大麦根细胞质膜Ca~(2+)-ATP酶和Ca~(2+)转运系统的特性

用大麦质膜微囊研究细胞质膜 Ca~(2+)转运过程,发现质膜 Ca~(2+)—ATP酶在反应系统中不存在Mg~(2+)时可正常表现活性。跨膜Ca~(2+)转运按其对Mg~(2+)的需求可分为两个过程,一个是不需Mg~(2+)的、具高Ca~(2+)亲和力和较低的转运能力;另一个则是需Mg~(2+)的、具低Ca~(2+)亲和力和较高的转运能力。前者的动力学特征与Ca~(2+)—ATP酶相近,而后者则相差很大。据此推测,大麦根细胞质膜上除Ca~(2+)—ATP酶外,还存在另一个不同的Ca~(2+)转运系统。由两者分别承担的Ca~(2+)转运过程在细胞钙信使系统中可能起着不同的作用。     

跨膜Ca~(2+)梯度对肌质网Ca~3+-ATP酶调节的特异性

我们曾报道跨膜Ca~(2+)梯度可通过膜脂影响肌质网Ca~(2+)-ATP 酶的构象和活性。本文就跨膜Ca~(2+)梯度对肌质网Ca~(2+)-ATP 酶的调节是否具有特异性作进一步研究。结果表明这种特异性表现在两方面:一是跨膜Ca~(2+)梯度对肌质网Ca~(2+)-ATP 酶功能的调节不能归结于跨膜Ca~(2+)浓度梯度所导致的膜电位的作用,离子载体FCCP 可消除跨膜电位但并不影响肌质网Ca~(2+)-ATP 酶的活力;二是其它二价金属离子如Sr~(2+)的跨膜梯度对肌质网Ca~(2+)-ATP 酶活力基本无影响。荧光偏振系列探剂n-AS 测定的结果表明跨膜Ca~(2+)与Sr~(2+)梯度对嵌有Ca~(2+)-ATP 酶的脂酶体的中部流动性的影响有较大差异。而Ca~(2+)-ATP 酶的Ca~(2+)结合位点正处于脂双层中部,这进一步提示膜脂参与了跨膜Ca~(2+)梯度对Ca~(2+)-ATP 酶的调节作用。     

金属离子与CaM及Ca~(2+)-Mg~(2+)-ATPase相互作用的荧光光谱和荧光偏振研究

根据Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)、Hg~(2+)和Al~(3+)对丹磺酰标记钙调蛋白(D-CaM)的荧先强度、最大发射波长及偏振度的影响来研究它们对CaM及Ca~(2+)-Mg~(2+)-ATPase构象变化的影响.研究发现,无论溶液中是否存在Ca~(2+)-Mg~(2+)-ATPase,Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)和Hg~(2+)对D-CaM的荧光最大发射波长、偏振度的影响以Cd~(2+)的最大,Pb~(2+)次之,Hg~(2+)最小,Al~(3+)对D-CaM产生的影响与这三种二价金属离子的并不相同.这证明这几种离子与CaM和Ca~(2+)-Mg~(2+)-ATPase的作用并不遵循同样的机理.     

硒对心肌质膜(Ca~(2+)·Mg~(2+))-ATPase和肌浆网Ca~(2+)-ATPase活力的影响

本文以豚鼠和大白鼠心肌肌浆网膜(SR)Ca~(2+)-ATPase的活力,心肌质膜(SL)(Ca~(2+)Mg~(2+))-ATPase的活力和电子显微镜的方法探索克山病病区粮中低硒与心肌细胞钙转运调控的共系,实验结果为硒对克山病有预防作用的观点提供了新的理论依据,并进一步支持了“克山病是一种心肌线粒体病”的观点。     

