中国粗腿蚜属(胸喙亚目,斑蚜科)研究及一新纪录种

首次在青藏高原地区发现了粗腿蚜属 MacropodaphisRemaudière et Davatchi.高山粗腿蚜 Macropodaphis dzhungaricaKadyrbekov为中国1新纪录种,文中对其形态特征进行了详细的描述,并提供了形态特征图及照片.重新编制了中国该属的分种检索表.     

Characteristics of the Achnatherum splendens community along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, China

The Achnatherum splendens community is an important type of warm steppe vegetation which plays a very important role in environmental protection in the area along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway. In order to under-stand its dynamic features, the characteristics of the A. splendens community, such as spatial distribution pattern, species richness and biomass, were examined near Haiyan County, Qinghai Province. Results showed that the A. splendens community consisted of two types of mosaic patches, the microaggregation dominated by A. splendens and the microaggregation dominated by Stipa sp. The number and size of the two patches showed an interesting distribution pattern. The A. splendens patch decreased with increasing distance away from the railway, while species diversity increased. The total coverage of A. splen-dens was significantly higher than that of Stipa sp. The number and size of patches may indicate the degradation of the A. splendens community, which could be acceler-ated by human activities. Based on the characteristics and status quo of the A. splendens community, we suggest that some measures be taken to control human activities and rodents to conserve the A. splendens community.     

Characteristics of net ecosystem carbon dioxide exchange (NEE) from August to October of Alpine meadow on the Tibetan Plateau, China

The Alpine meadow is one of the vegetation types widely distributed on the Tibetan Plateau in China with an area of about 1.2 million square kilometers. The Damxung rangeland station, located in the hinterland of the Tibetan Plateau, is covered with an typical vegetation. The continuous carbon flux data (from August to middle October, 2003) measured with the open-path eddy covariance system was used to analyze the diurnal variation pattern of net ecosystem carbon dioxide exchange (NEE) and its relationship with the environmental factors, such as photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), precipitation, and temperature. Results showed that NEE presented obvious diurnal variation pattern with single-peak of diurnal maximum carbon assimilation at 11: 00–12: 00 (local time) with an average of −0.268 mg CO₂·m⁻²·s⁻¹, i.e., −6.08 μmol CO₂·m⁻²·s⁻¹. During the daytime, NEE fitted fairly well with PAR in a rectangular hyperbola function with the apparent quantum yield (0.020 3 μmol CO₂ μmol⁻¹ PAR) and maximum ecosystem assimilation (9.741 1 μmol CO₂·m⁻²·s⁻¹). During the night-time, NEE showed a good exponential relation with the soil temperature at 5 cm depth. __________ Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica 2005, 25(8): 1948–1952 [译自: 生态学报, 2005, 25(8): 1948–1952]     

Characteristics of net ecosystem carbon dioxide exchange(NEE) from August to October of Alpine meadow on the Tibetan Plateau,China

The Alpine meadow is one of the vegetation types widely distributed on the Tibetan Plateau in China with an area of about 1.2 million square kilometers.The Damxung rangeland station,located in the hinterland of the Tibetan Plateau,is covered with an typical vegetation.The continuous carbon flux data (from August to middle October,2003) measured with the open-path eddy covariance system was used to analyze the diurnal variation pattern of net ecosystem carbon dioxide exchange (NEE) and its relationship with the environmental factors,such as photosynthetically active radiation (PAR),precipitation,and temperature.Results showed that NEE presented obvious diurnal variation pattern with single-peak of diurnal maximum carbon assimilation at 11:00-12:00 (local time) with an CO2.m-2-s-1.During the daytime,NEE fitted fairly well with PAR in a rectangular hyperbola function with the apparent the night-time,NEE showed a good exponential relation with the soil temperature at 5 cm depth.     

