卵菌类减数分裂与染色体倍性问题

卵菌类减数分裂与染色体倍性问题１００多年来对卵菌的研究不断深入,有关卵菌的一些生物学问题曾引起了激烈的讨论,如早期将它们归于藻状菌纲中的双鞭毛菌组（Ｂｉｆｌａｇｅｌｌａｔａｅ）,现在一般将它们归于鞭毛菌亚门中的卵菌纲（Ｏｏｍｙｃｅｔｅｓ）。它们的无性...     

《中国真菌志》50年编研成果及展望

历经几代真菌人的艰苦奋斗,《中国真菌志》目前已出版65卷,其中子囊菌类有35卷、担子菌类26卷、接合菌类1卷、卵菌1卷、黏菌2卷;上述卷册记录923属9 228种及种下分类群。编研涉及大型和小型的类群、腐生菌、食药用菌、菌根真菌、作物和林木病原菌、捕食性真菌、虫生菌、菌生真菌以及毒菌等。编研过程中发现并发表了大量新分类群,丰富了对菌物物种多样性的认知。归纳已有成果,已立项卷册应加快编研和出版进度;资源调查与分类学研究需进一步加强,按分类群(专科、专属)继续开展编研工作,注重拟参编类群的前期研究积累;以下分类群值得在后续工作中予以关注：水霉目等部分卵菌、壶菌类、座囊菌纲部分类群、盘菌纲和锤舌菌纲中尚未参编的主要类群、伞菌纲中具有小型子实体的类群等。由于分类系统在不断更新和完善,已出版卷册中使用的部分名称和分类地位的处理需依据被大多数学者所公认的分类系统给予适时的订正。期待建设一支继往开来的菌物分类学研究队伍,不断取得令世人瞩目的编研成果,为我国菌物资源利用和物种保护提供科学依据。     

硒超积累植物壶瓶碎米荠的根际微生物特征研究

对湖北恩施的硒超积累植物——壶瓶碎米荠的根际微生物特征进行16S rRNA基因文库分析,结果显示其根际微生物相较于非根际土壤微生物具有更高的丰度和更低的复杂度,而且主要由α-变形菌纲(15%~22%)、β-变形菌纲(10%~16%)、放线菌纲(10%~18%)、酸杆菌纲(8%~15%)、γ-变形菌纲(5%~16%)等组成;此外,根际微生物还存在很多特异性微生物,如:硝化螺旋菌纲(2%~5%)、芽单孢菌纲(2%~5%)、疣微菌纲(2%~4%)、浮霉菌纲(1%~2%)、其他(丰佑菌纲、鞘脂杆菌纲、芽孢杆菌纲、梭菌纲)(3%~4%)。代表性的根际微生物α-变形菌纲和硝化螺旋菌纲可能在壶瓶碎米荠对硒的吸收、积累过程中扮演了重要的作用。     

α-变形菌纲新的保守特征性插入缺失

在基于16S rRNA基因的分类系统中α-变形菌被定为变形菌门的一个纲。本文根据系统发育基因组学分析,首次发现并鉴定了α-变形菌纲普遍存在的5个保守特征性插入缺失(CSIs)。23S rRNA基因具有1个98~105 nt的特征性缺失和1个5~7 nt的特征性插入,DNA复制解旋酶(DnaB)具有1个17~29 aa的特征性插入,精氨酰-tRNA合成酶(ArgRS)具有1个15 aa的特征性插入,DNA促旋酶A亚基(GyrA)具有1个27~63 aa的特征性插入。α-变形菌纲的这些CSIs使得该纲与包括变形菌门其他纲在内的其他细菌显著区分开来,为该群细菌系统发育及系统分类研究提供了可靠手段。     

