蛋白酶体抑制剂硼替佐米抑制PI3K/Akt通路致结肠癌SW480细胞凋亡

目的:研究蛋白酶体抑制剂硼替佐米对结肠癌SW480细胞凋亡作用,并进一步探讨其作用机制.方法:硼替佐米1-500nmol/L处理结肠癌SW480细胞24-48小时,MTT法检测细胞存活率、药物IC50值.流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率.Western blot技术检测caspase-3,p-Akt和PTEN蛋白表达水平变化.结果:硼替佐米以时间-剂量依赖方式抑制结肠癌SW480细胞增殖,48小时IC50值:87.36 nmol/L.细胞凋亡实验显示药物作用24小时细胞开始出现凋亡,48小时凋亡明显.硼替佐米作用24小时后细胞周期明显阻滞在G0/G1期.Westemblot实验显示,80 nmol/L硼替佐米处理结肠癌SW480细胞后PTEN蛋白表达水平随时间明显增加,而p-Akt蛋白随时间表达下降.结论:硼替佐米可以抑制结肠癌SW480细胞增殖.其机制可能与抑制PTEN蛋白降解,抑制p-Akt途径有关.为结肠癌治疗药物的发展和更新提供了新的候选分子.     

丙戊酸钠协同硼替佐米对RPMI8226细胞的促凋亡作用

目的:以骨髓瘤细胞株RPMI8226为实验对象,观察丙戊酸钠(valproic acid,VPA)和硼替佐米(bortezomib,BZ)对此细胞株的增殖及凋亡的诱导情况。方法:实验分组如下:对照组,VPA单药组(1.0 mmol/L),BZ单药A组(10.0 nmol/L),BZ单药B组(20.0 nmol/L),BZ单药C组(35.0 nmol/L),联合用药A组(VPA1.0 mmol/L+BZ10.0 nmol/L),联合用药B组(VPA 1.0 mmol/L+BZ20.0 nmol/L),联合用药C组(VPA 1.0 mmol/L+BZ 35.0 nmol/L)。用MTT技术检测细胞增殖抑制情况;流式细胞仪检测凋亡比例。结果:丙戊酸钠与硼替佐米单用对RPMI8226细胞株细胞增殖有抑制作用,有细胞凋亡,但丙戊酸钠与硼替佐米协同用药A组、B组、C组增殖抑制可达75.1%及凋亡情况可达68.9%(P0.01)。结论:丙戊酸钠与硼替佐米协同用药后对RPMI8226细胞增殖抑制及诱导凋亡作用更显著,丙戊酸钠对硼替佐米有增敏作用。     

精氨酸缺乏对硼替佐米治疗多发性骨髓瘤的作用研究

摘要 目的：探讨精氨酸缺乏对硼替佐米(Bortezomib,BTZ) 治疗多发性骨髓瘤细胞的影响。方法：通过CCK8筛选BTZ对骨髓瘤细胞株(H929和RPMI 8226)治疗的最适药物浓度,比较在缺乏和富含精氨酸的两种培养基中的细胞增殖情况;通过使用PI染料标记细胞检测不同试验组细胞周期的分布,以及使用Annexin V/7AAD凋亡试剂盒检测BTZ对不同试验组细胞凋亡的影响。结果：BTZ降低了骨髓瘤细胞的存活率,并通过将细胞周期阻滞于G2/M、S期,抑制骨髓瘤细胞的增殖。缺乏精氨酸使细胞周期阻滞于S期,也抑制了骨髓瘤细胞的增殖。BTZ作用于缺乏精氨酸组的骨髓瘤细胞后,细胞凋亡百分比明显低于富含精氨酸组（H929细胞由约40%降至13.6%,RPMI8226凋亡百分比分别7.13%和19.27%）。结论：缺乏精氨酸和给予BTZ均阻滞细胞周期,抑制骨髓瘤细胞增殖;同时缺乏精氨酸降低了BTZ诱导骨髓瘤细胞的凋亡作用。     

