NF—κB与疾病

NF－κB是一种多极性基因调控性能的转录因子,能够激活若干个炎症反应、机体免疫反应及多种细胞因子的基因转录过程,从而控制它们的生物合成。本文综述了近年来国外对NF－κB的研究进展,对NF－κB的结构组成、激活途径、生物学功能及其与多种疾病的关系作一介绍。     

NF—κB与神经退行性疾病

NF—κB是一种具有多向转录调节作用的蛋白质。它分布广泛,并调节多种基因的转录调控,参与炎症反应、免疫应答以及细胞的增生、转化和凋亡等重要的生理病理过程。最近研究表明,NF—κB与中枢神经系统中神经细胞的生长、发育、塑型有关,并在急、慢性神经退行性变如脑损伤、脑缺血、癫痫、阿尔茨海默病及帕金森病等病理过程中起重要作用。     

Rel／NF—κB／IκB／IKK信号转导途径研究进展

真核细胞枋转导因子Ｒｅｌ／ＮＦ－κＢ家族广泛调控着自昆虫至人类的免疫和炎症反应中一系列基因的表达。静息状态下,ＮＦ－κＢ二聚体与抑制性蛋白ＩκＢ结合而存在于胞质中,当细胞受外源性刺激哩,ＮＦ－κＢ活化进入核内发挥其功能。目前,外源性信号活化ＮＦ－κＢ的机制已初步阐明,Ｒｅｌ／ＮＦ－κＢ／ＩκＢ／ＩＫＫ信号转导途径在蛋白质水平的相互调控,以及在肿瘤发生中的意义的研究也已获得一定进展。本文综述了近年来     

NFκB signaling regulates embryonic and adult neurogenesis

Both embryonic and adult neurogenesis involves the self-renewal/proliferation,survival,migration and lineage differentiation of neural stem/progenitor cells.Such dynamic process is tightly regulated by...     

NFκB regulates expression of Polo-like kinase 4

Activation of the NFκB signaling pathway allows the cell to respond to infection and stress and can affect many cellular processes. As a consequence, NFκB activity must be integrated with a wide variety of parallel signaling pathways. One mechanism through which NFκB can exert widespread effects is through controlling the expression of key regulatory kinases. Here we report that NFκB regulates the expression of genes required for centrosome duplication, and that Polo-like kinase 4 (PLK4) is a direct NFκB target gene. RNA interference, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and analysis of the PLK4 promoter in a luciferase reporter assay revealed that all NFκB subunits participate in its regulation. Moreover, we demonstrate that NFκB regulation of PLK4 expression is seen in multiple cell types. Significantly long-term deletion of the NFκB2 (p100/p52) subunit leads to defects in centrosome structure. This data reveals a new component of cell cycle regulation by NFκB and suggests a mechanism through which deregulated NFκB activity in cancer can lead to increased genomic instability and uncontrolled proliferation.     

Autophagy is required for the activation of NFκB

It is well-established that the activation of the inhibitor of NFκB (IκBα) kinase (IKK) complex is required for autophagy induction by multiple stimuli. Here, we show that in autophagy-competent mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), distinct autophagic triggers, including starvation, mTOR inhibition with rapamycin and p53 inhibition with cyclic pifithrin α lead to the activation of IKK, followed by the phosphorylation-dependent degradation of IκBα and nuclear translocation of NFκB. Remarkably, the NFκB signaling pathway was blocked in MEFs lacking either the essential autophagy genes Atg5 or Atg7. In addition, we found that tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)-induced NFκB nuclear translocation is abolished in both Atg5- and Atg7-deficient MEFs. Similarly, the depletion of essential autophagy modulators, including ATG5, ATG7, Beclin 1 and VPS34, by RNA interference inhibited TNFα-driven NFκB activation in two human cancer cell lines. In conclusion, it appears that, at least in some instances, autophagy is required for NFκB activation, highlighting an intimate crosstalk between these two stress response signaling pathways.     

NF—κB与TNF诱导的细胞凋亡

不同类型的细胞对于ＴＮＦ－α诱志的细胞凋亡的敏感性可以有很大差别,但是多数的细胞在同时给予蛋白质合成抑制处理时会对ＴＮＦ－α变得非常敏感。有学者认为有一个基因或一组基因在ＴＮＦ受体活化后被诱导而传导细胞凋亡信号。近期的研究表明,一种被ＴＮＦ激活的ＮＦ－κＢ转录因子在这一过程中起部分的作用。     

NF—κB／REL激活的信号机制

ＮＦ－κＢ／ＲＥＬ蛋白是进化学上高度保守的一种免疫反应介质。多种不同的刺激信号都可激活核转录因子参与细胞的生长,分化,发育,凋亡,粘附及炎症反应,激活ＮＦ－κＢ的信号机制十分复杂。不同的刺激信号,不同的细胞种类,以及细胞不同的状态所涉及的ＮＦ－κＢ激活的具体信号通路有可能不同。随着一些ＩκＢ家族成员激酶的鉴定及其相关敲剔基因模型的建立,人们对ＮＦ－κＢ激活的信号机制有更深入,全面的认识。     

