动物实验中的兽医作用

实验动物是现代医学研究中的重要基础和条件,随着我国实验动物科学的迅速发展和实验动物和动物实验质和量的不断提高,对实验动物兽医的需求越来越大,对实验动物兽医的要求和期望也越来越高,本文简要阐述了兽医在动物实验中的作用.文章就实验动物兽医应该具备的资质、实验动物兽医的基本职责以及实验动物健康与兽医管理等方面进行了讨论,明确了实验动物兽医的各项基本职责及任务.兽医在实验动物的管理以及动物实验的过程中有着非常重要的作用,在动物实验中应充分发挥兽医的作用.     

浅论实验动物兽医的职责及实践

随着我国实验动物科学和动物试验的迅速发展,实验动物兽医的需求越来越大。实验动物兽医的角色多种多样,广义地讲可以是任何具有兽医资质且从事实验动物管理、繁育、疾病诊断防治、动物试验和研究的人员。通常实验动物兽医是指实验动物临床兽医或实验动物主管兽医。实验动物兽医的天职是确保动物的健康和福利,并支持高质量的动物试验研究。本文从实验动物兽医工作的必要性、实验动物兽医的发展、实验动物兽医的资质、职责等几个方面,并结合合同外包研发机构中兽医的实践阐述了实验动物兽医的工作性质、任务和内容。     

实验猴身份自动识别、自动捕捉、电子芯片数据信息管理系统的研制

目的通过电子芯片植入与识别技术和计算机管理系统对接,建立每只实验猴的数据档案,其中包括遗传谱系、生理数据、实验记录。方法通过建立实验猴的电子通道,以非接触方式通过计算机管理,应用射频识别信号系统,实现实验猴身份快速自动识别、自动捕捉、数据读写、电子档案信息管理、数据远程传输的目的,减少人为因素对实验猴的干扰和引起的应激反应。结果该系统的建立极大的减少了实验和饲养实验猴过程中捕捉猴的困难,身份识别困难,减少了对工作人员和实验猴的伤害,减轻了工作量,减低了人为因素对实验结果的干扰和动物应激反应对实验数据的影响。电子档案具有终身有效,随猴携带,全球唯一序列号,不可复制,不可仿制,标签唯一性。结论实验猴身份自动识别、自动捕捉、电子芯片数据信息管理系统的研制成功,为实验动物个体电子档案建立和群体数据库的管理提供了一种高速、有效、科学、可靠的计算机管理手段,改变通道模式即可应用于大型凶猛动物或不适合人接触捕捉动物的识别和管理,具有广泛的应用前景,目前在国内外尚无同类系统。     

中国医学科学院医学生物学研究所医学灵长类中心

中国医学科学院医学生物学研究所医学灵长类中心,集实验动物饲养、繁殖、管理和实验动物科学研究、动物实验及实验动物人才培养等为一体的综合性实验动物研究基地,占地总面积约5．4万平方米,实验动物品种有猕猴,食蟹猴,树鼩,大、小鼠,家兔,豚鼠等。     

中国医学科学院医学生物学研究所医学灵长类中心

中国医学科学院医学生物学研究所医学灵长类中心,集实验动物饲养、繁殖、管理和实验动物科学研究、动物实验及实验动物人才培养等为一体的综合性实验动物研究基地,占地总面积约5．4万平方米,实验动物品种有猕猴,食蟹猴,树鼩,大、小鼠,家兔,豚鼠等。拥有一支从事实验动物和动物实验经验丰富的科研和技术队伍,也是中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院动物学硕士学位授予点,     

中国医学科学院医学生物学研究所医学灵长类中心

中国医学科学院医学生物学研究所医学灵长类中心,集实验动物饲养、繁殖、管理和实验动物科学研究、动物实验及实验动物人才培养等为一体的综合性实验动物研究基地,占地总面积约5．4万平方米,实验动物品种有猕猴,食蟹猴,树铜,大、小鼠,家兔,豚鼠等。拥有一支从事实验动物和动物实验经验丰富的科研和技术队伍,也是中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院动物学硕十学位授予点,1984年被卫生部批准为“全国医学灵长类研究中心”。     

中国医学科学院医学生物学研究所医学灵长类中心

中国医学科学院医学生物学研究所医学灵长类中心,集实验动物饲养、繁殖、管理和实验动物科学研究、动物实验及实验动物人才培养等为一体的综合件实验动物研究基地,占地总面积约5．4万平方米,实验动物品种有猕猴,食蟹猴,树鼢,大、小鼠,家兔,豚鼠等。拥有一支从事实验动物和动物实验经验丰富的科研和技术队伍,也是中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院动物学硕士学位授予点,1984年被卫生部批准为“全国医学灵长类研究中心”。     