雷公藤内酯醇对多发性骨髓瘤细胞凋亡及组蛋白H3K4甲基化的影响

目的：探讨雷公藤内酯醇（TPL）对多发性骨髓瘤RPMI8226细胞增殖、凋亡和组蛋白H3K4甲基化的影响。方法：以人多发性骨髓瘤细胞株RPMI8226为研究对象,在不同浓度（10、20、40、80、160 nmol/L） TPL中共培养不同时间（24 h、48 h、72 h）后,采用噻唑蓝（MTT）法检测细胞增殖活性;流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡和细胞周期;Western blot法检测组蛋白H3K4me2、H3K4me3的甲基化状态,实时荧光定量RT-PCR分析组蛋白甲基化酶SMYD3和组蛋白去甲基化酶LSD1的表达水平。结果：TPL对RPMI8226细胞有明显的增殖抑制作用,呈剂量和时间依赖性（P<0.05）;TPL对RPMI8226细胞有明显诱导凋亡的作用,并且随着TPL作用浓度的增加,细胞凋亡比例逐渐增加（P<0.05）;同时TPL还可以诱导RPMI8226细胞周期阻滞于G₂/M期;TPL以浓度依赖性降低组蛋白H3K4me2、H3K4me3的甲基化水平（P<0.05,P<0.01）,并抑制SMYD3和上调LSD1的表达（P<0.05）。结论：TPL可抑制RPMI8226细胞增殖、引起细胞周期阻滞于G₂/M期,并诱导其凋亡;通过抑制组蛋白甲基化酶SMYD3和增强组蛋白去甲基化酶LSD1的表达,降低组蛋白H3K4me3和H3K4me2的甲基化水平,这可能是TPL诱导多发性骨髓瘤细胞凋亡和抗肿瘤作用的机制之一。     

8种天然药物与硼替佐米对HBsAg抑制作用及蛋白质组学分析

目的:比较硼替佐米和几种天然药物体外对HBV的抑制作用,并探索硼替佐米抑制HBV的分子机制。方法:采用MTT法观察不同浓度药物对HBV-Tg小鼠原代肝细胞的毒性,确定最大无毒浓度,用ELISA方法检测培养24h后细胞上清中HBsAg的变化,比较不同药物对HBsAg的抑制率。经1μmol/L硼替佐米处理原代肝细胞24h后,提取蛋白质,采用双向凝胶电泳分离总蛋白,得到差异表达的蛋白质点进行分析比对。以RT-PCR及West blot验证选定的差异蛋白,分析其与HBV抑制作用的关系。结果:在8种天然药物中以扁蒴藤素对HBV作用最强,IC50为0.43μmol/L,EGCG的IC50是24.9μmol/L,且安全性较好。硼替佐米作用原代肝细胞蛋白质组分析发现了21个差异斑点,其中包括HSP60异构体(gi/26353954)。RT-PCR检测发现经硼替佐米作用后HSP60、HSP90表达下调,HSP70表达上调,而West blot鉴定HSP60变化不大。但是经EGCG作用后HSP90表达的下调与对HBsAg的抑制是一致的。结论:调节宿主细胞的蛋白质降解与折叠将有利于寻找新型抗HBV药物。     

脂多糖对多发性骨髓瘤细胞增殖的影响及其机制

目的:探讨脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)对多发性骨髓瘤细胞增殖的影响及其作用机制。方法:采用LPS作用于多发性骨髓瘤细胞RPMI 8226后,通过MTT法检测细胞的增殖情况,流式细胞术检测细胞周期的变化,Western blot检测NF-κB信号通路中相关蛋白p65和IκB-α的表达情况。结果:随着LPS作用浓度(0-8μg/mL)的增加,RPMI 8226细胞增殖活力呈先上升后下降的趋势,在2μg/m L LPS作用下,RPMI8226细胞的增殖活力最显著(P0.05)。相同浓度的LPS诱导RPMI8226细胞不同时间,其细胞增殖呈时间依赖性。流式细胞术检测结果显示:不同浓度LPS(0.5、1、2μg/mL)作用RPMI 8226细胞后,G0/G1期细胞的比例明显低于对照组(P0.05),S期和G2/M期细胞比例明显增加(P0.05);Western blot检测结果显示:2μg/mL的LPS处理的RPMI8226细胞p65和IΚB-α蛋白的表达明显高于对照(P0.05)。结论:低浓度LPS能够诱导多发性骨髓瘤细胞RPMI 8226的增殖,其作用机制可能与上调信号通路NF-κB中相关蛋白p65和IκB-α有关。     

