细菌外膜泡与致病性的关系

多种革兰阴性菌在其对数生长期可产生外膜泡,它是外膜的最新合成部分,不含肽聚糖,内膜和细胞质成分,其主要化学成分是脂多糖,外膜泡的形成与脱落实质是活菌释放内毒素的一种方式,此外,它还能作为一些细菌毒素的载体。外膜泡具有蛋白水解酶活性,能增强细菌的粘附力,并赋予细菌抵抗宿主血清杀菌的能力。它还具有防御作用,细菌通过释放外膜泡可摆脱吸附的噬菌体,外膜泡的多种生物学活性使细菌的致病性大大增强,是一种重要的毒力因子。     

细菌外膜囊泡在疫苗领域的研究进展

细菌外膜囊泡是一种主要由革兰阴性菌在其生长过程中正常分泌的球状物质。这种球状小泡在细菌的生存和信息传递中起到了重要的作用。同时,由于这种球状小泡携带大量的细菌毒力相关蛋白,并且不具有复制的能力。因此,是一种良好的潜在疫苗候选抗原。目前,关于细菌外膜囊泡的构成成分、分泌机制、生物学作用等方面的研究已非常广泛。同时,利用细菌外膜囊泡作为主要抗原的疫苗产品也已面世。现就细菌外膜囊泡的结构研究以及细菌外膜囊泡在疫苗领域的研究作一概述,以期为进一步推动细菌外膜囊泡疫苗的研发提供更多的参考。     

肠道噬菌体组与人体健康

噬菌体作为肠道微生物群落的重要组成部分,自生命初期即定植于肠道,在不同生命时期均以较为稳定的状态存在于人体。目前已知的肠道噬菌体主要是DNA噬菌体,且大多以前噬菌体形式存在。肠道噬菌体可通过多种机制优化其宿主微生物群的结构和组成,并以多种方式直接或间接影响人体的生理状态,其结构变化与多种疾病相关。利用测序方法,能够直接获取噬菌体组信息。本文基于噬菌体组的相关研究,综述了肠道噬菌体组与人体健康相关的研究进展,并对该领域的研究方法和发展方向做出展望。     

《自然生物技术》:科学家发表近乎完整的人类肠道微生物基因数据库

<正>肠道微生物菌群可以参与人体新陈代谢,与健康和各种疾病密切相关,其中细菌数量是人体细胞总数的10倍。之前研究报道称,人体肠道中大约存在1000到1150种细菌,平均每个个体内约含有160种优势菌种。这些肠道菌群与人体互利共生,并为人体产生有益的物质,保护人体健康。饮食也会导致肠道菌群的结构失衡,从而引发肥胖、肠炎和糖尿等疾病。迄今为止最具代表性、最高质量、近乎完整的人类肠道微生物参考基因集数据库。     

人体肠道噬菌体的研究与应用

肠道是人体内微生物定殖最丰富的部位。近年来,随着肠道菌群与人体健康疾病关联研究的蓬勃发展,肠道噬菌体也逐渐引起关注。然而,相关信息技术和实验技术发展的滞后在一定程度上限制了肠道噬菌体的科学研究进程。因此,本文首先回顾了近几年来肠道噬菌体研究领域所开发或采用的计算和实验方法,包括噬菌体的测序数据分析和噬菌体的分离纯化等。随后,本文就肠道噬菌体的分类、肠道内噬菌体与细菌的互作及肠道噬菌体在人体疾病干预中的应用展开了讨论。最后,本文展望了肠道噬菌体研究在数据和实体资源、信息和实验技术、与肠道菌群的互作、干预和治疗人体疾病各方面的一系列挑战和机遇。     

抗生素诱导内毒素血症的研究进展

许多抗生素杀死细菌时,可促使内毒素从细菌外膜释放。感染病灶内的革兰阴性菌死亡后释放进入血液的内毒素,或由大量污染液体输入而进入体内的内毒素,可通过与机体一系列连锁反应促进免疫活性因子和炎症反应介质的释放,从而引起局部水肿、充血及微循环障碍等,即内毒素血症。由抗生素诱导的内毒素血症与细菌的种类,抗生素的种类、浓度、给药方式等均有关。因此,临床医生应合理应用抗生素,将副作用降到最低。     

