种生态敏感因子,并通过生态制图的方式在空间上得以显示,将有助于涉及生态敏感区项目的决策和管理部门更加有效地开展生态风险的防治并制定相应的监管措施,同时也为涉及该类型区域的生态环境影响评价提供科学有效的技术方法。     

Development of a protocol to identify land function based on multifunctionality and suitability analysis: A case study of the Nanyuntai Forest Farm,China

Accurately identifying regional land functions is important for balancing and coordinating multiple ecosystem services. Identification of land functions should be guided by the ecological suitability analysis framework, highlighting the primary ecological function and considering the temporal and spatial trends of land functions to resolve the contradictions among various needs of land ecology, production, and life. Taking Nanyuntai Forest Farm in Lianyungang City, Jiangsu Province, as a case study, we used the Analytical Hierarchical Process to construct a systematic and complete land multi-function evaluation and spatial suitability evaluation system, and used the ArcGIS spatial analysis technology to analyze its land function changes from 2011 to 2021. Finally, the results of multifunctionality and suitability analysis were integrated to identify the land's ecological, production, and living functions by constructing the algorithm using Python. Our results showed that the proportions of ecological, production, and living functions of the land in the study area were 56.82, 34.03, and 9.15%, respectively. This study highlighted that the results of land function identification based on comprehensive land-change-trend and spatial suitability analyses were more precise and coordinated. This comprehensive evaluation is a valuable and practical method for decision-makers and land managers to create land use maps and determine high-priority areas that require conservation measures for sustainable management. Moreover, this approach can be practically applied to other planning units.     

Ecological suitability evaluation for mountainous area development based on conceptual model of landscape structure,function, and dynamics

Minimizing the ecological impact of land development is a fundamental principle of sustainable development. Ecological suitability assessment is the key to realizing sustainability and is also significant for optimizing spatial patterns of territorial development. Especially in mountainous areas where the ecosystem is both vulnerable and important, quantitative evaluation of ecological suitability for land development is particularly important and urgent given current development strategy of urban construction in mountainous areas in China. Taking Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, a representative urban construction zone in a mountainous area in Yunnan Province, China, as a study area, and based on the fundamental theory of structural and functional dynamics from landscape ecology, this study has explored the integrated ecological resistance (IER) conceptual model and constructed an index system with aspects of ecological elements, ecological importance, and ecological resilience. The results showed that: (1) the ecological suitability level was higher in the north than in the south and higher in the east than in the west, as well as higher in the Bazi region than in mountainous areas. Dali City, Binchuan County, and Xiangyun County had large ecological suitable zones for development and construction. Foci of ecological resistance having strong ecological constraints were mainly concentrated in Heqing County and in various other places; (2) by combining the integrated ecological resistance and arable land distributions, the study area was zoned into five regions: prior development zone, moderate development zone, potential development zone, restricted development zone, and forbidden development zone. Moderate, potential, and restricted development zones occupied most of the area, accounting for 28.89%, 24.69%, and 21.40%, respectively, whereas prior development zones accounted for only 8.91%; (3) based on the areal proportions of ecological suitability zoning, the 12 counties of Dali Prefecture can be grouped into three categories: prior areas for conservation, comprehensive development areas, and prior areas for development. Xiangyun County and Binchuan County should be regarded as key areas of Dali Prefecture for urban construction in mountainous areas. This research has explored an ecological suitability evaluation system from the perspective of landscape ecology and made fully understanding of ecological suitability factors in the study area, which provided a good reference to ecological suitability evaluation for mountainous area development in the worldwide.     

Challenges of predicting the potential distribution of a slow-spreading invader: a habitat suitability map for an invasive riparian tree

Understanding the potential spread of invasive species is essential for land managers to prevent their establishment and restore impacted habitat. Habitat suitability modeling provides a tool for researchers and managers to understand the potential extent of invasive species spread. Our goal was to use habitat suitability modeling to map potential habitat of the riparian plant invader, Russian olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia). Russian olive has invaded riparian habitat across North America and is continuing to expand its range. We compiled 11 disparate datasets for Russian olive presence locations (n = 1,051 points and 139 polygons) in the western US and used Maximum entropy (Maxent) modeling to develop two habitat suitability maps for Russian olive in the western United States: one with coarse-scale water data and one with fine-scale water data. Our models were able to accurately predict current suitable Russian olive habitat (Coarse model: training AUC = 0.938, test AUC = 0.907; Fine model: training AUC = 0.923, test AUC = 0.885). Distance to water was the most important predictor for Russian olive presence in our coarse-scale water model, but it was only the fifth most important variable in the fine-scale model, suggesting that when water bodies are considered on a fine scale, Russian olive does not necessarily rely on water. Our model predicted that Russian olive has suitable habitat further west from its current distribution, expanding into the west coast and central North America. Our methodology proves useful for identifying potential future areas of invasion. Model results may be influenced by locations of cultivated individuals and sampling bias. Further study is needed to examine the potential for Russian olive to invade beyond its current range. Habitat suitability modeling provides an essential tool for enhancing our understanding of invasive species spread.     