不同浓度的5-氮杂胞苷对RPMI 8226细胞系的诱导凋亡作用分析

目的:探讨不同浓度的5-氮杂胞苷对RPMI 8226细胞系的诱导凋亡作用.方法:对RPMI 8226细胞系采用5-氮杂胞苷0μmol/L、2μmol/L、5μmol/L、10 μrnol/L、20 μmol/L、50 μmol/L处理24 h、48 h、72 h,并对RPMI 8226细胞系处理后进行刮痕实验,12h后对细胞迁移进行比较.结果:在作用24h、48h时,随着作用浓度的增加,RPMI-8226细胞的抑制率出现明显的增加,但在作用72 h时,我们发现10 μmol/L、20μmol/L、50μnol/L其对RPMI-8226细胞的抑制效果无明显的差异性;刮痕实验后12h后其出现差异性,其中药物浓度越大其对RPMI-8226细胞的运动迁移能力越弱.结论:DNA甲基化转移酶抑制剂5-氮杂胞苷可对RPMI-8226细胞的凋亡具有良好的诱导效果,同时可抑制RPMI-8226细胞的增殖以及迁移.     

多发性骨髓瘤患者硼替佐米治疗相关带状疱疹发病机理及预防策略研究进展

含硼替佐米的化疗方案目前是多发性骨髓瘤的一线治疗方案,研究表明,该方案同时会使患者带状疱疹的发生率增加。硼替佐米治疗致带状疱疹激活的机理以及如何进行合理的预防是临床医师需要解决的问题。阿昔洛韦是第一代无环鸟苷类药物,伐昔洛韦是阿昔洛韦的前体药物,目前阿昔洛韦和伐昔洛韦可用于接受含硼替佐米化疗方案的MM患者带状疱疹的预防。本文对近年来多发性骨髓瘤患者应用硼替佐米后带状疱疹发生的相关机理及预防策略作一综述。     

抑制c-Met信号通路可增加白血病细胞株对硼替佐米的化疗敏感性

本研究通过下调c-Met来观察白血病细胞株K562对抗肿瘤药物硼替佐米的敏感性,以此探索c-Met信号对白血病细胞株的增殖、凋亡等的影响,为临床上寻求治疗白血病新方案提供理论依据。本研究首先采用MTT实验初步判断硼替佐米对K562细胞的增殖能力的影响;再构建c-Met干扰载体转染K562细胞,并采用Real-time PCR检测干扰效果,筛选最适干扰质粒。然后采用筛选的c-Met干扰质粒转染细胞,分别使用MTT法检测细胞增殖能力、软琼脂克隆形成实验检测细胞克隆能力、流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡情况。结果显示硼替佐米对K562细胞的增殖具有显著抑制作用(p0.05),且这种抑制作用具有浓度依赖性。c-Met干扰质粒构建及干扰效果检测实验中发现,随着转染时间的延长,绿色荧光信号越来越强,表明转染效率越来越高。但Real-time检测结果发现,3个干扰质粒中仅c-Met-Homo-1和c-Met-Homo-3干扰质粒对c-Met的表达具有明显抑制效果(p0.05),且c-Met-Homo-3干扰质粒干扰效果较好。使用c-Met-Homo-3干扰质粒转染细胞后发现,c-Met下调能够显著增强硼替佐米对K562细胞增殖的抑制作用(p0.05),且增强硼替佐米对K562细胞克隆形成的抑制能力,同时增强了硼替佐米诱导的K562细胞的凋亡。本研究结论为,下调c-Met能够增加白血病细胞株K562对硼替佐米的化疗敏感性。     

硼替佐米皮下注射的护理体会

目的:探讨治疗多发性骨髓瘤硼替佐米采用静脉注射浓度进行皮下注射(1mg/ml)患者的观察要点及护理;方法:注射用硼替佐米3.5mg/支加生理盐水3.5ml溶解,用法为1.0-1.3 mg/m2,于治疗第1、4、8、11天时皮下注射,两次给药之间至少间歇72小时,12天为一疗程;结果:30例患者在化疗期间均未发生严重局部皮肤反应,原发疾病无进展,周围神经病变相比静脉注射后明显减轻。结论:硼替佐米治疗多发性骨髓瘤疗效确切,采取静脉注射浓度进行皮下注射1mg/ml皮下注射,患者对局部不良反应是可以耐受的,并减少了毒副作用。     

