滇南勐宋热带山地雨林的物种多样性与生态学特征

 研究了鲜为人知的滇南勐宋地区的原始山地雨林植被, 根据分布生境、群落结构和种类组成特征,可将该山地雨林区分为沟谷和山坡两个类型, 分别定义为八蕊单室茱萸(Mastixia euonymoides)-大萼楠(Phoebe megacalyx)林和云南拟单性木兰(Parachmeria yunnanensis)-云南裸花(Gymnanthes remota)林。该山地雨林的外貌仍以单叶、革质、全缘、中叶为主的常绿中、小高位芽植物组成为特征,层间木质藤本植物仍较丰富,草本高位芽植物和附生植物丰富,但板根和茎花现象少见,属于热带山地垂直带上低山雨林或山地雨林植被类型。与该地区的典型热带季节雨林和赤道热带雨林相比, 勐宋的山地雨林群落中的大、中高位芽植物和藤本高位芽植物比例相对减少, 小、矮高位芽植物和草本高位芽植物比例相对增加,单叶、革质、非全缘叶和小叶比例相对增加,板根现象少见。与中国热带北缘-南亚热带地区（季风）常绿阔叶林比较, 勐宋的山地雨林有较多的附生植物和草本高位芽植物,相对较少的小高位芽植物和矮高位芽植物,小叶比例亦较少,非全缘叶和革质叶比例相对较低。故勐宋山地雨林是滇南热带北缘山地的一种较湿润生境的植被类型, 与所谓的季风常绿阔叶林不同。在物种多样性上,勐宋热带山地雨林在单位面积植物种数上并不比该地区的热带季节雨林低, 物种多样性指数与低丘季节雨林相当,比沟谷季节雨林低, 明显高于季风常绿阔叶林。     

生物多样性保护与文化多样性保护是一枚硬币的两面:以西双版纳傣族生态文化为例

至今,包括我国在内的国际社会在生物多样性保护上采取了多种行动计划,但世界各国领导人在2002年于南非召开的联合国"世界可持续发展"峰会上所作的在2010年"国际生物多样性年"前扭转生物多样性快速丧失趋势的承诺至今都无法实现。究其主要原因,除了没有解决好生物多样性的可持续利用外,还在于所采取的多种保护行动中忽视了文化层面,尤其是土著民族生态文化多样性的保护与应用。本文以地处滇南的西双版纳傣族热带雨林生态文化为例,讨论了民族生态文化在生物多样性保护与持续利用上的重要作用,即生物多样性保护与文化多样性保护是一枚硬币的两面,相辅相成,缺一不可。     

西双版纳傣族贝叶文化与植物多样性保护

生物多样性保护的一个重要的策略是必须提高公众意识,支持社区、青年及妇女积极参与保护行动。所以,近年来,传统知识与生物多样性管理已成为国际社会关注的一个热点。本文以西双版纳的傣族为例,探讨了贝叶文化与植物多样性保护以及持续利用的关系,包括佛主与植物、佛经的文字载体植物、佛寺的用材树种、赕佛活动的植物和佛寺庭园的植物等。     

西双版纳勐养自然保护区布朗族龙山传统的生态研究

西双版纳勐养自然保护区布朗族龙山传统的生态研究吴兆录（云南大学生态学与地植物学研究所,昆明６５００９１）ＡｎＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＳｔｕｄｙｏｎｔｈｅＨｏｌｙＨｉｌＴｒａｄｉｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅＢｕｌａｎｇｉｎｔｈｅＭｅｎｇｙａｎｇＲｅｇｉｏｎｏｆＸｉ...     

侗族传统文化与生物多样性关系初识

侗族传统文化与生物多样性关系初识杨昌岩,裴朝锡（湖南省通道侗族自治县林业科学研究所,４１８５００）龙春林（中国科学院昆明植物研究所,昆明６５０２０４）侗族是我国古老民族,自古以来就是祖国各民族大家庭的成员之一,共同创造了中华民族古老文明。侗族主要聚居...     

