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蚊虫搜寻吸血寄主和产卵行为的调节因子及相关嗅觉机理 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
嗅觉在蚊虫的吸血寄主搜寻、产卵和糖源搜寻行为中起决定作用,而在交配行为中的作用并不清楚。本文系统全面地综述了近20年来蚊虫化学生态学和嗅觉识别的分子机理的研究。蚊虫的触角、下颚须和口喙上的嗅觉感器感觉环境中释放的各种挥发性化合物。气味分子与嗅觉气味结合蛋白和气味受体的结合所启动的一系列生化反应产生神经动作电位。蚊虫嗅觉神经元编码气味中化合物的组成、浓度及其暂时瞬间的浓度变化和空间分布。吸血前后神经元的活性在数量和质量上有变化,反映了蚊虫在搜寻吸血寄主和产卵行为上的调节。在吸血寄主搜寻中,人体和动物释放的二氧化碳、乳酸以及其他气味协同引诱蚊虫向目标气味源定向飞行,最后找到吸血寄主。而成熟产卵雌蚊是利用产卵场所释放的腐烂气味寻找适宜的产卵场所,一些蚊虫卵、幼虫或蛹分泌的产卵信息素引诱和刺激雌蚊产卵,并与产卵生境气味起协同作用。植物气味尤其是花香味引诱蚊虫找到蜜源。驱避剂也是直接或间接通过嗅觉起作用,一些驱蚊剂由于阻断嗅觉反应而抑制蚊虫的定向飞行。从植物、动物或人体以及产卵场所释放的气味中有望找到有效的引诱和驱避化合物。对蚊虫嗅觉识别机理的认识将使我们开发出有效的蚊虫诱捕技术,进而应用于种群监测和控制。 相似文献
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采用试验室单管观察记录的方法,对3,4,5日龄野生型黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster Meigenw1118成虫每日活动节律进行研究。试验将果蝇活动划分为强活动(飞行和爬行)、弱活动(梳理、觅食等原地发生的运动)和静息(身体不发生移动的休息)3种类型。强活动和弱活动之和为总运动。研究结果显示,野生型黑腹果蝇w1118的昼夜活动表现为明显的双峰模态,晨峰和晚峰分别处于开、关灯前后;雌、雄果蝇总体活动无差异,关灯(18:30)前后雌蝇活动稍强于雄蝇,开灯(6:30)前后则相反;果蝇强活动的节律与总运动基本一致,而弱活动节律不明显;静息节律为单峰模式,其高峰期位于夜间1:00~5:00;雌蝇的静息活动显著多于雄蝇(P<0·05)。 相似文献
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厚朴酚对果蝇寿命和繁殖力的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
从中药厚朴中提取的厚朴酚（magnolol）具有很强的抗氧化性,对其进行黑腹果蝇抗衰老和繁殖力试验。结果表明,分别采用0．02％、0．03％和0．05％浓度的厚朴酚对果蝇寿命均有不同程度明显的延长作用,平均延寿率从8．7％到18．5％;对果蝇繁殖力均有不同程度的提高,果蝇子代蛹数显著增加,平均增殖率从70．0％到268．2％,成虫果蝇数量也显著增加,平均增殖率从145．3％到541．5％。表明厚朴酚具有延缓衰老和促进果蝇的繁殖能力,提高生育力和生命活力的作用。 相似文献
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视觉对于动物的生存和行为来说是非常重要的。虽然果蝇幼虫的视觉神经系统在组织结构上比成虫简单,但是也具有一定的复杂性和多样性。在最近几年中,随着对果蝇幼虫视觉系统功能的研究取得重要进展,我们对于果蝇幼虫视觉系统的认识更加丰富了。果蝇幼虫视觉系统的结构中,最初级的光感受神经元包括三类,一类是BO/BN(Bolwig's organ/Bolwig's nerve),一类是表达感光分子CRY(cryptochrome)的神经元,另外一类是Ⅳ型DA(classⅣdendriticarborization)神经元;果蝇幼虫视觉系统的次级神经元主要是光节律相关的侧神经元(lateralneurons,LN),它表达Per(period)、Tim(timeless)及Pdf(pigment dispersion factor)等节律相关的蛋白分子;而第三级神经元包括更为下游的、表达果蝇促胸腺激素且直接调控幼虫光偏好的NP394神经元。这三级神经元构成了我们现在所了解的果蝇幼虫视觉神经系统的基本框架。 相似文献
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中国黑腹果蝇种组40种果蝇的核型多样性研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过传统的敲片、Giemsa染色的方法制片对中国黑腹果蝇种组(Drosophilamelanogasterspeciesgroup)8个种亚组40种果蝇的染色体进行了分析,共发现18种核型,即A、A′′、C、C′、C′′、C′′′、C′′′′、D、D′、D′′、E、E′、E′′、F、F′、G、H和I,其中A、A′′、C′′′、C′′′′、D′′和F′为新发现的核型。8个种亚组的基本核型分别是:嗜凤梨果蝇种亚组(D.ananassaesubgroup)的核型为F、F′、G和H型;牵牛花果蝇种亚组(D.eleganssubgroup)的核型为A和A′′型;细针果蝇种亚组(D.eugracilissubgroup)的核型为C型;嗜榕果蝇种亚组(D.ficusphilasubgroup)的核型为C′型;黑腹果蝇种亚组(D.melanogastersubgroup)的核型为C和C′型;山果蝇种亚组(D.montiumsubgroup)的核型为C、C′、C′′、D、D′、D′′、E、E′、E′′和I型;铃木氏果蝇种亚组(D.suzukiisubgroup)的核型为C′′′和C′′′′型;高桥氏果蝇种亚组(D.takahashiisubgroup)的核型为C、C′′′和C′′′′型。透明翅果蝇(D.lucipennis)雌性核型2n=8,雄性核型2n=7,雄性Ⅳ号染色体为染色体单体。此外还发现,吉川氏果蝇(D.kikkawai)、林氏果蝇(D.lini)、奥尼氏果蝇(D.ogumai)、拟嗜凤梨果蝇(D.pseudoananassae)和叔白颜果蝇(D.triauraria)5种果蝇有B染色体。本文确定了D.sp.likeelegans、D.sp.likenyinyii、D.sp.liketrapezifrons1、D.sp.liketakahashii、D.sp.liketrapezifrons2和D.sp.likeauraria等6个未描述种的核型和1个新记录种吉里果蝇(D.giriensis)的核型。本研究证明了在黑腹果蝇种组内、亚组内、种内和单雌系内的核型多样性,为果蝇遗传和进化提供了进一步的细胞学证据。 相似文献
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Katherine H. Shaw Craig I. Dent Travis K. Johnson Alisha Anderson Marien de Bruyne Coral G. Warr 《Open biology》2021,11(9)
In insects, many critical olfactory behaviours are mediated by the large odorant receptor (Or) gene family, which determines the response properties of different classes of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). While ORN responses are generally conserved within and between Drosophila species, variant alleles of the D. melanogaster Or22 locus have previously been shown to alter the response profile of an ORN class called ab3A. These alleles show potential clinal variation, suggesting that selection is acting at this locus. Here, we investigated if the changes seen in ab3A responses lead to changes in olfactory-related behaviours. We show that variation at the Or22 locus and in the ab3A neurons are not fully compensated for by other ORNs and lead to overall changes in antennal odorant detection. We further show that this correlates with differences in odorant preference behaviour and with differences in oviposition site preference, with flies that have the chimaeric short allele strongly preferring to oviposit on banana. These findings indicate that variation at the Or22 locus leads to changes in olfactory-driven behaviours, and add support to the idea that the ab3A neurons are of especial importance to the ecology of Drosophila flies. 相似文献