蛭纲的系统演化

蛭类,俗称蚂蟥,是环节动物门中的一纲。这是一类高度特化的动物,其生活方式和身体构造与蚯蚓(寡毛类)和沙蚕(多毛类)等其他类环节动物有很大的不同。 蛭纲作为一个整体,是一个单源系统,因为它们都是由34个体节演变来的。那么,蛭纲又与哪一类环节动物近缘呢?不少学者认为它是由一类寡毛类适应外寄生生活方式演变而成。蛭类和寡毛类有许多共同点,例如:雌雄同体:无疣足;具有环带,环带分泌形成卵茧,卵在其中发育,并从茧内的营养液得到滋养;发育无变态,无自由生活的幼虫期以及相类似的胚胎学特征。但蛭类在向寄生生活特化的过程中,失去了蚯蚓用以运动的刚毛,而在身体两端     

水霉属的营养菌丝体应为双倍体

历年来,我国高等院校《植物学》教材中,描述藻状菌纲代表植物水霉属(Saporlegnia)的文字及生活史的插图,都是以美国真菌学家Constantine John Alexopoulos著的《Introductory Mycology》1952年第一版为依据。认为水霉属的营养菌丝为单倍体。1979年原作者和Charles W.Mims出版了该书的第三版,内容作了重要修改,在第八章中写道:水霉科的减数分裂是在配子囊内,在配子即将形成前在卵囊(藏卵器)和雄器(精囊)内发生的。所以卵和雄核是其生活史中唯一的单倍体结构。     

赤眼蜂与柞蚕卵共生细菌群落分析及功能预测

为了探明柞蚕（Antheraea pernyi）卵与赤眼蜂(Trichogramma)之间内共生菌的相互联系，通过16S rRNA高通量测序技术对赤眼蜂和柞蚕卵的内共生菌多样性及相对丰度进行了测定，并通过KEGG和COG分析了内共生菌生物群落代谢途径差异，预测了生物群落蛋白功能。结果表明，柞蚕卵内共生菌物种丰度在各级分类单元上均高于赤眼蜂，二者共有内共生菌为肠杆菌属（Enterobacter）、假单胞菌(Pseudomonas)、泛菌属(Pantoea)、埃希氏杆菌-志贺氏菌属（Escherichia-Shigella）、芽胞杆菌属（Bacillus）和鞘氨醇单胞菌属（Sphingomonas），除芽胞杆菌属隶属于厚壁菌门(Firmicute)外，其他均隶属于变形菌门γ-变形菌纲（γ-proteobacteria）。就相对丰度而言，赤眼蜂体内葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus)分布量最高，而柞蚕卵内不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)分布量最高。KEGG代谢途径差异分析表明，微生物群落功能主要为氨基酸和碳水化合物代谢，但不同代谢功能的强弱有差异。COG生物群落蛋白功能预测表明，赤眼蜂内共生菌群落蛋白质的氨基酸转运代谢功能显著强于柞蚕卵，但是柞蚕卵内共生菌群落蛋白的脂质转运代谢功能和信号传导功能显著强于赤眼蜂。尽管赤眼蜂和柞蚕卵内共生菌的丰度和多样性有差异，但二者存在多种共有共生菌，这些共有共生菌为次生共生菌，参与了赤眼蜂和柞蚕卵的氨基酸代谢功能、碳水化合物代谢功能以及胞膜转运功能等，因此可能在柞蚕卵和赤眼蜂之间进行平行传递。     

基于高通量测序的4种硝化细菌富集培养物微生物群落结构分析

【目的】比较分析4种硝化细菌富集培养物(以铵盐为氮源的淡水富集物A、以亚硝酸盐为氮源的淡水富集物B、以铵盐为氮源的低温淡水富集物C和以亚硝酸盐为氮源的海水富集物D)的微生物群落结构与组成。【方法】分别提取样品的总DNA,采用高通量测序技术,分析微生物群落的组成、丰度和多样性。【结果】在不同微生物的分类水平,4个样品共检测到24门47纲129属。4个样品的优势菌门均为变形菌门;样品A、B、C的优势菌纲为β-变形菌纲和γ-变形菌纲,样品D的优势菌纲为γ-变形菌纲、δ-变形菌纲和芽孢杆菌纲;而优势菌属各不相同,其中样品A为亚硝化单胞菌属(24.56%),样品B为链霉菌属(7.15%),样品C为噬菌弧菌属(19.36%)和类诺卡氏菌属(19.35%),样品D为嗜酸菌属(13.6%)和柄杆菌属(11.5%)。共检测出7种具有硝化功能的细菌,其中样品A、B和D中主要是亚硝化单胞菌属,占比分别为24.56%、4.94%和0.63%,样品C主要为Nitrospirillum(0.69%)和硝化螺旋菌属(0.69%)。此外在样品中还检测到红灯食烷菌、羽扇豆根瘤菌等有益菌,以及弧菌属、伯克霍尔德菌等致病菌。【结论】阐述了4个样品微生物群落结构的多样性,确定了不同培养物中起主要作用的硝化细菌类群以及其它与环境物质循环相关或具有特殊生理特性的菌群,研究结果为硝化细菌富集培养物的实际应用奠定了基础。     

