重组酸性脲酶对黄酒中尿素和氨基甲酸乙酯的降解应用

氨基甲酸乙酯(Ethyl carbamate,EC)作为一种潜在致癌物质普遍存在于传统发酵食品中。利用酸性脲酶消除EC前体物质尿素是一种具有潜在重要应用价值的策略。本研究在前期成功实现食品级耐乙醇酸性脲酶高效表达制备的基础上,系统研究了重组酸性脲酶对尿素和EC的水解过程。重组酸性脲酶对模拟体系以及黄酒体系中的尿素具有很好的降解能力(60mg/L的尿素在25h内完全被降解),表明该重组酸性脲酶适用于黄酒中尿素的消除。虽然重组酸性脲酶也具有降解EC的催化活性,但在黄酒中添加重组酸性脲酶对EC的浓度无明显影响。进一步研究发现重组酸性脲酶对尿素和EC的Km值分别为0.714 7mmol/L和41.32mmol/L,研究结果为应用定向进化策略改造重组酸性脲酶实现同时水解尿素和EC提供了理论依据。     

微生物酶法消除黄酒中氨基甲酸乙酯研究进展

氨基甲酸乙酯(Ethyl carbamate,EC)具有致癌性,广泛存在于酒精饮料中。我国的黄酒因EC含量高而带来的食品安全问题越来越受到人们的关注。微生物酶法消除黄酒中的EC具有直接、高效的特性而被深入研究。文中从黄酒中EC的形成机制、酸性脲酶研究现状、氨基甲酸乙酯水解酶研究现状等方面概述了微生物酶法消除黄酒中EC的研究进展及存在的问题。并针对这些问题,提出了寻找新型氨基甲酸乙酯水解酶、Fe~(3+)依赖型双功能酸性脲酶食品级表达与定向进化及双酶并用将尿素和EC一起消除的策略。     

定点突变改造提高纺锤形赖氨酸芽孢杆菌氨基甲酸乙酯水解酶稳定性

氨基甲酸乙酯(Ethyl carbamate,EC)是一种存在于发酵食品和酿造酒精饮料中的潜在致癌物质。利用生物酶法去除食品饮料中的EC是一种较为安全有效的方法。本研究以来源于赖氨酸芽孢杆菌Lysinibacillus fusiformis SC02的氨基甲酸乙酯水解酶为研究对象,采用计算机辅助设计突变位点,构建了其不稳定区域Q328位点的饱和突变体。通过酶学性质分析发现,突变体Q328C和Q328V在40℃下的半衰期分别提高了7.46和1.99倍,Q328R在高温下也有比原酶更好的耐受性。此外,突变体Q328C对乙醇的耐受性和酸耐受性也有所提高。对氨基甲酸乙酯水解酶分子改造的结果表明,通过改造其不稳定区域Q328位点,可以提高酶的热稳定性及对酸和乙醇的耐受性。     

耐盐氨基甲酸乙酯水解酶的分离纯化及酶学性质

氨基甲酸乙酯是发酵食品中存在的一种致癌物质,酶法去除发酵食品中的氨基甲酸乙酯是消除氨基甲酸乙酯危害的一种重要方法。从小鼠的胃部获得了一株产氨基甲酸乙酯水解酶的肺炎克雷伯氏菌,为了解该氨基甲酸乙酯水解酶的酶学性质,从肺炎克雷伯氏菌中提取获得氨基甲酸乙酯水解酶粗酶液,经硫酸铵沉淀、离子交换层析和凝胶过滤层析分离得到氨基甲酸乙酯水解酶纯酶。通过十二烷基硫酸钠聚丙烯酰胺电泳(SDS-PAGE)分析,估计该酶的分子量约为55 kDa。其水解氨基甲酸乙酯的Km值为74 mmol/L。酶反应的最适温度为55℃,最适pH为7.0。乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)和二硫苏糖醇(DTT)对该酶有较强的激活作用,而Cu2+和Zn2+则有较强的抑制作用。该酶可耐受高浓度NaCl,对低浓度乙醇也有一定的耐受性,对于酱油中氨基甲酸乙酯的消除有一定的参考意义。     

氨基甲酸乙酯水解酶的家族生物信息学分析

氨基甲酸乙酯(Ethyl carbamate,EC)是酒精饮料生产过程中自然产生的副产物,具有潜在的致癌性和遗传毒性,成为影响人们健康的隐患.利用氨基甲酸乙酯水解酶(Urethane hydrolase,UH)消除酒精饮料中已存在的EC具有直接、高效的作用.为了进一步探索EC水解酶的功能与作用,本实验利用生物信息学的方...     

Agrobacterium tumefaciens OAH-01产脲酶发酵培养基优化

氨基甲酸乙酯( EC)是大多数发酵制品中的潜在致癌物,而尿素是EC的最主要前体物质之一,因此需要采取相关措施控制发酵制品中尿素的含量。向酒体中添加脲酶具有安全、高效和处理条件温和等优点,是FDA推荐的降低EC 含量的优先方法。微生物是脲酶的主要来源,可利用其实现脲酶的大规模生产。本文以产脲酶根癌农杆菌Agrobacterium tumefaciens OAH-01为研究对象,考察了该菌株的生长曲线和产酶曲线,证明该菌株产脲酶属生长关联型,且能在较短时间内达到最大产酶量,此外还研究了发酵培养基组成对该菌发酵产酶的影响,通过单因素及正交试验优化确定了最佳发酵培养基组成(g/L)：蛋白胨20,酵母粉5,葡萄糖5,FeCl30.54,Na2HPO40.5, KH2 PO40.5,NiSO40.1,起始 pH 7.0。在最适条件下发酵16 h,菌悬液中脲酶酶活可达1.077 U/mL,为优化前的2.4倍。超声破碎后细胞上清中的脲酶活性为0.419 U/mL,为优化前的4.4倍。     