西双版纳布龙自然保护区勐宋片区附生维管植物多样性与分布特征

利用地面观测和单绳上树法初次对布龙自然保护区勐宋片区开展的附生维管植物调查表明:1)在6个样地77株宿主上(共调查96株乔木,占地约0.2ha),共有1 756株、丛个体,隶属14科47属103种;相比世界其他区域,物种丰富度处于旧世界热带水平区间,高于温带,但明显低于新世界热带水平;2)兰科植物为最丰富的类群(60％),其次为蕨类植物(24％),其他类群占16％;3)垂直分布特征研究表明,距地面10～ 15 m的中等高度带为物种最丰富的区间,约有51％的物种;0～5m高度带为个体数量最多的区间,共有约24％个体,揭示了除中等高度带以外的另一个重要附生生境;4)常见的绞杀型榕属植物未见,而半附生植物密脉鹅掌柴(Schefflera elliptica)和多蕊木(Tupidanthus calyptratus)数量较多.     

GTZ项目：关注西双版纳生物与文化多样性

西双版纳有着极其丰富的民族多样性与生物多样性。数千年以来,来自于不同地区的人们先后在澜沧江流域建立起自己的家园。这里的热带气候适于作物生长,同时还有利于当地居民釆集和猎取大量的野生动物和其它各种森林产品。     

基诺族传统文化中的生物多样性管理与利用

通过研究基诺族刀耕火种农耕文化,发现在传统土地分类、农事历、轮歇栽培、宗教信仰、采集和狩猎等方面,都包含着对生物多样性的管理和利用的许多内容,其中不少值得借鉴、研究和利用,阐述了古朴的民族传统文化中孕育着生物多样性管理的论点。首次报道了基诺族采集食用的无脊椎动物和传统使用的部分药用植物。     

中国农业生态系统多样性保护研究现状与展望

面对气候变化、人口增长和农业集约化等一系列挑战,如何推动农业可持续发展,保障粮食安全,农业生态系统多样性以其独特的遗传、生态和传统社会文化价值成为解决这一难题的重要出路。全面了解农业生态系统多样性的特性、主要影响因子、保护利用措施和研究手段将对制定农业生态系统多样性保护策略具有重要的参考价值。本文研究内容只涉及农业即种植业不是大农业。本文系统分析了各类影响因子和管理措施对农业生态系统多样性的影响,介绍了我国农业生态系统多样性典型生态区域的现状和变化动态,系统阐述了农业生态系统多样性的评估方法,分析了农业生态系统多样性保护和管理的措施,并据此指出我国目前农业生态系统多样性研究的主要问题和今后的展望。分析发现,农业生态系统多样性在维持农业生态服务功能、提高农业生态系统的可恢复力、减少化肥农药污染和发展绿色农业方面发挥着重要的作用。从目前的研究和保护利用情况看,需要完善农业生态系统多样性的评估指标和方法,加强农业生态系统多样性的管理政策和协调机制,加大农业生态系统多样性保护和利用力度,使农业生态系统多样性保护和利用成为主流化。     

Coppice Harvesting of Fuelwood Species on a South African Common: Utilizing Scientific and Indigenous Knowledge in Community Based Natural Resource Management

The limitations of Community Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) with respect to the difficulties of comparing local versus scientific knowledge categories within a bounded definition of ‘community’ were investigated by means of a study exploring local indigenous knowledge pertaining to harvesting technique, and the impact of soil and species type on the post-harvest coppice response of popular savanna fuelwood species, among rural inhabitants of the Bushbuckridge region of the Limpopo Province, South Africa. Soils and plants were evaluated chiefly in terms of their perceived ability to retain precipitation, making rainfall a driving force in local understanding of environmental productivity. Some indigenous knowledge showed an agreement with biological data, but overall the variability in responses, as well as the diverse scales at which indigenous and scientific knowledge is directed, were too great to allow for simplistic parallels between local ecological indices to be made. Indigenous environmental knowledge was underscored by the perceived symbolic link between environmental and social degradation. It is recommended that environmental managers incorporate indigenous knowledge as a component of a systems-level approach to natural resource management, where biological, cultural, economic, and symbolic aspects of natural resource use are nested within a broader ecosocial system. This approach to indigenous knowledge is offered as an alternative to the simple scientific evaluation that so often characterizes environmental management.     