大鼠心肌肌浆网的纯化及其性质研究

 用超声波破碎心肌细胞,差速离心法纯化大鼠心肌肌浆网(CSR)。SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳测得Ca~(2+)-ATPase分子量为98kD;电镜观察膜制备为完整的CSR微囊;标志酶哇巴因敏感型Na~(+),K~(+)-ATPase和叠氮化钠敏感型Mg~(2+)-ATPase活性表明膜制备中肌膜含量很低,但仍有线粒体污染。 用~(45)Ca~(2+)示踪微孔滤膜法研究Ca~(2+)跨膜转运,CSRCa~(2+)蓄集最大值为57nmol/mg蛋白。CSR Ca~(2+)-ATPase在4℃—21℃和21℃—49℃两区间反应活化能不同,前者大于后者。酶的最适pH为7.4。以ATP为底物,该酶有两个表观Km值:Km_1为3.7μmol/LKm_2为713μmol/L。     

大麦根细胞质膜Ca~(2+)转运系统对盐胁迫的反应

大麦幼苗经短时间盐处理,尚未发生伤害时,虽然质膜上需Mg~(2+)和不需Mg~(2+)的两个Ca~(2+)转运系统的转运能力均基本未变,但两者的动力学特征却有所不同。在盐处理3h内,不需Mg~(2+)的Ca~(2+)转运过程对Ca~(2+)的亲和力便明显降低,而需Mg~(2+)的Ca~(2+)转运过程对Ca~(2+)的亲和力变化不大。较长时间盐处理,两个Ca~(2+)转运系统的转运能力和ATP亲和力均有不同程度的减小。这种减小与幼苗的伤害相伴出现,随处理时间加长而加剧。不同时间的盐处理下,质膜Ca~(2+)—ATP酶活性与不需Mg~(2+)的Ca~(2+)转运过程变化规律一致。Ca~(2+)—ATP酶受钙调素激活的特性在盐处理3h内即有所减小,至处理24h基本丧失。由动力学分析结果推测,短时间盐胁迫下质膜上两个Ca~(2+)转运系统的不同变化是植物的一种调节反应,它们在钙信使系统传递胁迫信号的过程中起不同作用。Ca~(2+)—ATP酶驱动的初级Ca~(2+)转运系统可能与胁迫信号的传递有关,而次级Ca~(2+)转运系统即可能起着信息传递之后将剩余 Ca~(2+)运出胞外的功能。较长时间盐胁迫下两系统Ca~(2+)转运能力的降低则是一种伤害反应。     

若干蝙蝠葛碱衍生物对人红细胞膜Ca~(2+)-Mg~(2+)-ATPase活力的影响

本文测定了数种蝙蝠葛碱衍生物对钙调素(CaM)激活的人红细胞膜Ca~(2+)-Mg~(2+)-ATPase活力的影响。结果表明,这些化合物对该酶都有不同程度的抑制作用,其机制表现为竞争性抑制,过量的CaM能完全逆转这些化合物所引起的抑制。当Ca~(2+)-Mg~(2+)-ATPase被胰蛋白酶(trypsin)限制性酶解完全活化后,其活力不再受CaM激活,但仍被这些化合物所抑制。     

重金属离子对猪红细胞膜Ca~(2+)-ATP酶的作用

猪红细胞膜Ca~(2+)-ATP酶是一种钙调蛋白(CaM)依赖酶,其活力又依赖巯基的完整性。实验应用Ca~(2+)-ATP酶这一模型体系观察到重金属离子,Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)和Hg~(2+)都能替代Ca~(2+),激活CaM,从而激活Ca~(2+)-ATP酶;其最大刺激活力分别为85％、80％和30％,半刺激浓度分别为32、27和0.7μmol/L。当三种重金属离子的浓度增加时,则与Ca~(2+)-ATP酶的巯基结合,抑制酶的活力,Pb2~(2+)、Cd~(2+)和Hg~(2+)的半抑制浓度分别为370、440和2μmol/L。抑制作用为渐进性过程,而刺激作用为即时效应。抑制作用可为巯基化物,特别是二巯基化物所逆转。研究结果提示,CaM可能是重金属中毒最初作用的靶分子,而重金属中毒不仅使CaM“开关”失灵,还可能导致细胞内Ca~(2+)的调节全面失控。     