Regulation of ΔNp63α by NFκB

ΔNp63α, the dominant negative isoform of the p63 family is an essential survival factor in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. This isoform has been shown to be downregulated in response to several DNA damaging agents, thereby enabling an effective cellular response to genotoxic agents. Here, we identify a key molecular mechanism underlying the regulation of ΔNp63α expression in response to extrinsic stimuli, such as chemotherapeutic agents. We show that ΔNp63α interacts with NFκB in presence of cisplatin. We find that NFκB promotes ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation of ΔNp63α. Chemotherapy-induced stimulation of NFκB leads to degradation of ΔNp63α and augments trans-activation of p53 family-induced genes involved in the cellular response to DNA damage. Conversely, inhibition of NFκB with siRNA-mediated silencing NFκB expression attenuates chemotherapy induced degradation of ΔNp63α. These data demonstrate that NFκB plays an essential role in regulating ΔNp63α in response to extrinsic stimuli. Our findings suggest that the activation of NFκB may be a mechanism by which levels of ΔNp63α are reduced, thereby rendering the cells susceptible to cell death in the face of cellular stress or DNA damage.Key words: ΔNp63α, NFκB, ubiquitination, cisplatin, head and neck cancer     

Novel Synthetic Monoketone Transmute Radiation-Triggered NFκB-Dependent TNFα Cross-Signaling Feedback Maintained NFκB and Favors Neuroblastoma Regression

Recently, we demonstrated that radiation (IR) instigates the occurrence of a NFκB-TNFα feedback cycle which sustains persistent NFκB activation in neuroblastoma (NB) cells and favors survival advantage and clonal expansion. Further, we reported that curcumin targets IR-induced survival signaling and NFκB dependent hTERT mediated clonal expansion in human NB cells. Herein, we investigated the efficacy of a novel synthetic monoketone, EF24, a curcumin analog in inhibiting persistent NFκB activation by disrupting the IR-induced NFκB-TNFα-NFκB feedback signaling in NB and subsequent mitigation of survival advantage and clonal expansion. EF24 profoundly suppressed the IR-induced NFκB-DNA binding activity/promoter activation and, maintained the NFκB repression by deterring NFκB-dependent TNFα transactivation/intercellular secretion in genetically varied human NB (SH-SY5Y, IMR-32, SK–PN–DW, MC-IXC and SK–N-MC) cell types. Further, EF24 completely suppressed IR-induced NFκB-TNFα cross-signaling dependent transactivation/translation of pro-survival IAP1, IAP2 and Survivin and subsequent cell survival. In corroboration, EF24 treatment maximally blocked IR-induced NFκB dependent hTERT transactivation/promoter activation, telomerase activation and consequent clonal expansion. EF24 displayed significant regulation of IR-induced feedback dependent NFκB and NFκB mediated survival signaling and complete regression of NB xenograft. Together, the results demonstrate for the first time that, novel synthetic monoketone EF24 potentiates radiotherapy and mitigates NB progression by selectively targeting IR-triggered NFκB-dependent TNFα-NFκB cross-signaling maintained NFκB mediated survival advantage and clonal expansion.     

Autophagy prolongs survival after NFκB inhibition in B-cell lymphomas

Autophagy allows cells to survive under conditions of nutrient deprivation. We have demonstrated that autophagy inhibitors are synthetically lethal with NFκB inhibitors in B-cell lymphomas because the NFκB pathway promotes survival by increasing glucose import. When NFκB is inhibited in B-cell lymphoma, glucose import decreases and cells become sensitive to perturbations in mitochondrial metabolism and autophagy. Thus, combined inhibition of autophagy and NFκB drives cells into metabolic crisis accelerating cell death.     

Selenium Downregulates RAGE and NFκB Expression in Diabetic Rats

Diabetes is one of the leading causes of death in developed and developing countries. Oxidative stress has been proposed to play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of diabetic vascular complications. In recent years, selenium has been shown to mediate a number of insulinlike actions in a dose-dependent fashion both in vitro and in vivo. In this study, the effect of selenium as sodium selenite was investigated in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats at the dose of 1?μg sodium selenite/kg body weight. Selenium supplementation restored the streptozotocin-induced alterations in the activities of antioxidant enzymes, decreased the serum glucose level, glycated hemoglobin content as well as the levels of lipid peroxidation products, and downregulated the expressions of both NFkB and RAGE. The histopathological studies also reinforce our findings. Hence, selenium has a protective role in streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus.     

香鱼(Plecoglossus altivelis)NFκB抑制因子α基因PaIκBα克隆及表达

核转录因子κB抑制因子α(IκBα)是NFκB/IκB信号传导通路的重要成员,参与机体抗细菌感染等多种免疫反应,可通过蛋白质间的相互作用结合核转录因子NFκB,从而调控生物体多种免疫基因表达。该研究采用RACE技术从香鱼中克隆得到核转录因子κB抑制因子PaIκBα基因的cDNA全长序列(1341bp,GenBank Accession No.JN801027),开放阅读框ORF为936bp,编码311个氨基酸,5’非编码区为64bp,3’非编码区为341bp。生物信息学分析表明,香鱼IκBα蛋白的序列中包含5个保守的锚蛋白重复序列,N末端含有信号诱导蛋白,C末端含有PEST序列。同源性比对结果表明,香鱼IκBα蛋白与胡瓜鱼IκBα的同源性最高,为95%;其次是大西洋鲑、虹鳟、尼罗罗非鱼和鳜鱼等,同源性分别为76%、75%、70%和68%。系统进化树分析表明,香鱼IκBα蛋白与胡瓜鱼、虹鳟、尼罗罗非鱼、鳜鱼和大西洋鲑等亲缘关系最近。RT-PCR分析表明,PaIκBα基因在香鱼肝脏、肾脏、脾脏和鳃中表达水平较高,其次是肠、脑和肌肉,在心脏中表达极少。嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophil)感染香鱼后,PaIκBα基因表达增强,感染24h达最大值,表明PaIκBα基因在香鱼受到嗜水气单胞菌刺激的免疫过程中可能发挥着重要作用。