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1.
Jong-Hwan Eun Ji-Ho Son Jeong-Min Moon Jong-Shik Chung 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2009,14(4):364-373
Background, aim, and scope As the sustainability improvement becomes an essential business task of industry, a number of companies are adopting IT-based
environmental information systems (EIS). Life cycle assessment (LCA), a tool to improve environmental friendliness of a product,
can also be systemized as a part of the EIS. This paper presents a case of an environmental information system which is integrated
with online LCA tool to produce sets of hybrid life cycle inventory and examine its usefulness in the field application of
the environmental management.
Main features Samsung SDI Ltd., the producer of display panels, has launched an EIS called Sustainability Management Initiative System (SMIS).
The system comprised modules of functions such as environmental management system (EMS), green procurement (GP), customer
relation (e-VOC), eco-design, and LCA. The LCA module adopted the hybrid LCA methodology in the sense that it combines process
LCA for the site processes and input–output (IO) LCA for upstream processes to produce cradle-to-gate LCA results. LCA results
from the module are compared with results of other LCA studies made by the application of different methodologies. The advantages
and application of the LCA system are also discussed in light of the electronics industry.
Results and discussion LCA can play a vital role in sustainability management by finding environmental burden of products in their life cycle. It
is especially true in the case of the electronics industry, since the electronic products have some critical public concerns
in the use and end-of-life phase. SMIS shows a method for hybrid LCA through online data communication with EMS and GP module.
The integration of IT-based hybrid LCA in environmental information system was set to begin in January 2006. The advantage
of the comparing and regular monitoring of the LCA value is that it improves the system completeness and increases the reliability
of LCA. By comparing the hybrid LCA and process LCA in the cradle-to-gate stage, the gap between both methods of the 42-in.
standard definition plasma display panel (PDP) ranges from 1% (acidification impact category) to −282% (abiotic resource depletion
impact category), with an average gap of 68.63%. The gaps of the impact categories of acidification (AP), eutrophication (EP),
and global warming (GWP) are relatively low (less than 10%). In the result of the comparative analysis, the strength of correlation
of three impact categories (AP, EP, GWP) shows that it is reliable to use the hybrid LCA when assessing the environmental
impacts of the PDP module. Hybrid LCA has its own risk on data accuracy. However, the risk is affordable when it comes to
the comparative LCA among different models of similar product line of a company. In the results of 2 years of monitoring of
42-in. Standard definition PDP, the hybrid LCA score has been decreased by 30%. The system also efficiently shortens man-days
for LCA study per product. This fact can facilitate the eco-design of the products and can give quick response to the customer's
inquiry on the product's eco-profile. Even though there is the necessity for improvement of process data currently available,
the hybrid LCA provides insight into the assessments of the eco-efficiency of the manufacturing process and the environmental
impacts of a product.
Conclusions and recommendations As the environmental concerns of the industries increase, the need for environmental data management also increases. LCA shall
be a core part of the environmental information system by which the environmental performances of products can be controlled.
Hybrid type of LCA is effective in controlling the usual eco-profile of the products in a company. For an industry, in particular
electronics, which imports a broad band of raw material and parts, hybrid LCA is more practicable than the classic LCA. Continuous
efforts are needed to align input data and keep conformity, which reduces data uncertainty of the system. 相似文献
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A survey of unresolved problems in life cycle assessment 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
John Reap Felipe Roman Scott Duncan Bert Bras 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2008,13(4):290-300
Background, aims, and scope Life cycle assessment (LCA) stands as the pre-eminent tool for estimating environmental effects caused by products and processes
from ‘cradle to grave’ or ‘cradle to cradle.’ It exists in multiple forms, claims a growing list of practitioners, and remains
a focus of continuing research. Despite its popularity and codification by organizations such as the International Organization
for Standards and the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, life cycle assessment is a tool in need of improvement.
Multiple authors have written about its individual problems, but a unified treatment of the subject is lacking. The following
literature survey gathers and explains issues, problems and problematic decisions currently limiting LCA’s goal and scope
definition and life cycle inventory phases.
Main features The review identifies 15 major problem areas and organizes them by the LCA phases in which each appears. This part of the
review focuses on the first 7 of these problems occurring during the goal and scope definition and life cycle inventory phases.
It is meant as a concise summary for practitioners interested in methodological limitations which might degrade the accuracy
of their assessments. For new researchers, it provides an overview of pertinent problem areas toward which they might wish
to direct their research efforts.