红光对绿豆下胚轴线粒体Ca~(2+)积累、ATPase及NAD激酶活性的影响

绿豆下胚轴切段经红光处理后10min,其线粒体的Ca~(2+)积累下降15％,Ca~(2+)-ATPase 及 Mg~(2+)-ATPase活性也分别下降29％和10％,切段CaM含量增加近1倍。Ca~(2+)存在时,红光能促进线粒体NAD 激酶活性。说明Ca~(2+)-ATPase及一部分Mg~(2+)-ATPase可作为钙泵控制Ca~(2+)进入线粒体。     

粉防已碱与红细胞膜ATPase相互作用的研究

粉防已碱是一种新的钙调蛋白拮抗剂,专一性抑制人红细胞膜上依赖CaM的Ca~(2+)-Mg~(2+)-ATPase。在较高浓度下,它也不同程度地抑制Ca~(2+)-Mg~(2+)-ATPase基本活性、Na~+-K~+-ATPase和Mg~(2+)-ATPase的活性。 除CaM外,不饱和脂肪酸和有限水解均导致膜Ca~(2+)-Mg~(2+)-ATPase的活化,所有这些活化作用被Tet在大约相同的浓度范围内抑制,表明Tet除与CaM结合外,也与膜Ca~(2+)-Mg~(2+)-ATPase结合。 Tet具有抗抵渗溶血的性能,反映了拮抗CaM与药物的膜稳定性间存在相关性。     

Interaction of alkaline metal ions with Ca(2+)-binding sites of Ca(2+)-ATPase of sarcoplasmic reticulum: 23Na-NMR studies.

The analysis of the 23Na-NMR signal shape variations in the presence of vesicles of light sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) shows the existence of sodium sites on the membranes with Kd values of about 10 mM. Other monovalent cations displace Na+ from SR fragments in a competitive manner according to the row K+ greater than Rb+ greater than Cs+ greater than Li+. Calcium ions also reduce Na+ binding, the Na+ desorption curve being of a two-stage nature, which, as suggested, indicates the existence of two types of Ca(2+)-sensitive Na+ binding sites (I and II). Sites of type I and II are modified by Ca2+ in submicromolar and millimolar concentrations, respectively. Analysis of sodium (calcium) desorption produced by calcium (sodium) allowed us to postulate the competition of these two cations for sites I and identity of these sites to high-affinity Ca(2+)-binding ones on the Ca(2+)-ATPase. Sites I weakly interact with Mg2+ (KappMg approximately 30 mM). Reciprocal effects of sodium and calcium on binding of each other to sites II cannot be described by a simple competition model, which indicates nonhomogeneity of these sites. A portion of sites I (approximately 70%) interacts with Mg2+ (KappMg = 3-4 mM). The pKa value of sites II is nearly 6.0. The number of sites II is three times greater than that of sites I. In addition, sites with intermediate affinity for Ca2+ were found with Kd values of 2-5 microM. These sites were revealed due to the reducing of the sites II affinity for Na+ upon Ca2+ binding to SR membranes. It can thus be concluded that in nonenergized SR there are binding sites for monovalent cations of at least three types: (1) sites I (which also bind Ca2+ at low concentrations), (2) magnesium-sensitive sites II and (3) magnesium-insensitive sites II.     

Sodium and calcium binding to Panulirus interruptus hemocyanin as studied by 23Na nuclear magnetic resonance.

Addition of Panulirus hemocyanin to NaCl solutions produces marked changes in the 23Na relaxation parameters; they show that sodium ions interact with binding sites on the protein and exchange rapidly with the bulk. The observed non-lorentzian lineshapes and the non-exponential decay of the transverse magnetization indicate that non-extreme narrowing conditions apply and give information on the dynamics of the interaction. Panulirus hemocyanin has at least two classes of Na+ binding sites; the binding constant of the more strongly bound sodium ions is in the order of 1 X 10(2) M-1. Competition between Na+ and Ca2+ for protein binding sites is demonstrated by the effect of Ca2+ on the 23Na relaxation parameters. However, only the more strongly bound Na+ are displaced by Ca2+. The number of Ca2+ needed to displace these sodium ions is 3--5 per oxygen binding site. The 23Na relaxation parameters are influenced also by the state of oxygenation of the protein, indicating a linkage between Na+ and oxygen binding. The simplest interpretation of the data is that sodium ions bind more strongly to oxyhemocyanin in agreement with oxygen equilibrium experiments.     