大肠杆菌CM/PDT抗反馈抑制突变体的构建及其性质

为了获得具有高催化活性且抗反馈抑制的大肠杆菌分支酸变位酶 预苯酸脱水酶 (chorismatemutase prephenatedehydrataseCM PDT) [EC5 .4 .99.5 EC4 .2 .1.5 1],通过相关菌种CM PDT氨基酸序列同源比较 ,寻找高度保守位点 .用定点突变及PCR法构建突变酶M1(缺失 30 4T、30 5G、Q30 6K)、M2 (缺失W 338)、M3(缺失 30 1～ 386位氨基酸 )、M32 9(E32 9A)和M374 (C374A) ,野生型及各突变型基因与pET2 8a(+ )载体连接后 ,表达融合蛋白 .在非变性条件下 ,由TALON金属螯合亲和层析柱纯化野生型和突变体的酶蛋白 .酶活性测定表明 ,突变体M3的PDT活性下降为野生型活性的 2 9% ,但保持了CM活性 .突变体M374保持了CM ,PDT两种酶的活性 ,突变体M1、M2、M32 9的CM ,PDT活性有一定程度的提高 .酶抗反馈抑制作用检测表明 ,突变体M3、M374解除了苯丙氨酸的反馈抑制作用 ,M1、M2、M32 9部分解除了苯丙氨酸的反馈抑制作用 .与含野生型pheA基因的E .coliBL2 1菌株相比 ,含突变基因的E .coliBL2 1菌株对 10mmol L的苯丙氨酸代谢类似物具有强的抗反馈抑制作用 ,其中M1,M2 ,M3对 2 0mmol L的类似物具有抗反馈抑制作用     

提高源自Bacillus circulans 251的β-CGTase对麦芽糖亲和性及其在生产海藻糖中的应用

将B. circulans 251β-CGTase应用于海藻糖制备,海藻糖转化率从50. 4%提高至71. 9%。为进一步提高底物的转化率,运用易错PCR-高通量筛选技术筛选对以麦芽糖为歧化反应受体的亲和性提高的B. circulans 251β-CGTase突变体。利用低底物浓度的96孔板4,6-亚乙基-对硝基苯-α-D-麦芽七糖苷(EPS)显色法,最终筛选得到了一株对麦芽糖亲和性提高的突变体M234I。将野生型β-CGTase和突变体酶M234I进行蛋白质纯化,测定其酶学性质。结果表明,突变体的比活为345. 25U/mg,野生型则为357. 63U/mg;突变体M234I对麦芽糖的K_m为0. 258 2mmol/L,仅为野生型(0. 474 9mmol/L)的54. 4%,对麦芽糖的亲和性显著提高;突变体的最适温度、最适p H较野生型未发生较大变化。以麦芽糊精(DE值16)为底物,将突变体M234I用于多酶复配体系生产海藻糖,酶反应结果表明海藻糖的转化率最高达74. 9%,较野生型β-CGTase提高约3%。     

提高源自Bacillus circulans 251的β-CGTase对麦芽糖亲和性及其在生产海藻糖中的应用 *

将B. circulans 251 β-CGTase应用于海藻糖制备,海藻糖转化率从50.4%提高至71.9%。为进一步提高底物的转化率,运用易错PCR-高通量筛选技术筛选对以麦芽糖为歧化反应受体的亲和性提高的B. circulans 251 β-CGTase突变体。利用低底物浓度的96孔板4,6-亚乙基-对硝基苯-α-D-麦芽七糖苷(EPS)显色法,最终筛选得到了一株对麦芽糖亲和性提高的突变体M234I。将野生型β-CGTase和突变体酶M234I进行蛋白质纯化,测定其酶学性质。结果表明,突变体的比活为345.25U/mg,野生型则为357.63U/mg;突变体M234I对麦芽糖的K_m为0.258 2mmol/L,仅为野生型(0.474 9mmol/L)的54.4%,对麦芽糖的亲和性显著提高;突变体的最适温度、最适pH较野生型未发生较大变化。以麦芽糊精(DE值16)为底物,将突变体M234I用于多酶复配体系生产海藻糖,酶反应结果表明海藻糖的转化率最高达74.9%,较野生型β-CGTase提高约3%。     

高通量筛选诱变菌株降低黄酒发酵氨基甲酸乙酯前体积累

【目的】氨基甲酸乙酯是发酵食品中普遍存在的一种潜在危害物。黄酒中氨基甲酸乙酯的前体主要是尿素和乙醇。本研究通过高通量筛选策略降低黄酒发酵过程中尿素的积累,从而降低氨基甲酸乙酯积累。【方法】以一株黄酒生产工业菌株酿酒酵母XZ-11为研究对象,采用ARTP诱变和高通量筛选策略,获得尿素积累量较低菌株。使用实时定量PCR技术检测氮代谢中尿素代谢和转运相关基因(DUR1,2和DUR3)的变化。【结果】筛选得到一株尿素高效稳定性利用菌株5-11C。其尿素积累量比酿酒酵母XZ-11降低了50.6%。实时定量荧光PCR结果表明,与尿素代谢和转运相关的基因(DUR1,2和DUR3)表达量分别提高了3.3和2.2倍。【结论】高通量筛选策略可以用于降低黄酒生产过程中氨基甲酸乙酯前体尿素的含量。由于未采用基因工程手段,避免了可能的法规问题,消费者易于接受,在发酵食品行业具有较好的应用前景。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.