大连市中老年人肠道菌群构成情况的调查

【摘 要】 目的 通过对大连市市区部分正常中老年人肠道菌群情况的检查结果统计分析,为该市正常中老年人肠道菌群正常指标提供参考依据。方法 取不同年龄段的老年人粪便,分别采用显微镜检查和微生物培养方法,进行肠道菌群分析。选择涂片均匀的大便标本,用油镜计数500个细菌,计算革兰阳性菌和革兰阴性菌的比例。结果 正常中年人肠道菌群具体比率情况报告如下:革兰阴性杆菌：55.5±5.7,革兰阳性球菌19.9±5.8,革兰阳性杆菌17.2±5.0;老年人的肠道菌群具体比率情况报告如下：革兰阴性杆菌69.5±6.4,革兰阳性球菌13.1±4.9,革兰阳性杆菌14.9±5.9,真菌孢子0.1±0.1。经过粪便标本菌群分析,老年组的双歧杆菌数量明显下降。结论 年龄等因素对肠道菌群有影响,临床诊断与检验应考虑不同年龄层次的人群。     

金双歧治疗腹泻临床应用研究

口服“双歧杆菌、乳杆菌、嗜热链球菌三联活菌片”属于微生态制剂,临床上用于治疗肠道菌群失调引起的腹泻、漫性腹泻、抗生素治疗无效的腹泻及便秘。其药效成份是长双歧杆菌、保加利亚乳杆菌、嗜热链球菌三种健康人体肠道正常生理性细菌,可在人体肠道中生长繁殖。其药理作用是通过直接补充人体正常生理细菌,调整肠道菌群平衡,抑制并清除肠道中对人具有潜在危害的细菌,从而达到治疗腹泻及便秘的目的。     

细菌外膜囊泡(OMV)研究进展

外膜囊泡（outer membrane vesicles,OMV）是在细菌生命活动中不断从细菌细胞表面脱离而形成的功能性囊泡,其内部含有蛋白质、脂质和核酸等成分,具有多种特殊的生物学功能,在细菌-细菌和细菌-宿主相互作用中起着关键作用。虽然大多数OMV的研究都是关于动物病原菌,但最近OMV在植物-细菌相作领域的作用已逐渐被揭示。本文围绕OMV的发现、产生、成分,以及在发病和应激过程中,特别是OMV在植物-细菌相作中生物学功能的相关研究进展进行阐述,为细菌外膜囊泡的分子机理与应用研究提供思路,并为广泛开展微生物外膜囊泡的研究提供参考。     

噬菌体疗法及其在美洲幼虫腐臭病中的研究进展

美洲幼虫腐臭病是西方蜜蜂中最严重的细菌病之一,给养蜂业带来了严重的损失。幼虫芽胞杆菌是幼蜂感染美洲幼虫腐臭病的病原菌。由于抗生素产生的耐药性越来越严重,并且抗生素的使用会破坏宿主肠道菌群,使蜂群处于高危的环境中,因此迫切需要抗生素治疗的替代技术,而噬菌体在预防和控制细菌耐药性方面已显示出显著的优势。主要综述了噬菌体疗法、安全性及其在蜜蜂美洲幼虫腐臭病中的研究现状,介绍了噬菌体疗法在各类细菌病中的研究与应用,对今后噬菌体治疗蜜蜂细菌病研究方向进行了展望。     

细菌外膜囊泡应用于肿瘤治疗

细菌外膜囊泡（outer membrane vesicles,OMVs）是由革兰氏阴性菌分泌的纳米囊泡,主要由细菌外膜和周质成分组成,因此表面富集的病原体相关分子模式（PAMPs）使OMVs能激起强烈的免疫反应。在抗肿瘤研究中,OMVs主要被用于抗肿瘤药物的递送,不仅能增加药物的肿瘤富集还能激活免疫反应协同杀伤肿瘤;同时,OMVs也用于开发肿瘤疫苗的佐剂,可显著提高免疫响应的能力。本综述主要概括了OMVs的生物发生机理、OMVs对宿主免疫系统的影响及其在肿瘤治疗中的研究进展。     