诺氏疟原虫感染四川短尾猴的研究

诺氏疟原虫(Plasmodium knowlesi)红细胞内期裂殖周期短(为24小时),毒力强,因而可利用此二特点观察感染动物的实验效果,是在疟疾研究工作中较常采用的虫种。也曾有用其红内期制备抗原,检测恶性疟患者血清中抗体效果甚好的报道。过去,多用恒河猴作为诺氏疟原虫的实验动物,在国内恒河猴产量尚远不能满足科研工作需用时,有必要探寻新的猴种,以补充恒河猴数量的不足。     

实验动物和公园动物中SARS病原来源调查初报

目的　调查SARS冠状病毒的动物来源。方法　用冠状病毒通用引物的反转录巢式PCR方法对采集的动物呼吸道分泌物或咽拭子标本进行检测 ,用血清学方法 (EIASA)对动物血清进行检测 ,确定阳性的初筛动物。结果　分别从各实验动物猴、犬饲养场、广州动物园共采集拭子标本 84份 ,包括的动物品种有猴、犬、小灵猫、果子狸、狒狒、巨蜥、滑鼠蛇、巴西龟、孔雀、鸭子、鸽子等 ,PCR方法检测 ,未检出SARS冠状病毒 ;另抽取 16个单位 3 73只小鼠和 9个单位 198只大鼠的血清 ,用ELISA方法检查 ,有 52只鼠检出鼠冠状病毒抗体。实验动物SARS冠状病毒的追溯研究是从根本上防治SARS病的重要环节之一。     

确认红毛猴的AIDS发病及研究模型

由国立科研筑波医学实验灵长类中心的研究小组通过用猴免疫缺陷病毒(siv)感染红毛猴的方法看到了与人AIDS(爱滋病)同样症状。因此存在着作为AIDS病病态模型动物使用的可能性。     

Effect of new training technique on affinity of cynomolgus monkeys for animal care personnel

To confirm our hypothesis that the sex and age of cynomolgus monkeys influences the effect of training, we employed a new training technique designed to increase the animal’s affinity for animal care personnel. During 151 days of training, monkeys aged 2 to 10 years accepted each 3 raisins/3 times/day, and communicated with animal care personnel (5 times/day). Behavior was scored using integers between −1 and 5. Before training, 35 of the 61 monkeys refused raisins offered directly by animal care personnel (Score −1, 0 and 1). After training, 28 of these 35 monkeys (80%) accepted raisins offered directly by animal care personnel (>Score 2). The mean score of monkeys increased from 1.2 ± 0.1 to 4.3 ± 0.2. The minimum training period required for monkeys to reach Score 2 was longer for females than for males. After 151 days, 6 of the 31 females and 1 of the 30 males still refused raisins offered directly by animal care personnel. Beneficial effects of training were obtained in both young and adult monkeys. These results indicate that our new training technique markedly improves the affinity of monkeys for animal care personnel, and that these effects tend to vary by sex but not age. In addition, abnormal behavior and symptoms of monkeys were improved by this training.     

Adult male replacement and subsequent infant care by male and siblings in socially monogamous owl monkeys (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Aotus azarai</Emphasis>)

Owl monkeys (Aotus azarai) are small, territorial, socially monogamous primates that show intense infant care by the adult male in the group. It has been hypothesized that male care may be adaptive because it increases offspring survival and/or reduces the metabolic costs to the female of raising the offspring. Alternatively, males may provide care even when they are not related to the infants to increase future reproductive opportunities. We describe changes in infant care patterns that took place after the eviction of the resident male by a solitary male in an owl monkey population in the Argentinean Chaco. The resident male and mother provided all infant care during the first month of life of the infant, until the male was evicted. During the three-day male replacement event, care of the infant was shared among the mother, a four-year-old sister, and a one-year-old brother. The new male began contributing to infant care soon after entering the group, carrying, and interacting socially with the infant in much the same way as any male regularly does. However, despite receiving biparental care from both the original and new resident males, the infant disappeared at the age of four months and was presumed dead. These are the first reports of care by sibling and by non-putative fathers in wild owl monkeys. Given the significant amount of time that new pairs of owl monkeys spend before reproducing, it is possible that male care in owl monkeys functions as mating effort as much as or more than parenting effort.     