Interaction of divalent metal ions with human serum albumin

ESR study was carried out of the interaction between Zn2+, Cu2+, Ca2+, Mg2+ ions and human serum albumin (HSA) in the presence of Mn2+ ions which depends on pH. Competitive binding of these ions with "manganese-binding" sites of albumin was shown to depend on pH. An analysis of concentration dependence of binding these ions with human serum albumin confirmed earlier supposition about the nature of the binding sites of Mn2+ ions with HSA.     

Thermodynamics of cation binding to rabbit skeletal muscle calsequestrin. Evidence for distinct Ca(2+)- and Mg(2+)-binding sites

Ca2+ binding to rabbit skeletal calsequestrin was studied at physiological ionic strength by equilibrium flow dialysis, Hummel-Dryer gel filtration and microcalorimetry. 31 Ca(2+)-binding sites with a mean dissociation constant (KD) of 0.79 mM were titrated in the absence, and 23 sites with a KD of 0.88 mM in the presence of 3 mM Mg2+. No cooperativity was observed. For Mg2+ binding, the combination of gel filtration and microcalorimetry yielded a stoichiometry of 26 Mg2+/protein with a KD of 2mM. 1 mM Ca2+ decreased the stoichiometry to 20 Mg2+/protein. Binding of Ca2+ in the absence and presence of 3 mM Mg2+ was accompanied by a release of 2.0 and 2.7 H+/protein, respectively. Mg2+ binding did not lead to a significant proton release suggesting a qualitative difference in the Ca(2+)- and Mg(2+)-binding sites. After correction for proton release, the enthalpy change for Ca2+ binding was very low (-1.5 kJ/protein in the absence, and -15 kJ/protein in the presence of 3 mM Mg2+). The entropy change (+59 J/K.site in the absence and +56 J/K.site in the presence of Mg2+) was therefore virtually the sole driving force for Ca2+ binding. Mg2+ binding is slightly more exothermic (-12.6 kJ/protein), but as for Ca2+, the entropy change (+50 J/K.site) constituted the major driving force of the reaction. A fluorimetric study indicates that the conformation of tryptophan in Mg(2+)-saturated calsequestrin was clearly different from that in the Ca(2+)-saturated protein, but that the (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-saturated protein was not distinct from the Ca(2+)-saturated protein. Thus, in addition to the thermodynamic characterization of the Ca2+/calsequestrin interaction, our data indicate that Ca2+ and Mg2+ do not bind to the same sites on calsequestrin. The data also predict considerable proton fluxes upon Ca(2+)-Mg2+ exchange in vivo.     

Analysis of calcium binding to alpha-lactalbumin using a fluorescent calcium indicator.

A sensitive and rapid assay of Ca2+ binding to proteins was developed, based on the competition of Ca2+ binding to the protein of interest and fluo-3, a fluorescent Ca2+ indicator. Ca2+ binding to fluo-3 and bovine alpha-lactalbumin was analyzed at ten different pH values and a range of Na+ and K+ concentrations. We demonstrate that the binding constants of alpha-lactalbumin, determined by means of the competition assay and using intrinsic protein fluorescence, are the same within experimental error. The dissociation constant of the alpha-lactalbumin--Ca2+ complex in 50 mM Hepes containing 150 mM Na+ at pH 7.4 and 25 degrees C, was found to be 123 +/- 2 nM and 103 +/- 43 nM when determined by the competition assay and intrinsic protein fluorescence, respectively. Binding of Ca2+ to alpha-lactalbumin did not depend on pH in the range 6.6-8.4 and was differently affected by Na+ and K+. EDTA-agarose, a chelating chromatography material, was synthesized and used to remove Ca2+ from buffer and protein solutions. The total concentration of Ca2+ in 50 mM Hepes, containing 150 mM Na+ at pH 7.4, was lowered to 119 +/- 13 nM and the number of Ca2+ bound/molecule alpha-lactalbumin was lowered to 0.069 +/- 0.006. No interaction between fluo-3 and alpha-lactalbumin could be discerned from spectral analysis and fluorescence anisotropy measurements.     