Bortezomib Reduces the Tumorigenicity of Multiple Myeloma via Downregulation of Upregulated Targets in Clonogenic Side Population Cells

Side population (SP) cells in cancers, including multiple myeloma, exhibit tumor-initiating characteristics. In the present study, we isolated SP cells from human myeloma cell lines and primary tumors to detect potential therapeutic targets specifically expressed in SP cells. We found that SP cells from myeloma cell lines (RPMI 8226, AMO1, KMS-12-BM, KMS-11) express CD138 and that non-SP cells include a CD138-negative population. Serial transplantation of SP and non-SP cells into NOD/Shi-scid IL-2γnul mice revealed that clonogenic myeloma SP cells are highly tumorigenic and possess a capacity for self-renewal. Gene expression analysis showed that SP cells from five MM cell lines (RPMI 8226, AMO1, KMS-12-BM, KMS-11, JJN3) express genes involved in the cell cycle and mitosis (e.g., CCNB1, CDC25C, CDC2, BIRC5, CENPE, SKA1, AURKB, KIFs, TOP2A, ASPM), polycomb (e.g., EZH2, EPC1) and ubiquitin-proteasome (e.g., UBE2D3, UBE3C, PSMA5) more strongly than do non-SP cells. Moreover, CCNB1, AURKB, EZH2 and PSMA5 were also upregulated in the SPs from eight primary myeloma samples. On that basis, we used an aurora kinase inhibitor (VX-680) and a proteasome inhibitor (bortezomib) with RPMI 8226 and AMO1 cells to determine whether these agents could be used to selectively target the myeloma SP. We found that both these drugs reduced the SP fraction, though bortezomib did so more effectively than VX-680 due to its ability to reduce levels of both phospho-histone H3 (p-hist. H3) and EZH2; VX-680 reduced only p-hist. H3. This is the first report to show that certain oncogenes are specifically expressed in the myeloma SP, and that bortezomib effectively downregulates expression of their products. Our approach may be useful for screening new agents with which to target a cell population possessing strong tumor initiating potential in multiple myeloma.     

Constitutive hyperexpression of p21(WAF1) in human U266 myeloma cells blocks the lethal signaling induced by oxidative stress but not by Fas.

p21(WAF1/CIP1) is expressed in a majority of myeloma cells. To investigate the role of p21 in myeloma cell death, comparative studies using two clones of myeloma cells, Fas-sensitive RPMI8226, and Fas-resistant U266 were performed. These latter cells were also resistant to H(2)O(2) up to 100 microM, whereas the former cells were not. SAPK/JNK was found to be a common mediator of RPMI8226 cell death induced by both H(2)O(2) and Fas. Interestingly, the concentrations of H(2)O(2) which activated SAPK/JNK in RPMI8226 cells failed to do so in U266 cells. In contrast, Fas ligation activated SAPK/JNK in both cells almost equally. U266 cells expressed p21 to levels much higher than in RPMI8226 cells. When the p21 levels were reduced using its antisense, H(2)O(2) killed U266 cells by activating SAPK/JNK. However, the reduction in p21 levels neither rendered the U266 cells susceptible to Fas-mediated cell death, nor significantly influenced Fas-induced SAPK/JNK activation. Overall, our data suggest that the p21 hyperexpression in U266 cells blocks the lethal signaling that is induced by H(2)O(2), but not by Fas. The mechanism whereby U266 cells resist Fas-mediated cell death is discussed.     