西双版纳茅草山广西青梅群落学研究

应用植物群落学的研究方法,对西双版纳茅草山广西青梅群落进行了初步研究。该群落是以龙脑香科的广西青梅和金缕梅科的细青皮为乔木上层优势树种,群落分A至E层,外貌以单叶、纸质、全缘、尾尖、中叶为主的常绿大、中高位芽植物组成为特征,层间木质藤本和附生植物丰富,属热带季节雨林。该群落是老挝热带季节雨林向北的伸延,物种丰富,动态结构稳定,但分布面积狭小,生态脆弱,需重点保护。     

Indigenous Knowledge of Ecological Variability and Commons Management: A Case Study on Berry Harvesting from Northern Canada

Common property arrangements govern the subsistence harvest of berries in the Gwich’in region of the Northwest Territories, Canada. Some of these arrangements, including rules for resource access, sharing information and harvest sharing, enable the Gwich’in to deal with ecological variability. The rules change in response to year-to-year variations in the abundance and distribution of the species, spatially and temporally across the region. This paper illustrates the interrelationships between ecosystem dynamics and local institutions, a neglected area of commons research.An erratum to this article can be found at     

Endangered Forest, Endangered People: Environmentalist Representations of Indigenous Knowledge

Since 1987, Penan foragers in Malaysia have been increasingly affected by the activities of logging companies, and have protested this with blockades. Simultaneously, they have become the focus of a broad-based international environmental campaign. This paper examines the rhetoric of that campaign. In particular, I examine the ways in which Western environmentalists have constructed Penan land rights with reference to Penan knowledge of the landscape and of the biotic elements which exist there. Further, I consider how environmentalists have drawn on ethnographic accounts, and how those accounts are transformed in the process of generating images deployed in the campaign.     

The Politics of Reintegrating Australian Aboriginal and American Indian Indigenous Knowledge into Resource Management: The Dynamics of Resource Appropriation and Cultural Revival

As the United States and Australia struggle with contemporary crises over competing uses of rapidly depleting natural resources, there are striking parallels between American Indian and Australian Aboriginal communities demanding a place at the management table and offering culturally based understandings of and solutions for the ecosystems at risk. These efforts to integrate indigenous knowledge into mainstream natural resource management are part of larger legal and political debates over land tenure, the locus of control, indigenous self-governance, and holistic ecosystems management.     

Knowledge, Learning and the Evolution of Conservation Practice for Social-Ecological System Resilience

There are two broadly conceptualized ways in which conservation knowledge may evolve: the depletion crisis model and the ecological understanding model. The first one argues that developing conservation thought and practice depends on learning that resources are depletable. Such learning typically follows a resource crisis. The second mechanism emphasizes the development of conservation practices following the incremental elaboration of environmental knowledge by a group of people. These mechanisms may work together. Following a perturbation, a society can self-organize, learn and adapt. The self-organizing process, facilitated by knowledge development and learning, has the potential to increase the resilience (capability to absorb disturbance and reorganize while undergoing change) of resource use systems. Hence, conservation knowledge can develop through a combination of long-term ecological understanding and learning from crises and mistakes. It has survival value, as it increases the resilience of integrated social--ecological systems to deal with change in ways that continue to sustain both peoples and their environments.     