Development of the East Asian summer monsoon: Evidence from the sediment record in the South China Sea since 8.5 Ma

128 samples from Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 1143 in the southern South China Sea were analyzed for grain size, clay minerals, biogenic opal content and quartz in order to reconstruct changes in East Asian monsoon climate since 8.5 Ma. An abrupt change of terrigenous mass accumulation rate (MAR), clay mineral assemblage, median grain size and biogenic opal MAR about 5.2 Ma suggests that between 8.5-5.2 Ma the source of terrigenous sediment was mainly in the region of surface uplift and basaltic volcanism in southern Vietnam. A simple model of East Asian summer monsoon evolution was based on the clay/feldspar ratio, kaolinite/chlorite ratio and biogenic opal MAR. The summer monsoon has two periods of maximum strength at 8.5-7.6 Ma and 7.1-6.2 Ma. Subsequently, there was a relatively stable period at 6.2-3.5 Ma, continued intensification about 3.5-2.5 Ma, and gradually weakening after 2.5 Ma. Since 1 Ma the monsoon has intensified, with remarkable high-frequency and amplitude variability. Simultaneous increase in sedimentation rates at ODP Sites 1143, 1146 and 1148, as well as in MAR of terrigenous materials, quartz, feldspar and clay minerals at ODP Site 1143 at 3.5-2.5 Ma, may be the erosional response to both global climatic deterioration and the strengthening of the East Asian summer monsoon after about 3-4 Ma.     

Can mobile sandy land be vegetated in the cold and dry Tibetan Plateau in China?

Desertification has taken place in the overgrazed grassland of the Tibetan Plateau,China,and the area of mobile sandy land has increased in recent decades.The challenging problem about desertification control is how to restore the vegetation of mobile sandy lands caused by severe desertification.Sand drifting is now regarded as the limiting factor of vegetation restoration in such lands.The initial phase of vegetation restoration is plant colonization,but it is often aborted due to sand drifting,and then vegetation restoration fails to proceed.For the sake of revegetation,the first step is to stop sand drifting to ensure plant colonization.In the northeastern Tibetan Plateau,China,feasible approaches have been found through long-term experiments,and the vegetation is being restored satisfactorily with these approaches in experimental sandy lands.The approaches comprise three types:enclosure,mechanical barriers and biological barriers.Different sandy lands require dissimilar combinations of these approaches.Enclosures may be adequate to revegetate inter-dunes or degraded grassland even in cold regions like the Tibetan Plateau,China,but it is deficient for revegetation of the shifting sand dunes unless mechanical and biological barriers are established simultaneously.     

Can mobile sandy land be vegetated in the cold and dry Tibetan Plateau in China?

Desertification has taken place in the overgrazed grassland of the Tibetan Plateau, China, and the area of mobile sandy land has increased in recent decades. The challenging problem about desertification control is how to restore the vegetation of mobile sandy lands caused by severe desertification. Sand drifting is now regarded as the limiting factor of vegetation restoration in such lands. The initial phase of vegetation restoration is plant colonization, but it is often aborted due to sand drifting, and then vegetation restoration fails to proceed. For the sake of revegetation, the first step is to stop sand drifting to ensure plant colonization. In the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, China, feasible approaches have been found through long-term experiments, and the vegetation is being restored satisfactorily with these approaches in experimental sandy lands. The approaches comprise three types: enclosure, mechanical barriers and biological barriers. Different sandy lands require dissimilar combinations of these approaches. Enclosures may be adequate to revegetate inter-dunes or degraded grassland even in cold regions like the Tibetan Plateau, China, but it is deficient for revegetation of the shifting sand dunes unless mechanical and biological barriers are established simultaneously.     

The role of the uplift of the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau for the evolution of Tibetan biotas