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Mosaics have been used in Drosophila to study development and to generate mutant structures when a mutant allele is homozygous lethal. New approaches of directed somatic recombination based on FRT/FLP methods, have increased mosaicism rates but likewise multiple clones in the same individual appeared more frequently. Production of single clones could be essential for developmental studies; however, for cell-autonomous gene function studies only the presence of homozygous cells for the target recessive allele is relevant. Herein, we report the number and extension of antennal mosaics generated by the MARCM system at different ages. This information is directed to obtain the appropriated mosaic type for the intended application. By applying heat shock at 10 different developmental stages from 0-12 h to 6-7 days after egg laying, more than 50% of mosaics were obtained from 5,028 adults. Single recombinant clones appeared mainly at early stages while massive recombinant areas were observed with late treatments. 相似文献
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Male-male courtship behavior was recently reported to be induced in large populations of Drosophila (e.g., 600–1500 flies) by ectopic expression of the white (w) gene. Little is known about the basis of this behavior; in male-female courtship, sensory cues are believed to play an important role. Previous data are consistent with the possibility that misexpression of w causes abnormal reception or processing of sensory information. We show here that w-induced male-male courtship occurs in isolated pairs of flies. Thus the behavior does not depend on sensory cues found only among large populations of flies, or on cues produced only by a small subset of such populations. This finding enabled quantitative analysis of mechanisms that underlie the behavior. Specifically, male-male courtship does not depend on the reception of olfactory information, nor on the reception or generation of auditory cues, as determined by surgical ablation of antennae, maxillary palps, or wings. Although the rapid onset of the behavior following w induction suggested that its basis could lie in a modulation of sensory physiology, we found visual, olfactory, and gustatory function to be normal in physiological or behavioral tests. The only sensory deprivation to produce an effect on male-male courtship was testing under dim red light; the percentage of flies courting another male was reduced to one-fourth of control values. A striking age dependence of the behavior is also documented: courtship between paired male mini-w+ flies was not observed in tests of very young (1-day-old) flies, but occurs at high levels between the ages of 1 and 4 weeks. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 相似文献
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Abstract Aggressive behaviours of female Drosophila melanogaster (Meigen) (Diptera: Drosophilidae) were studied in the laboratory. These behaviours included 'approach', a seemingly intentional movement of a fly to another fly, 'lunge', a dash at another fly, and 'wings erect', a brief erection of wings toward another fly. These behaviours were influenced by social experience and food resources. First, event frequencies of aggressive behaviours were higher in flies that had been held in isolation than in those that had been held in crowded conditions. This difference was the result of the social experience of attacking flies and not that of attacked flies. Second, flies showed aggressive behaviours more frequently when they were on food containing yeast colonies than when they were on food without yeast colonies. Third, flies conditioned to a food solution containing live yeast prior to observation showed lower frequency of aggressive behaviours than flies conditioned to a boiled food solution. Development of aggressive behaviours became apparent one day after eclosion. 相似文献