提高实验猴繁殖率的综合措施

实验猴繁殖率的高低直接影响实验猴养殖企业的经济效益。本文借鉴本中心多年实验猴繁育经验,总结了一套较为完备的提高实验猴繁殖率的措施,内容涵盖实验猴繁殖特性、种公猴选种、繁殖猴分群及梯度饲养、孕猴用药、母猴产后护理、仔猴补饲及断奶、繁殖猴饲料搭配等各方面。这些措施应用于实践后,实验猴繁殖率可保持在较高水平并逐年提高。我们认为这些措施可在其它实验猴养殖企业推广应用。     

Diabetes mellitus in nonhuman primates: recent research advances and current husbandry practices

Primates can be utilized for a variety of studies to give insight into the mechanisms of the onset and progression of diabetes mellitus and obesity, and into the development of secondary manifestations. Results can be used to understand the etiologies and effects of diabetes in human beings. Investigators and animal care personnel should be continually aware of the potential for development of diabetes among primates and should seek to identify the earlier stages before the appearance of overt diabetes. In addition to updating recent research in which nonhuman primates have been used in studies on the different forms of diabetes, this review also furnishes some information about therapeutic management and husbandry of monkeys with predispositions toward diabetes or with overt diabetes.     

实验猴直肠脱的防治

目的探索实验猴直肠脱的理想治疗方案。方法根据本中心治疗成功的经验对实验猴直肠脱的治疗方案、术后护理及预防措施进行了详细论述。结果经临床实践,本防治方案对实验猴直肠脱的治愈率可达90%以上。结论本方案可以在生产中推广应用。     

Housing and care of monkeys and apes in laboratories: adaptations allowing essential species-specific behaviour

During the last two decades an increasing amount of attention has been paid to the housing and care of monkeys and apes in laboratories, as has been done with the housing and care of other categories of captive animals. The purpose of this review is to develop recommendations for adaptations of housing and care from our knowledge of the daily behavioural activity of monkeys and apes in natural conditions and in enriched laboratory conditions. This review deals mainly with adaptations of daily housing and care with respect to behaviour, and it is restricted to commonly-used species: Callitrichidae (Callitrix jacchus, Saguinus oedipus); Cebidae (Aotus trivirgatus, Saimiri sciureus, Cebus apella); Cercopithecidae (Macaca fascicularis, M. mulatta, M. nemestrina, M. arctoides, Chlorocebus aethiops, Papio hamadryas, P. cynocephalus); Pongidae (Pan troglodytes).     

Risk of occupational exposure to Herpesvirus simiae (B virus) in Quebec.

Herpesvirus simiae (B virus) causes a mild infection in macaques. Transmission to humans may result in life-threatening encephalomyelitis. To evaluate the risk of occupational exposure to B virus we surveyed the directors of 11 biomedical laboratories in Quebec that use monkeys. Information was obtained on the monkey population and on the use of infection control measures recommended by the US Centers for Disease Control (CDC), Atlanta. Of the 519 monkeys belonging to susceptible species the serologic status was positive in 264 (51%), all captured in the wilds, and it was unknown in 24 (5%). All of the monkeys were caged individually, and newly acquired ones were quarantined for 2 to 8 weeks. Of the 84 workers 52 (62%) handled monkeys whose serologic status was either positive or unknown. Only five laboratories (representing 61% of the workers) complied fully with the CDC guidelines. Nine of the laboratories had a wound management protocol, but only six had a designated specialist for consultation and prophylaxis. Although no cases of B virus infection have been reported from Quebec the severity of human illness necessitates strict adherence to infection control measures and expert management of occupational exposure to susceptible monkeys.     

Management of a harem breeding colony of rhesus monkeys to reduce trauma-related morbidity and mortality

A management procedure was developed for a harem breeding colony of rhesus monkeys to reduce trauma-related injuries and deaths resulting from the periodic removal of pregnant monkeys for research and their subsequent return to the population. Lower morbidity and mortality rates, a reduced mean conception interval, and a higher mean conception rate occurred when monkeys were maintained in permanent harems to which returning females were reintroduced compared to new social groups formed from aggregates of unfamiliar animals.     

Mated pairs of owl monkeys (Aotus nancymaae) exhibit sex differences in response to unfamiliar male and female conspecifics

In socially monogamous species, mate‐guarding could be a reproductive strategy that benefits both males and females, especially when males contribute to parental care. By actively guarding mates, males may reduce their chances of being cuckolded, whereas females that mate‐guard may reduce the likelihood that their mates will desert them or acquire additional mates, and hence limit or reduce paternal care of offspring. Owl monkeys (Aotus spp.) are socially monogamous with biparental care of young and, hence, potential beneficiaries of mate‐guarding. We presented mated pairs of captive owl monkeys (A. nancymaae) with unfamiliar male and female conspecifics, to determine if either member of the pair exhibits intraspecific aggression toward an intruder or stays close to its mate, behaviors indicative of mate‐guarding. Male mates were more responsible for the maintenance of close proximity between mates than females. Male mates also exhibited elevated levels of behavior that signify arousal when presented with a male conspecific. These responses by mated male owl monkeys are consistent with patterns that may help prevent cuckoldry. Am. J. Primatol. 72:942–950, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.