Biodiversity is unevenly distributed on Earth and hotspots of biodiversity are often associated with areas that have undergone orogenic activity during recent geological history (i.e. tens of millions of years). Understanding the underlying processes that have driven the accumulation of species in some areas and not in others may help guide prioritization in conservation and may facilitate forecasts on ecosystem services under future climate conditions. Consequently, the study of the origin and evolution of biodiversity in mountain systems has motivated growing scientific interest. Despite an increasing number of studies, the origin and evolution of diversity hotspots associated with the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau (QTP) remains poorly understood. We review literature related to the diversification of organisms linked to the uplift of the QTP. To promote hypothesis‐based research, we provide a geological and palaeoclimatic scenario for the region of the QTP and argue that further studies would benefit from providing a complete set of complementary analyses (molecular dating, biogeographic, and diversification rates analyses) to test for a link between organismic diversification and past geological and climatic changes in this region. In general, we found that the contribution of biological interchange between the QTP and other hotspots of biodiversity has not been sufficiently studied to date. Finally, we suggest that the biological consequences of the uplift of the QTP would be best understood using a meta‐analysis approach, encompassing studies on a variety of organisms (plants and animals) from diverse habitats (forests, meadows, rivers), and thermal belts (montane, subalpine, alpine, nival). Since the species diversity in the QTP region is better documented for some organismic groups than for others, we suggest that baseline taxonomic work should be promoted.     

西藏高原草地生态系统丛枝菌根真菌的地理分布

西藏高原是地球上极具特色的地理单元,对生物物种的形成与演化具有重要影响。基于孢子形态学鉴定,对从藏东南到藏西北(海拔高差3500 m,年均温、年均降水量差异分别20℃、800 mm)高原热带、亚热带、温带、亚寒带和寒带环境下发育而成的热性草丛、暖性草丛、温性草原、温性荒漠、高寒草甸草原、高寒草原、高寒荒漠和高寒荒漠草原中的AM真菌群落进行研究,结果表明,不同类型草地间AM真菌的群落相似度普遍较低,环境对AM真菌群落具有重要影响。从藏东南到藏西北,不同类型草地间AM真菌的群落相似度呈下降趋势(Jaccard相似性系数从0.52降至0.20),AM真菌群落组成及结构变化渐趋加大,不同草地中的同种植物(包括广谱种、青藏高原特有种)AM真菌群落相似度亦不同。沿藏东南到藏西北环境梯度,随草地寒旱程度的逐步加剧,AM真菌种的丰度,特别是种数、Shannon-Weiner指数在总体上趋于显著(P0.05)下降,孢子密度则在总体上趋于显著提高,优势种比例、Shannon-Weiner指数亦表现出增加的趋势,表明AM真菌物种多样性虽趋于下降,但生存及对环境的适应能力趋于提高。海拔、土壤p H、有效磷和有机碳含量对AM真菌群落组成均具显著影响,但海拔对水热环境的影响决定着土壤环境的变化。因此,海拔和寒旱程度不断上升所导致的p H显著提高、土壤有机碳和有效磷含量显著下降的综合作用影响并决定着AM真菌的群落组成。研究结果对进一步理解西藏高原生物多样性的产生和维持机制等具有重要的参考价值。     

藏中联网工程生态系统服务功能重要性评价

对电网工程沿线区域的生态系统服务功能进行评价是规避和降低工程对沿线区域生态破坏的重要前提。本研究选取水源涵养、水土保持、防风固沙、生物多样性保护等4项生态系统服务功能为主体,基于遥感与GIS技术对藏东南地区生态系统服务功能的重要性进行评价,在此基础上分析了不同电网工程标段影响区的生态系统服务功能重要性。结果表明:藏东南地区生态系统服务功能重要性总体上呈现出"东西部高、中部低"的空间分布格局,极重要区面积为74843 km²,占区域总面积的18.47%,主要分布在藏东南的森林区,包括澜沧江沿线及其以东地区、雅鲁藏布江沿线及错那县、墨脱县南部。藏中联网工程东、西两端标段影响区内的生态系统服务功能重要性相对较高,在施工过程中应根据影响区内主导的生态系统服务功能分布状况采取相应措施加强生态环境保护。本研究方法可为其他输电工程的设计和施工提供生态标准及科学依据。     

Allopatric divergence and phylogeographic structure of the plateau zokor (Eospalax baileyi), a fossorial rodent endemic to the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau

Aim Most species of temperate regions are believed to have shifted to lower latitudes or elevations during the glacial periods of the Quaternary. In this study we test whether this phylogeographic assumption is also true for the plateau zokor (Eospalax baileyi), a fossorial rodent endemic to the climate-sensitive Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau (QTP), which ranges in elevation from 2600 to 4600 m. Location The QTP of western China. Methods Phylogeographic analyses were conducted based on the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequences of 193 individuals from 20 populations over the entire range of the species. Results A total of 54 haplotypes identified in the present study clustered into four geographically correlated clades located in the interior of the QTP (clade A) and at the plateau edge (B, C and D). Molecular calibrations suggest that the interior plateau (A) and plateau-edge (B–D) clades diverged at 1.2 Ma and that the three plateau-edge clades diverged between 0.85 and 0.80 Ma. These estimates are concordant with diastrophism and glaciation events in the QTP. Coalescent tests rejected both the hypothesis that all current populations originated from a single refugium at a low elevation during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and the hypothesis that the two lineages diverged during the LGM. The tests instead supported the hypothesis that there were four refugia during the LGM, and that the four clades diverged prior to the late Pleistocene. Main conclusions Our results suggest that Quaternary diastrophisms and glaciations repeatedly promoted allopatric divergence of the plateau zokor into geographical clades, and that these regional clades subsequently persisted at high elevations, rather than migrating to the low-elevation plateau edge during subsequent glacial ages.     

Characteristics of the Achnatherum splendens community along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, China

The Achnatherum splendens community is an important type of warm steppe vegetation which plays a very important role in environmental protection in the area along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway. In order to understand its dynamic features, the characteristics of the A. splendens community, such as spatial distribution pattern, species richness and biomass, were examined near Haiyan County, Qinghai Province. Results showed that the A. splendens community consisted of two types of mosaic patches, the microaggregation dominated by A. splendens and the microaggregation dominated by Stipa sp. The number and size of the two patches showed an interesting distribution pattern. The A. splendens patch decreased with increasing distance away from the railway, while species diversity increased. The total coverage of A. splendens was significantly higher than that of Stipa sp. The number and size of patches may indicate the degradation of the A. splendens community, which could be accelerated by human activities. Based on the characteristics and status quo of the A. splendens community, we suggest that some measures be taken to control human activities and rodents to conserve the A. splendens community. __________ Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2007, 27(2): 497–503 [译自:生态学报]     

青藏高原气候变化对农牧民开垦的影响

自1980年代后期以来,青藏高原持续变暖趋势明显,且增温幅度高于我国其他地区。基于遥感数据和种植适宜性模型的一些研究表明,该地区足够的农业热量资源增加了适宜耕种土地的面积,为农牧民的开垦行为创造了有利的条件。然而,对农牧民是否开垦以及开垦原因的实证研究,以及农牧民如何平衡气候变化带来的开垦机遇、风险和人口压力,仍然缺少认识。以青藏高原的3个典型产粮区域(\"一江两河\"地区、河湟谷地、壤塘县)为研究区,利用605户农户家庭调研数据,分析了影响农牧民开垦行为的影响因素。计量结果表明,农牧民感知冬季持续时间的整体变化趋势、家庭总人口、抚养比与农牧民开垦行为呈显著正相关关系;农牧民感知降水的整体变化趋势、人均打工年收入、户主受教育水平、是否借贷、居住地距集镇距离与农牧民开垦行为呈显著负相关关系。随着城镇化的不断加快,农牧民对非农工作的认可度越来越高,加之政府的管制,使得开垦现象并不普遍。由于农牧民的开垦对青藏高原的生态环境极有可能造成不可逆的负面影响,应该提供更多的非农就业机会,促进农业集约化,加强监管,以降低开垦的可能性。     

中国东北西部地区沙质荒漠化过程与植被动态关系的生态学研究：植被的分类

根据东北沙质荒漠化地区呼化贝尔沙地、科尔沁沙地的７２个沙地植物群落样地、２７６种植物的调查数据,进行双向指标种分析（ＴＷＩＮＳＰＡＮ）,结合ＤＣＡ排序得到符合客观实际的分类结果,初步建立了中国东北沙质荒漠化地区植被分类系统,６个植被型,１１个植被亚型,４０个群系,５５个群丛。