Results and discussion Multiple problems occur in each of LCA’s four phases and reduce the accuracy of this tool. Considering problem severity and
the adequacy of current solutions, six of the 15 discussed problems are of paramount importance. In LCA’s first two phases,
functional unit definition, boundary selection, and allocation are critical problems requiring particular attention.
Conclusions and recommendations Problems encountered during goal and scope definition arise from decisions about inclusion and exclusion while those in inventory
analysis involve flows and transformations. Foundational decisions about the basis of comparison (functional unit), bounds
of the study, and physical relationships between included processes largely dictate the representativeness and, therefore,
the value of an LCA. It is for this reason that problems in functional unit definition, boundary selection, and allocation
are the most critical examined in the first part of this review.
相似文献
Bert BrasEmail: |
5.
Dispersed information diffusion with level and schema-based coordination in mobile peer to peer networks 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Several open ended issues for high resource availability in mobile peer to peer networks have been examined in the recent
past. Different approaches were conducted for supporting information distribution and availability, through guided or unguided
packet diffusion. The majority of the recently proposed approaches try to benefit from the spatial characteristics of the
dynamically varying topologies. In this work a directed information diffusion scheme is examined using a level and schema-based
coordination, applied in mobile peer to peer networks. The prioritization degree of any requested advert is modeled and enables
directed prioritized diffusions to end mobile users that are traversing a certain geographic region (location based advertisements).
The proposed method is robust in disseminating redundant messages to users while maintaining connectivity through Gradual
Energy Tree-based (GET) configuration. Simulation is performed for the examination and performance evaluation of the proposed
scheme, taking into account the modeled prioritization as well as the diffusion accuracy by using the Hierarchical and Non-hierarchical
GET configuration.
相似文献
Helen D. KaratzaEmail: |
6.
Wesley Ingwersen Vairavan Subramanian Rita Schenck Lindita Bushi Amy Costello Laura Draucker Cashion East Connie Hensler Holly Lahd Sven-Olof Ryding 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2012,17(2):258-263
Purpose
A workshop on Product Category Rule (PCR) alignment was organized by the American Center for LCA PCR Committee. PCR alignment refers to the process of assuring that PCRs (rules for developing LCA-based claims like EPDs) developed by different parties are consistent within product categories. 相似文献7.
A survey of unresolved problems in life cycle assessment 总被引:5,自引:3,他引:2
John Reap Felipe Roman Scott Duncan Bert Bras 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2008,13(5):374-388
Background, aims, and scope Life cycle assessment (LCA) stands as the pre-eminent tool for estimating environmental effects caused by products and processes
from ‘cradle to grave’ or ‘cradle to cradle.’ It exists in multiple forms, claims a growing list of practitioners and remains
a focus of continuing research. Despite its popularity and codification by organizations such as the International Organization
for Standardization and the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, life cycle assessment is a tool in need of
improvement. Multiple authors have written about its individual problems, but a unified treatment of the subject is lacking.
The following literature survey gathers and explains issues, problems and problematic decisions currently limiting LCA’s impact
assessment and interpretation phases.
Main features The review identifies 15 major problem areas and organizes them by the LCA phases in which each appears. This part of the
review focuses on the latter eight problems. It is meant as a concise summary for practitioners interested in methodological
limitations which might degrade the accuracy of their assessments. For new researchers, it provides an overview of pertinent
problem areas toward which they might wish to direct their research efforts. Having identified and discussed LCA’s major problems,
closing sections highlight the most critical problems and briefly propose research agendas meant to improve them.
Results and discussion Multiple problems occur in each of LCA’s four phases and reduce the accuracy of this tool. Considering problem severity and
the adequacy of current solutions, six of the 15 discussed problems are of paramount importance. In LCA’s latter two phases,
spatial variation and local environmental uniqueness are critical problems requiring particular attention. Data availability
and quality are identified as critical problems affecting all four phases.
Conclusions and recommendations Observing that significant efforts by multiple researchers have not resulted in a single, agreed upon approach for the first
three critical problems, development of LCA archetypes for functional unit definition, boundary selection and allocation is
proposed. Further development of spatially explicit, dynamic modeling is recommended to ameliorate the problems of spatial
variation and local environmental uniqueness. Finally, this paper echoes calls for peer-reviewed, standardized LCA inventory
and impact databases, and it suggests the development of model bases. Both of these efforts would help alleviate persistent
problems with data availability and quality.
相似文献
Bert BrasEmail: |
8.
《Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry》2014,22(17):4553-4565
Protein kinase casein kinase 2 (PKCK2) is a constitutively active, growth factor-independent serine/threonine kinase, and changes in PKCK2 expression or its activity are reported in many cancer cells. To develop a novel PKCK2 inhibitor(s), we first performed cell-based phenotypic screening using 4000 chemicals purchased from ChemDiv chemical libraries (2000: randomly selected; 2000: kinase-biased) and performed in vitro kinase assay-based screening using hits found from the first screening. We identified compound 24 (C24)[(Z)-ethyl 5-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(3,4-dihydroxybenzylidene)-7-methyl-3-oxo-3,5-dihydro-2H-thiazolo[3,2-a] pyrimidine-6-carboxylate] as a novel inhibitor of PKCK2 that is more potent and selective than 4,5,6,7-tetrabromobenzotriazole (TBB). In particular, compound 24 [half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) = 0.56 μM] inhibited PKCK2 2.2-fold more efficiently than did TBB (IC50 = 1.24 μM), which is quite specific toward PKCK2 with respect to ATP binding, in a panel of 31 human protein kinases. The Ki values of compound 24 and TBB for PKCK2 were 0.78 μM and 2.70 μM, respectively. Treatment of cells with compound 24 inhibited endogenous PKCK2 activity and showed anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects against stomach and hepatocellular cancer cell lines more efficiently than did TBB. As expected, compound 24 also enabled tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)-resistant cancer cells to be sensitive toward TRAIL. In comparing the molecular docking of compound 24 bound to PKCK2α versus previously reported complexes of PKCK2 with other inhibitors, our findings suggest a new scaffold for specific PKCK2α inhibitors. Thus, compound 24 appears to be a selective, cell-permeable, potent, and novel PKCK2 inhibitor worthy of further characterization. 相似文献
9.
Goal, Scope and Background This paper is the second part of the publication which is devoted to comparative LCA analysis of the industrial pumps. The
previous paper deals with the methodological aspects concerning quality assessment and forms an independent work. This paper
uses practically only the methodological suggestions made there. The main aim of the presented study is to make a comparison
between the industrial pumps which are based on two different technologies. The Life Cycle Assessment method is used to check
whether the differences of the manufacturing processes influence the level of the potential environmental impact during the
whole life cycle of the analysed products.
Methods The Life Cycle Assessment is carried out using the Ecoindicator99 method. Additionally, an extensive quality analysis of the
LCA study is made (Part I). To make the process of an identification of the data easier and faster, they are assigned to a
special data documentation form. To ensure the credibility of the LCA results different methods of interpretation are used.
Results and Discussion The LCA analysis shows clear superiority of the pumps manufactured using modern technology. It seems that this superiority
results not only from the differences in the emissions, but also from different characteristics of effectiveness in the usage
stage. Thanks to the uncertainty analysis, each LCA result is provided with the range of uncertainty.
Conclusions The LCA results are supported by different techniques of interpretation: the sensitivity-, the contribution-, the comparative-,
the discernability- and the uncertainty analysis. There is strong evidence of the superiority of the pumps based on the modern
technology.
Recommendations and Outlook The main source of the environmental impact in the case of pumps is the usage stage and the consumption of energy. That is
why it should be the main area to improve. The LCA results show that actions taken in the usage stage and energy consumption
can lead to a considerable reduction of the environmental impacts. 相似文献
10.
Ivan Muñoz Cristina Gazulla Alba Bala Rita Puig Pere Fullana 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2009,14(1):64-72
Background, aim, and scope A cradle-to-grave life cycle assessment (LCA) of a toy incorporating electric and electronic components is carried out following
the ISO 14044 standard, with the purpose of identifying the environmental hotspots and suggesting ecodesign measures to the
manufacturer.
Materials and methods The product under study is a teddy bear which sings songs and tells stories while moving its body, using conventional alkaline
batteries as a source of energy. This toy is designed by a Spanish company, but manufactured entirely in China, from where
it is exported to Europe, America, and Africa. The LCA study includes production of all components in China, maritime and
road distribution, use phase, and end-of-life. Life cycle impact assessment is focused on five standard impact categories
from the CML 2001 method.
Results The use phase is identified as potentially the most important life cycle stage, due to the impact of battery production. It
is responsible for 50% to 64% of the overall life cycle impact, depending on the impact category. Toy production is also an
important stage, with 28% to 34% of the total contribution. Maritime distribution also involves relevant contributions in
some impact categories. Based on the results of the study, a set of ecodesign measures were suggested to the manufacturer,
with most of them being judged as feasible, and applied in a new product.