Klebsiella pneumoniae secretes outer membrane vesicles that induce the innate immune response

Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) derived from pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria are an important vehicle for delivery of effector molecules to host cells, but the production of OMVs from Klebsiella pneumoniae, an opportunistic pathogen of both nosocomial and community-acquired infections, and their role in bacterial pathogenesis have not yet been determined. In the present study, we examined the production of OMVs from K. pneumoniae and determined the induction of the innate immune response against K. pneumoniae OMVs. Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 13883 produced and secreted OMVs during in vitro culture. Proteomic analysis revealed that 159 different proteins were associated with K. pneumoniae OMVs. Klebsiella pneumoniae OMVs did not inhibit cell growth or induce cell death. However, these vesicles induced expression of proinflammatory cytokine genes such as interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-8 in epithelial cells. An intratracheal challenge of K. pneumoniae OMVs in neutropenic mice resulted in severe lung pathology similar to K. pneumoniae infection. In conclusion, K. pneumoniae produces OMVs like other pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria and K. pneumoniae OMVs are a molecular complex that induces the innate immune response.     

Global proteomic profiling of native outer membrane vesicles derived from Escherichia coli

Gram-negative bacteria constitutively secrete native outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) into the extracellular milieu. Although recent progress in this area has revealed that OMVs are essential for bacterial survival and pathogenesis, the mechanism of vesicle formation and the biological roles of OMVs have not been clearly defined. Using a proteomics approach, we identified 141 protein components of Escherichia coli-derived native OMVs with high confidence; two separate analyses yielded identifications of 104 and 117 proteins, respectively, with 80 proteins overlapping between the two trials. In the group of identified proteins, the outer membrane proteins were highly enriched, whereas inner membrane proteins were lacking, suggesting that a specific sorting mechanism for vesicular proteins exists. We also identified proteins involved in vesicle formation, the removal of toxic compounds and attacking phage, and the elimination of competing organisms, as well as those involved in facilitating the transfer of genetic material and protein to other bacteria, targeting host cells, and modulating host immune responses. This study provides a global view of native bacterial OMVs. This information will help us not only to elucidate the biogenesis and functions of OMV from nonpathogenic and pathogenic bacteria but also to develop vaccines and antibiotics effective against pathogenic strains.     

Bacterial outer membrane vesicles: New insights and applications

Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) (～50–250?nm in diameter) are produced by both pathogenic and nonpathogenic bacteria as a canonical end product of secretion. In this review, we focus on the OMVs produced by gram-negative bacteria. We provide an overview of the OMV structure, various factors regulating their production, and their role in modulating host immune response using a few representative examples. In light of the importance of the diverse cargoes carried by OMVs, we discuss the different modes of their entry into the host cell and advances in the high-throughput detection of these OMVs. A conspicuous application of OMVs lies in the field of vaccination; we discuss its success in immunization against human diseases such as pertussis, meningitis, shigellosis and aqua-farming endangering diseases like edwardsiellosis.     

Helicobacter pylori Growth Stage Determines the Size,Protein Composition,and Preferential Cargo Packaging of Outer Membrane Vesicles

Gram‐negative bacteria release outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) as part of their normal growth that contain a range of cargo from their parent bacterium, including DNA, RNA, and proteins. The protein content of OMVs is suggested to be similar in composition to various sub‐cellular locations of their parent bacterium. However, very little is known regarding the effect of bacterial growth stage on the size, content, and selective packaging of proteins into OMVs. In this study, the global proteome of Helicobacter pylori and their OMVs throughout bacterial growth are examined to determine if bacterial growth stage affected OMV cargo composition. Analysis of OMVs produced by H. pylori reveals that bacterial growth stage affects the size, composition, and selection of protein cargo into OMVs. Proteomic analysis identifies that the proteome of H. pylori OMVs is vastly different throughout bacterial growth and that OMVs contain a range of proteins compared to their parent bacteria. In addition, bacterial growth stage affects the ability of OMVs to induce the production of IL‐8 by human epithelial cells. Therefore, the findings identify that the size, proteome, and immunogenicity of OMVs produced during various stages of bacterial growth is not comparable. Collectively, these findings highlight the importance of considering the bacterial growth stage from which OMVs are isolated, as this will impact their size, protein composition, and ultimately their biological functions.     