Monitoring ecological status of wetlands using linked fuzzy inference system- remote sensing analysis

The present study develops an applicable model to simulate the ecological status of saltwater lakes in which depth and total dissolved solids are selected as the effective factors on aquatic habitats. First, spectral images of the operational land imager of Landsat 8 were used to simulate distribution of depth and total dissolved solids by applying two feed forward neural networks. Next, a Mamdani fuzzy inference system was used to develop habitat suitability rules of Artemia and Flamingo as the selected target species in which expert opinions were considered. Finally, habitat suitability maps of target species were generated by linking distribution maps of selected effective parameters and fuzzy inference system. Based on the results in the Urmia lake as a case study, the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency coefficients of depth and total dissolved solids are 0.88 and 0.5 which indicates the proposed method for simulating distribution of these parameters is reliable. Average depth in the simulated date is 227 cm, while average simulated total dissolved solids is 264 g per litre. Simulation of habitat suitability maps demonstrated that average habitat suitability of Artemia is less than 30% in the most areas of the lake. Moreover, average habitat suitability of the Flamingo is less than 10% which implies the ecological status of the lake is critical and ecological restoration is necessary. The main advantage of the proposed method is to develop a framework for combining the expert opinions with remote sensing data processing to generate habitat suitability maps in lakes.     

贵州石漠化区布依族传统村落人居环境适宜度

为了解传统村落人居环境对石漠化及地形地貌的适应性,采用德尔菲法、综合权重法确定了石漠化区布依族传统村落人居环境适宜度评价指标体系及权重,并收集指标数据和确定人居环境适宜度值与阈值,综合分析了人居环境适宜度.结果表明: 10%的布依族传统村落位于强度与极强度石漠化区,且有择优环境的传统;人居环境适宜度指标体系由经济、历史文化、生态、社会、建筑环境适宜度5个一级指标及26个二级指标组成,该指标体系对喀斯特区村落均适宜;总体上,综合环境适宜度值(2.81～3.77)与经济(0.77～1.17)、历史文化(0.39～0.50)、生态(0.83～1.07)、社会环境(0.38～0.53)适宜度值随石漠化强度递增而递减,而建筑(0.43～0.51)则无显著变化,石漠化对经济、历史文化、生态和社会环境影响深远且有协同关系;人居环境适宜度阈值下限为2.93,低于2.93可考虑搬迁或采取措施提高其值;山地半坡传统村落人居环境适宜度值(3.56)高于洼地(3.42)和谷地(3.16);石漠化区传统村落人居环境适宜度比普通村落高,但低于常态地貌,其主因是经济与生态的差异;石漠化区传统村落人居环境提升应加强石漠化综合治理及政策支撑,发展生态经济与旅游及保护历史文化或生态移民.本研究可为喀斯特区村落人居环境保护规划、建设等提供理论依据.     

基于贝叶斯网络的城市生态红线划定方法

生态红线划定是保护生态安全,协调城市建设、基本农田保护和生态保护之间矛盾的重要方法。目前,有关生态红线的划定方法多基于生态适宜性评价,忽视对土地利用变化的探究,缺少与城市建设发展相互协调,导致生态用地经常被占用,生态红线保护效果不好。在综合分析生态用地历史变化过程和生态适宜性条件的基础上,提出了基于贝叶斯网络的城市生态红线划定方法,并以鄂州市为研究区验证了模型划定的效果。划定结果表明,该方法符合鄂州市城市发展的趋势和生态用地空间分布特性,既有利于稳定且生态服务价值高的区域划入红线,又保证了生态红线空间的落地实施。与传统生态评价方法相比,贝叶斯网络模型划定方法的实效性更强,可以为城市生态红线划定方法研究提供参考和借鉴。