退耕还湿后土壤细菌群落结构和生物量变化过程

土壤细菌对湿地生态系统功能和健康维持起着重要作用。以菜子湖原始湿地、不同退耕年限湿地(3a、7a、11a和21a)和仍耕作油菜地土壤为研究对象,应用聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)、高通量测序和磷脂脂肪酸(PLFAs)方法分析土壤细菌群落组成和生物量,探讨它们在退耕还湿后的变化过程及其影响因素。结果表明,退耕还湿后土壤变形菌门(α-变形菌纲、β-变形菌纲和δ-变形菌纲)、酸杆菌门(酸杆菌纲和全噬菌纲)、Nitrospinae(Nitrospinia纲)和硝化螺旋菌门(硝化螺旋菌纲)相对丰度先增高后降低;这些参与氮循环的土壤细菌对退耕后湿地生态恢复过程中土壤氮素提升起着重要作用。与农业生产活动密切关联的厚壁菌门(芽孢杆菌纲和梭菌纲)和放线菌门(放线菌纲)相对丰度逐渐降低。湿地土壤细菌多样性在退耕初期(3—7a)上升达到最大,退耕中后期逐渐降低。表层土壤各类群细菌生物量逐渐升高,亚表层土壤各类群细菌生物量则先降后升再降。水分条件和容重是与研究区土壤细菌群落结构和多样性密切相关的土壤因子,而全氮是与土壤细菌生物量密切相关的土壤因子。研究从生态过程视角解析了土壤细菌群落较详...     

好氧反硝化微生物多样性及其反硝化功能初步研究

为研究污水厂/养殖池中好氧反硝化微生物的多样性及菌株反硝化能力,本研究采集了位于福建省厦门市和漳州市的污水处理厂、排污口、污水池、对虾养殖池的污水和污泥样品进行好氧反硝化微生物的富集、分离、鉴定和功能筛选。分别以NaNO3、NaNO2作为唯一氮源共分离纯化获得128株单菌。其中以NaNO3为唯一氮源分离得到63株,以NaNO2为唯一氮源分离得到65株。16SrRNA基因序列分析表明,128株单菌分属于γ-变形菌纲(Gammaproteobacteria,58.6%)、芽胞杆菌纲(Bacilli,6.4%)、放线菌纲(Actinobacteria,11.7%)、α-变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria,8.6%)、纤维菌纲(Cytophagia,2.3%)、鞘脂杆菌纲(Sphingobacteria,0.8%)和黄杆菌纲(Flavobacteria,1.6%)7个纲中的38个属。其中盐单胞菌属(Halomonas,29.7%)和芽胞杆菌属(Bacillus,12.5%)为优势菌属,并且广泛存在于各个样品中。反硝化功能初筛结果表明,35株菌能在72h内将20mg·L-1 NO-3-N/NO-2-N完全去除;复筛结果表明,21株菌能在72h内将100 mg·L-1 NO-3-N/NO-2-N完全去除,并且盐单胞菌属、卓贝尔氏菌属(Zobellella)、斯塔普氏菌属(Stappia)及节杆菌属(Arthrobactor)反硝化效果较好,其中斯塔普氏属是首次报道具有好氧反硝化功能。本研究结果表明,污水场/养殖池等环境中可培养反硝化细菌多样性丰富,同时高效反硝化菌的获得也为含氮废水的生物处理提供了良好的菌种资源。     