革兰氏阳性菌细胞外囊泡的研究现状

细胞外囊泡(EVs),也称为膜小泡,是真核细胞和细菌分泌的囊泡状小体.它通过携带蛋白质、DNA、RNA和各种代谢物进行细胞间物质的交流传递.根据内容物的不同发挥不同的生理功能,如传递营养物质、参与免疫反应、治疗癌症等.目前大多数研究专注于真核细胞和革兰氏阴性菌囊泡的探索,而对革兰氏阳性菌中分泌的囊泡研究较少.这篇综述总...     

Comparative proteomic analysis of outer membrane vesicles from Shigella flexneri under different culture conditions

The production of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) is a common and regulated process of gram-negative bacteria. Nonetheless, the processes of Shigella flexneri OMV production still remain unclear. S. flexneri is the causative agent of endemic shigellosis in developing countries. The Congo red binding of strains is associated with increased infectivity of S. flexneri. Therefore, understanding the modulation pattern of OMV protein expression induced by Congo red will help to elucidate the bacterial pathogenesis.     

革兰氏阴性菌外膜囊泡作为亚单位疫苗的研究进展北大核心CSCD

外膜囊泡(OMVs,Outer membrane vesicles)是一种在革兰氏阴性菌甚至某些革兰氏阳性菌中普遍存在的包含生物学活性物质的囊泡状结构,其大小在20–250 nm之间。其组成成分包括脂多糖、外膜蛋白、磷脂、DNA以及在形成过程中被外膜包裹的周质成分等。由于外膜囊泡不能复制且含有大量的细菌抗原,并能有效激活免疫系统,所以被认为是极具潜力的疫苗候选。虽然外膜囊泡从发现至今有50多年的历史,但针对其作为疫苗的潜力探究最近几年才开始,中国关于这方面的文献报道还很少。本文从外膜囊泡诱导免疫应答的机制以及其作为疫苗的研究进展两个方面概述了外膜囊泡可以作为一种新颖的防控疾病的疫苗策略,为今后外膜囊泡疫苗的深入研究提供参考。     

Bioengineering bacterial outer membrane vesicles as vaccine platform

Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are naturally non-replicating, highly immunogenic spherical nanoparticles derived from Gram-negative bacteria. OMVs from pathogenic bacteria have been successfully used as vaccines against bacterial meningitis and sepsis among others and the composition of the vesicles can easily be engineered. OMVs can be used as a vaccine platform by engineering heterologous antigens to the vesicles. The major advantages of adding heterologous proteins to the OMV are that the antigens retain their native conformation, the ability of targeting specific immune responses, and a single production process suffices for many vaccines. Several promising vaccine platform concepts have been engineered based on decorating OMVs with heterologous antigens. This review discusses these vaccine concepts and reviews design considerations as the antigen location, the adjuvant function, physiochemical properties, and the immune response.     

Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) enabled bio-applications: A critical review

Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are nanoscale spherical vesicles released from Gram-negative bacteria. The lipid bilayer membrane structure of OMVs consists of similar components as bacterial membrane and thus has attracted more and more attention in exploiting OMVs' bio-applications. Although the endotoxic lipopolysaccharide on natural OMVs may impose potential limits on their clinical applications, genetic modification can reduce their endotoxicity and decorate OMVs with multiple functional proteins. These genetically engineered OMVs have been employed in various fields including vaccination, drug delivery, cancer therapy, bioimaging, biosensing, and enzyme carrier. This review will first briefly introduce the background of OMVs followed by recent advances in functionalization and various applications of engineered OMVs with an emphasis on the working principles and their performance, and then discuss about the future trends of OMVs in biomedical applications.