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Simone Zuccotti Camillo Rosano Matteo Ramazzotti Donatella Degl'Innocenti Massimo Stefani Giampaolo Manao Martino Bolognesi 《Acta Crystallographica. Section D, Structural Biology》2004,60(6):1177-1179
Analysis of the Drosophila melanogaster EST database led to the discovery and cloning of a novel acylphosphatase. The CG18505 gene coding for a new enzyme (AcPDro2) is clearly distinct from the previously described CG16870Acyp gene, which also codes for a D. melanogaster acylphosphatase (AcPDro). The putative catalytic residues, together with residues held to stabilize the acylphosphatase fold, are conserved in the two encoded proteins. Crystals of AcPDro2, which belong to the trigonal space group P3121, with unit‐cell parameters a = b = 45.8, c = 98.6 Å, γ = 120°, allowed the solution of the protein structure by molecular replacement and its refinement to 1.5 Å resolution. The AcPDro2 active‐site structure is discussed. 相似文献
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The aim of this study was to determine the effects of an extremely low‐frequency 50 Hz magnetic field (ELFMF) on the oviposition and development of Drosophila melanogaster. The results show that exposure of D. melanogaster females of generation P and all the development stages of generation F1 to an ELFMF weakened the oviposition of these insects in their subsequent generations. Bioelectromagnetics 30:687–689, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. 相似文献
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Marta L. Wayne J. Brant Hackett Trudy F. C. Mackay 《Evolution; international journal of organic evolution》1997,51(4):1156-1163
The number of ovarioles of the Drosophila melanogaster ovary is a trait thought to be associated with female fecundity, and therefore is expected to be under strong natural selection. This hypothesis may be tested by examining patterns of genetic and environmental variation for ovariole number in natural populations, and by determining the association between ovariole number and fitness in isogenic lines derived from a natural population. We measured ovariole number, and competitive fitness and its components, for 48 homozygous chromosome 3 substitution lines in a standard inbred background; and body size in a sample of 15 chromosome 3 substitution lines. We found significant segregating genetic variation for ovariole number, with a broad-sense heritability (H2) of 0.403 and correspondingly high coefficients of genetic variation (CVC = 20.8) and residual variation (CVR = 25.3). Estimates of quantitative genetic parameters for body size (H2 = 0.191, CVG = 2.15, and CVR = 3.87) are similar to those previously reported for this trait. Although the isogenic chromosome 3 substitution lines varied significantly for components of fitness, there was no significant linear or quadratic association of ovariole number and body size with fitness. There was, however, highly significant sex × genotype interaction for fitness among these lines. This special case of genotype × environment interaction for fitness may contribute to the maintenance of genetic variation for fitness in natural populations. 相似文献
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Mutations in the Third chromosome resistance (Tcr; 3-39.6) gene confer dominant resistance to α-methyl dopa and suggest the
gene is involved in catecholamine metabolism. Evidence for involvement in catecholamine metabolism comes from the three phenotypes
associated with the mutant Tcr chromosomes dominant resistance, dominant rescue of partially complementing l(2)amd alleles,
and recessive lethal phenotypes. Only dominant resistance to αs-methyl dopa, however, was mapped to the Tcr locus. Both recessive
lethality and dominant rescue of l(2)amd alleles have now been mapped to the Tcr gene and, through the isolation of a new
deletion in the region, we demonstrate these phenotypes are due to a loss of Tcr function. This deletion places the Tcr gene
in the 69B4-5 to 69C8-11 region. Additionally, we have tested and verified three predictions of the biochemical model proposed
by Bishop, Sherald, and Wright (1989) for the function of the Tcr protein.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献