Indigenous Knowledge and Management of Araucaria Araucana Forest in the Chilean Andes: Implications for Native Forest Conservation

Southern Chile experienced serious deforestation during the past century and it is projected that by the year 2025 Chile will be devoid of native forests. One of the most important endemic tree species of the country and at the same time one of the most endangered ones is Araucaria araucana (Mol.) C. Koch, the monkey-puzzle tree. It grows in the Andes Mountains, homeland of the indigenous Mapuche Pewenche people who depend on this tree. This paper is based on participatory field research with a Mapuche Pewenche community in the southern Chilean Andes on their ecological knowledge, values, use and management of the Araucaria araucana forest. It attempts to reveal how indigenous people and their knowledge contribute to the sustainable management of these forests. The paper (1) illustrates the complexity of indigenous ecological knowledge of Araucaria araucana and its efficacy in native forest management, (2) explores the link between the conservation and use of biodiversity by the indigenous people, and (3) provides answers relevant to native forest management and conservation strategies ex-situ and in-situ incorporating indigenous and scientific knowledge, thus providing a contribution towards integrated natural resource management.     

Process Control as Ecosystem Management: Using the History of Sewage Treatment Plants to Analyze Ecosystem Management Practices

Industrial ecosystems are fruitful sites for examining ecosystem management. Sewage treatment plants, breweries, biotechnology reactors, and ethanol production plants are all ecosystems—complex biophysical systems in which communities of bacteria, yeast, fungi, and other organisms are maintained to extract services or resources. The industrial analog to ecosystem management is “process control”, where the industrial operator is the ecosystem manager. Process control is the management of a production process through the careful measurement and adjustment of its physical and chemical conditions. By analyzing the history of process control in activated sludge sewage treatment plants, I show the importance of craft knowledge in ecosystem management. Sewage treatment plant workers, through their experience in operating the plants, developed means of evaluating process conditions based on sight and smell rather than laboratory analysis. These craft techniques developed and persisted in spite of concerted efforts on the part of sanitary scientists to institute “scientific” control of the process based on laboratory analysis and models of microbial kinetics, suggesting that craft knowledge of ecosystem function can contribute to successful management. The craft knowledge of sewage plant workers is a kind of adaptive management, in which workers constantly adjust ecosystem parameters and observe the results. This approach is contrasted to “command and control” approaches to treatment plant automation, which have met with uneven success.     

流域水质管理系统构建的理论、方法和实践

随着工农业的发展及乡村都市化 ,淡水资源的短缺成为全球性的问题。淡水资源的短缺 ,一方面是对淡水需求量增加 ,供不应求。另一方面是水体水质恶化 ,水资源退化。保护淡水资源是一项持久性的艰巨任务 ,其中水资源管理工具评价预测各种管理措施对水资源的影响 ,是必不可缺少的。工业和生活废水对水体的点源污染问题 ,早在2 0世纪 2 0年代就被意识到 ,并开展了一些水资源的保护和管理研究工作。自 192 5第一个水质数学模型Ｓｔｒｅｅｔｅｒ Ｐｈｅｌｐｓ[1] 用于模拟水环境中ＢＯＤ和ＤＯ的动态变化研究以来 ,出现了许多水质模型并用于河流、…     

西双版纳热带山地季风常绿阔叶林的群落生态学研究

依据5个25m×20m样地的调查资料, 对西双版纳热带山地的季风常绿阔叶林的群落结构、种类组成、生活型构成、多样性、种面积关系等进行了分析研究,结果显示西双版纳热带山地的季风常绿阔叶林主要由壳斗科、大戟科、茶科和樟科等树种组成; 乔木树种种类丰富,灌木、草本、藤本种类相对较少;随乔木径级的增大,个体/种的数量逐渐减小;群落中以中叶、全缘、革质、非尾尖、常绿植物占优势; 群落种-面积关系曲线在取样面积为1 500m2时开始趋于平缓,意味着该取样面积可以考虑作为群落最小表现面积.