BDNF/TrkB confers bortezomib resistance in multiple myeloma by inducing BRINP3

BackgroundThe proteasome inhibitor bortezomib (BTZ) has significantly improved the survival of multiple myeloma (MM) patients. However, most MM patients still relapse and have drug resistance after BTZ treatment.MethodssiRNA transfection was performed to knock down BDNF and TrkB expression. ELISA, western blot, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, CCK-8 assay, and flow cytometry analysis were performed to analyze the functions of BDNF/TrkB signaling in MM cells.ResultsWe identified a cell-autonomous mechanism that promotes BTZ resistance in MM, prolongs their RPMI 8226/BTZ resistant cell survival and optimizes their proliferating function. Specifically, RPMI 8226/BTZ cells produced the brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its receptor TrkB, which served as a survival factor in the RPMI 8226/BTZ resistant environment. BDNF/TrkB induced phosphorylation of STAT3 that upregulated the bone morphogenetic protein/retinoic acid inducible neural-specific 3 (BRINP3).ConclusionsBDNF/TrkB enhanced downstream pathway expression of phosphorylation STAT3 and BRINP3 molecules, promoting RPMI 8226/BTZ cell proliferation and survival.General significanceThese data place BDNF/TrkB at the top of a pSTAT3-BRINP3 survival pathway and link adaptability to BTZ resistant conditions in MM disease.     

In vitro sensitization of human lymphocytes to a myeloma cell-related antigen

Peripheral blood lymphocytes from normal human donors were cocultivated with cells from two established human multiple myeloma cell lines, RPMI 8226 and K-737, and with lymphoblastoid cells from a third B cell line, RAMM. After a comparison of three methods of lymphocyte sensitization, a 6-day incubation protocol with equal numbers of normal lymphocytes and mitomycin C-treated tumor cells was selected. Cells from the RPMI 8226 myeloma line stimulated the differentiation of lymphocytes into cytotoxic effector cells as measured by ⁵¹Cr release from labeled target cells. The RPMI 8226-sensitized lymphocytes were cytotoxic for myeloma cells (RPMI 8226 and K-737) and for lymphoblastoid cells (RAMM) but not for cells from human lung tumor lines (A549, A427, MB9812), a breast carcinoma line (ALAB), a normal diploid fibroblast line (HSBP), or normal lymphocytes.     

Karyotypic variability of human multiple myeloma cell lines

Cytogenetic analysis of human multiple myeloma (MM) cell lines L363, Karpas 707, RPMI 8226, and U-266 was carried out. During long-term existence in vitro, the number of chromosomes in the cell lines was shown to be preserved at the near-diploid level (L363, Karpas 707, U-266) or to increase up to the hypotriploid level (RPMI 8226). There were complexly rearranged karyotypes with abnormalities of chromosomes of all pairs in all cell lines; however, no identical chromosomal translocations have been revealed. Loci of chromosomes involved in structural rearrangements in these cell lines often coincided with sites of DNA copy number imbalances characteristic for MM in vivo. Distinct types of the karyotypic structure of cell populations differing in the combination of cells with the main and additional structural variants of karyotype and of cells with nonclonal chromosome rearrangements were found in MM cell lines. In general, the karyotypic variability of the MM cell lines corresponds to the dynamics of karyotype of myeloma cells in vivo and, hence, has a tumor-specific character.     

Improved antitumoral properties of pure antiestrogen RU 58668-loaded liposomes in multiple myeloma

In most of multiple myeloma (MM) cells, the "pure" antiestrogen (AE) RU 58668 (RU) induced either a G1-arrest (LP-1, OPM-2, NCI-H929, U266 cells) or apoptosis (RPMI 8226 cells). In RPMI 8226 cells, RU activates a caspase-dependent cell death pathway leading to the release of cytochrome c, the decrease of the essential MM survival factor Mcl-1, the cleavage of Bid and the activation of caspases-3 and -8. Incorporation of RU in pegylated cholesterol-containing liposomes allowed a controlled RU release, improving its anti-proliferative and apoptotic effects in cells. In RPMI 8226 xenografts, i.v. injected RU-liposomes but not free RU, exhibited antitumor activity. In vivo, RU-liposomes triggered the mitochondrial death pathway, concomitantly with a down-regulation of Mcl-1 and Bid cleavage. The decrease of CD34 immunoreactivity indicated a reduction of angiogenesis. The decrease of VEGF secretion in vitro supported a direct effect of RU on angiogenesis. These pro-apoptotic and antiangiogenic effects were explained by a prolonged exposure to the drug and to the endocytosis capacity of liposomes which might increase RU uptake and bypass a membrane export of free RU. Thus, these combined enhanced activities of RU-liposomes support that such a delivery of an AE may constitute a strategy of benefit for MM treatment.