Oomycetes and fungi: similar weaponry to attack plants

Fungi and Oomycetes are the two most important groups of eukaryotic plant pathogens. Fungi form a separate kingdom and are evolutionarily related to animals. Oomycetes are classified in the kingdom Protoctista and are related to heterokont, biflagellate, golden-brown algae. Fundamental differences in physiology, biochemistry and genetics between fungi and Oomycetes have been described previously. These differences are also reflected in the large variations observed in sensitivity to conventional fungicides. Recently, more pronounced differences have been revealed by genomics approaches. However, in this review we compare the mode of colonization of the two taxonomically distinct groups and show that their strategies have much in common.     

Sterol biosynthesis in oomycete pathogens

Oomycetes are a diverse group of filamentous eukaryotic microbes comprising devastating animal and plant pathogens. They share many characteristics with fungi, including polarized hyphal extension and production of spores, but phylogenetics studies have clearly placed oomycetes outside the fungal kingdom, in the kingdom Stramenopila which also includes marine organisms such as diatoms and brown algae. Oomycetes display various specific biochemical features, including sterol metabolism. Sterols are essential isoprenoid compounds involved in membrane function and hormone signaling. Oomycetes belonging to Peronosporales, such as Phytophthora sp., are unable to synthesize their own sterols and must acquire them from their plant or animal hosts. In contrast, a combination of biochemical and molecular approaches allowed us to decipher a nearly complete sterol biosynthetic pathway leading to fucosterol in the legume pathogen Aphanomyces euteiches, an oomycete belonging to Saprolegniales. Importantly, sterol demethylase, a key enzyme from this pathway, is susceptible to chemicals widely used in agriculture and medicine as antifungal drugs, suggesting that similar products could be used against plant and animal diseases caused by Saprolegniales.Key words: azoles, fungicides, root rot, elicitin, Saprolegnia, chromoalveolates     

Comparative biochemistry of oxygen toxicity in lactic acid-forming aquatic fungi

Taxonomically diverse aquatic fungi ranging in oxidative capabilities from obligate aerobes to aerotolerant anaerobes were examined for growth under hyperbaric (0.9 atm) O₂, and for the ability to degrade H₂O₂ and O ₂ ^- . The results support the presumption that several Oomycetes and Chytridiomycetes are biochemically adapted to environments low in O₂. Results further indicate significant differences between Oomycetes and Chytridiomycetes in the enzymatic means of dealing with O ₂ ^- and H₂O₂, supporting the recent concept of a great evolutionary divergence between the groups. In general, facultative anaerobes and aerotolerant anaerobes were more severely inhibited by hyperbaric O₂, and they exhibited lower superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and peroxidase activities than did strongly-oxidative species. SOD activity, which was detected in all isolates, was insensitive to cyanide in Oomycetes but cyanide sensitive in the Blastocladiales (Chytridiomycetes). All strongly-oxidative Oomycetes exhibited readily-detectable catalase and peroxidase activities, while activities were very low or absent in strongly-fermentative species. As with the Oomycetes, peroxidase activities among the Blastocladiales were high in aerobes and low in strong fermenters. Surprisingly, however, none of the Blastocladiales, including strongly-oxidative species, exhibited substantial catalase activity. Catalase and SOD activities in faculatively anaerobic Oomycetes increased with increasing O₂ concentration; but even in hyperbaric (0.5 atm) O₂, activities for both enzymes in the aerotolerant anaerobe Aqualinderella fermentans were very low compared with activities in aerobes.Abbreviation SOD Superoxide dismutase     

Invertebrate connective tissue. Isolation of d-arabinose from sponge acidic polysaccharide

1. d-Arabinose, an extremely rare sugar in the animal kingdom, was isolated from a complex acidic polysaccharide obtained from the connective tissue of the sponge Hippospongia gossypina. A crystalline derivative of arabinose, the 1-benzyl-1-phenylhydrazone, was prepared and characterized by its melting point, optical rotation, and mixed melting point with authentic d- and l-enantiomers. 2. The distribution of arabinose within the animal kingdom is discussed, and a biological role is proposed for the spongonucleotides.     