Zn2+ binding to human calbindin D(28k) and the role of histidine residues

We have studied the binding of Zn2+ to the hexa EF-hand protein, calbindin D(28k)-a strong Ca2+-binder involved in apoptosis regulation-which is highly expressed in brain tissue. By use of radioblots, isothermal titration calorimetry, and competition with a fluorescent Zn2+ chelator, we find that calbindin D(28k) binds Zn2+ to three rather strong sites with dissociation constants in the low micromolar range. Furthermore, we conclude based on spectroscopic investigations that the Zn2+-bound state is structurally distinct from the Ca2+-bound state and that the two forms are incompatible, yielding negative allosteric interaction between the zinc- and calcium-binding events. ANS titrations reveal a change in hydrophobicity upon binding Zn2+. The binding of Zn2+ is compatible with the ability of calbindin to activate myo-inositol monophosphatase, one of the known targets of calbindin. Through site-directed mutagenesis, we address the role of cysteine and histidine residues in the binding of Zn2+. Mutation of all five cysteines into serines has no effect on Zn2+-binding affinity or stoichiometry. However, mutating histidine 80 into a glutamine reduces the binding affinity of the strongest Zn2+ site, indicating that this residue is involved in coordinating the Zn2+ ion in this site. Mutating histidines 5, 22, or 114 has significantly smaller effects on Zn2+-binding affinity.     

Low-affinity Ca(2+)-binding sites versus Zn(2+)-binding sites in histidine-rich Ca(2+)-binding protein of skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Histidine-rich Ca(2+)-binding protein (HRC) is a 170 kDa protein that can be identified in the isolated sarcoplasmic reticulum from rabbit skeletal muscle by its ability to bind [125I]low-density lipoprotein on blots after SDS-PAGE and that appears to be bound to the junctional membrane through calcium bridges. Molecular cDNA cloning of this protein predicts the existence of a Ca(2+)-binding domain and of a distinct heavy-metal binding domain at the cystein-rich COOH-terminus. Here we demonstrate, using radioactive ligand blot techniques, that HRC protein binds 45Ca at low affinity, as well as being able to bind 65Zn, but at different sites, that are largely inhibitable by prior reductive alkylation of the protein. In contrast to Ca(2+)-binding protein calsequestrin not having detectable 65Zn-binding sites, HRC protein bound selectively to immobilized Zn2+ on IDA-agarose affinity columns. Our results also indicate that rabbit and human 140 kDa HRC protein have common properties.     

Isolation and characterization of recoverin-like Ca(2+)-binding protein from rat brain.

Rat brain was found, by immunoblot analysis, to have a protein of Mr 23,000 (P23k) that was clearly different from recoverin and was labeled with an antiserum raised against the NH2-terminus of recoverin. P23k could not be detected by an antiserum raised against the COOH-terminus of recoverin. Blots with 45Ca demonstrated that P23k bound Ca2+. This calciprotein was further purified by Ca(2+)-dependent hydrophobic interaction and ion-exchange chromatography. In SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, P23k had an apparent Mr of 21,000 in the presence of 10 microM Ca2+ and 23,000 in the absence of Ca2+ (0.1 mM EGTA). The isoelectric point of P23k was 5.6. Ca(2+)-binding analysis indicated that P23k bound 2 moles of Ca2+ per mole of protein and had two binding sites with dissociation constants of 13 microM and 0.2 microM. Purified P23k bound to the crude membrane fractions from the cerebellum, cerebrum and retina in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner. Partial amino acid sequence analysis of proteolytic fragments of P23k revealed the sequence homology between P23k and recoverin. These results suggested that P23k may act as a Ca(2+)-sensitive regulator by forming a complex with its target on the membrane.     

Ca(2+) and Na(+) binding to high affinity sites of calcium-containing proteins measured by capillary electrophoresis

A method for the determination of stability constants of metal ion-protein binding, based on capillary electrophoresis, is presented. It utilizes the change in electrophoretic mobility of the protein upon binding of a metal ion. Taking advantage of edta(4-) as a controller of the free Ca(2+) concentration, a [Ca(2+)](free) as low as 10(-9) M has been attained in the solutions. We have found this method very useful for measuring binding of Ca(2+) to proteins, where the stability constant is in the range 10(5)-10(8) M(-1). The stability constants for the binding of Ca(2+) to proteinase K and bovine alpha-lactalbumin has by this method been measured at an ionic strength of 0.1 M, pH(c) 7.40 and 25 degrees C. For proteinase K a constant of 10(7.4) M(-1) is found, and for alpha-lactalbumin the constant has been found to be 10(9.2) M(-1). The structural stability of both proteins are found to be affected by the presence of Na(+) in the buffer solutions. From this observation, association constants for binding of Na(+) to the Ca(2+) sites have been calculated to 10(2.4) M(-1) for proteinase K and 10(3.5) M(-1) for alpha-lactalbumin. Less than 50 microg have been used of each protein in this study, an obvious advantage over other methods.     

Regulation of the cardiac Na(+)-Ca2+ exchanger by Ca2+. Mutational analysis of the Ca(2+)-binding domain

The sarcolemmal Na(+)-Ca2+ exchanger is regulated by intracellular Ca2+ at a high affinity Ca2+ binding site separate from the Ca2+ transport site. Previous data have suggested that the Ca2+ regulatory site is located on the large intracellular loop of the Na(+)-Ca2+ exchange protein, and we have identified a high-affinity 45Ca2+ binding domain on this loop (Levitsky, D. O., D. A. Nicoll, and K. D. Philipson. 1994. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 269:22847-22852). We now use electrophysiological and mutational analyses to further define the Ca2+ regulatory site. Wild-type and mutant exchangers were expressed in Xenopus oocytes, and the exchange current was measured using the inside- out giant membrane patch technique. Ca2+ regulation was measured as the stimulation of reverse Na(+)-Ca2+ exchange (intracellular Na+ exchanging for extracellular Ca2+) by intracellular Ca2+. Single-site mutations within two acidic clusters of the Ca2+ binding domain lowered the apparent Ca2+ affinity at the regulatory site from 0.4 to 1.1-1.8 microM. Mutations had parallel effects on the affinity of the exchanger loop for 45Ca2+ binding (Levitsky et al., 1994) and for functional Ca2+ regulation. We conclude that we have identified the functionally important Ca2+ binding domain. All mutant exchangers with decreased apparent affinities at the regulatory Ca2+ binding site also have a complex pattern of altered kinetic properties. The outward current of the wild-type Na(+)-Ca2+ exchanger declines with a half time (th) of 10.8 +/- 3.2 s upon Ca2+ removal, whereas the exchange currents of several mutants decline with th values of 0.7-4.3 s. Likewise, Ca2+ regulation mutants respond more rapidly to Ca2+ application. Study of Ca2+ regulation has previously been possible only with the exchanger operating in the reverse mode as the regulatory Ca2+ and the transported Ca2+ are then on opposite sides of the membrane. The use of exchange mutants with low affinity for Ca2+ at regulatory sites also allows demonstration of secondary Ca2+ regulation with the exchanger in the forward or Ca2+ efflux mode. In addition, we find that the affinity of wild-type and mutant Na(+)-Ca2+ exchangers for intracellular Na+ decreases at low regulatory Ca2+. This suggests that Ca2+ regulation modifies transport properties and does not only control the fraction of exchangers in an active state.