The Influence of Cultural Factors on the Direct Antifungal Activities of Fosetyl-Al, Propamocarb, Metalaxyl, SN 75196 and Dowco 444

The effects of the systemically active disease control compounds Fosetyl-Al, Metalaxyl, Propamocarb, SN 75196 and Dowco 444 on the growth, in vitro of two Oomycetes have been studied. Fosetyl-Al, Propamocarb and SN 75196 are only weakly antifungal, and their activities, in vitro are sensitive to nutrition, pH and temperature. Factors which increase the growth of the fungus decrease its sensitivity to these compounds. These compounds display no selectivity for Oomycetes in vitro which belies their reported selectivity in vivo. Metalaxyl and Dowco 444 are selective for, and very active against Oomycetes in vitro and this activity could account for their modes of action in vivo.     

Cytochromes of aquatic fungi

The cytochrome systems of two classes of aquatic fungi, the Oomycetes and Chytridiomycetes, were studied by means of reduced-minus-oxidized difference spectra at room and at low temperature. At room temperature, all of these fungi have a c-type cytochrome with an absorption maximum at 551 mmu and a b-type cytochrome at 564 mmu. The Oomycetes have a-type cytochromes at 605 mmu, and the Chytridiomycetes have a-type cytochromes at 606 mmu (Blastocladiales) or at 609 mmu (Monoblepharidales). Additional b-type cytochromes are found at 557 mmu in the Oomycetes and at approximately 560 mmu in the Chytridiomycetes. The data obtained from spectra at low temperature are consistent with these conclusions. Thus, the difference spectra reveal variation between the cytochrome systems of these two classes of aquatic fungi.     

Microsatellite DNA markers for Plasmopara viticola,the causal agent of downy mildew of grapes

Microsatellite loci were isolated from Plasmopara viticola (Oomycetes), the causal agent of downy mildew of grape, one of the most damaging fungal diseases of grapevine worldwide. Seven polymorphic loci were obtained from an enriched partial genomic library. A low genetic diversity was observed at all loci, with a mean observed allele number of 3.75 and an observed heterozygosity ranging from 0.074 to 0.547. Cross‐amplification tests on three closely related taxa indicated that two loci could be used in other Oomycetes species. These microsatellite loci were proved to be useful for population genetic analysis.     

Parallelpilzwelten

Oomycetes superficially resemble true fungi, but are more closely related to seaweeds and diatoms. They can be found in almost all habitats of earth, however, their species richness is hardly explored. New species can not only be found in rainforests or polar regions but also right in the backyard. Oomycetes are mostly known for their plant pathogenic species. The causal agent of potato late blight (Phytophthora infestans) won notoriety for causing the Great Irish Famine in the md‐19th century, which clained the lives of hundreds of thousends of Irish people. But some Oomycetes produce huge amounts of long‐chain omega‐3 fatty acids that could benefit humanity in the future and help saving dwindling fish populations.     

Wide distribution and diversity of members of the bacterial kingdom Acidobacterium in the environment

To assess the distribution and diversity of members of the recently identified bacterial kingdom Acidobacterium, members of this kingdom present in 43 environmental samples were surveyed by PCR amplification. A primer designed to amplify rRNA gene sequences (ribosomal DNAs [rDNAs]) from most known members of the kingdom was used to interrogate bulk DNA extracted from the samples. Positive PCR results were obtained with all temperate soil and sediment samples tested, as well as some hot spring samples, indicating that members of this kingdom are very widespread in terrestrial environments. PCR primers specific for four phylogenetic subgroups within the kingdom were used in similar surveys. All four subgroups were detected in most neutral soils and some sediments, while only two of the groups were seen in most low-pH environments. The combined use of these primers allowed identification of a novel lineage within the kingdom in a hot spring environment. Phylogenetic analysis of rDNA sequences from our survey and the literature outlines at least six major subgroups within the kingdom. Taken together, these data suggest that members of the Acidobacterium kingdom are as genetically and metabolically diverse, environmentally widespread and perhaps as ecologically important as the well-known Proteobacteria and gram-positive bacterial kingdoms.