Discussion Important data gaps were encountered during the study, especially concerning the use phase, due to lack of data on consumer
behavior, and background inventory data on alkaline battery production. A sensitivity analysis applied to the use phase showed
that the relative importance of this life cycle stage is strongly affected by the assumptions made in this work.
Conclusions The LCA study was found as a very helpful tool to define ecodesign measures for this product. Several measures suggested have
been actually implemented by the manufacturer in a similar product.
Recommendations and perspectives This case study, together with others, will help in the long run to define general ecodesign measures for the toy sector in
Catalonia.
相似文献
Pere FullanaEmail: |
11.
Cecilia Askham Ole J?rgen Hanssen Anne Lill Gade Guro Nereng Carl Peter Aaser Per Christensen 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2012,17(6):666-677
Purpose
A strategic product development tool combining REACH and environmental and financial factors was previously developed for a coatings company. This paper presents results from refining this tool for an office furniture company, using life cycle assessment (LCA)-based environmental information, addressing the research questions: ? Is it possible to combine information from REACH with the LCA approach to provide useful information for a furniture producer in their environmental product development process? ? Does the approach developed for substances in mixtures need to be adapted for articles? ? Is there a correlation between energy consumption and the environmental impacts analysed? ? Will product designers get the same information independent of the environmental impact category used? ?C Will the strategy tool indicate the same ranking of products for all environmental impacts? ?C Does REACH information indicate the same set of priorities as those arising from LCA environmental data alone? (Do they agree, or is there a conflict?) ? Will strategic decisions differ if different environmental indicators are in focus? The strategy tool??s purpose is to analyse company product portfolios, identifying products that need redevelopment or redesign because of issues concerning hazardous substances, or environmental performance.Methods
The LCA data used is cradle-to-gate data from type III environmental declarations for 11 seating solutions. REACH Complexity, health hazard and environmental class indicators (based on risk phrases) are combined with financial data and LCA-based indicators. Correlations between energy consumption and environmental impact factors for these specific furniture products are investigated. Establishing any such correlations serves to simplify subsequent analysis in the product development process, by effectively reducing the number of indicators that need to be taken into consideration.Results
Correlations between energy consumption and the environmental impacts global warming, acidification, eutrophication and heavy metals are presented. Strategy tool figures are shown for energy consumption, ozone depletion potential and photochemical oxidation potential. The results for office chairs and conference/visitor chairs are presented separately, as the two types of chairs fulfil different functions.Conclusions
The correlation between energy consumption and certain environmental impact indicators affords a simplification of the product development process, since energy consumption can be used as a reasonable proxy for these indicators in this specific case. The results support acknowledged principles of Ecodesign. Energy and materials minimization improves environmental performance??higher recycled material content and proportion of renewable energy resources are also beneficial. Designers have to consider multiple aspects in parallel and the strategy tool is useful for this purpose; the furniture producer has gained useful product development insight. The tool is applicable for strategic choice of products for development or redesign that can be useful across many business sectors. 相似文献12.
Intention, Goal, Scope, Background Input-Output Analysis (IOA) has recently been introduced to Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). In applying IOA to LCA studies, however,
it is important to note that there are both advantages and disadvantages.
Objectives This paper aims to provide a better understanding of the advantages and disadvantages of adopting IOA in LCA, and introduces
the methodology and principles of the Missing Inventory Estimation Tool (MIET) as one of the approaches to combine the strengths
of process-specific LCA and IOA. Additionairy, we try to identify a number of possible errors in the use of IOA for LCA purposes,
due to confusion between industry output and commodity, consumer’s price and producer’s price.
Method MIET utilises the 1996 US input-output table and various environmental statistics. It is based on an explicit distinction
between commodity and industry output.
Results and Discussion MIET is a self-contained, publicly available database which can be applied directly in LCA studies to estimate missing processes.
Conclusion By adopting MILT results in existing, process-based, life-cycle inventory (LCI), LCA practitioners can fully utilise the process-specific
information while expanding the system boundary.
Recommendations and Outlook MIET will be continuously updated to reflect both methodological developments and newly available data sources. For supporting
information sec http:// wwwJeidenuniv.nl/cml/ssp/softwarc/miet. 相似文献
13.
Information,complexity and generative replication 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
The established definition of replication in terms of the conditions of causality, similarity and information transfer is
very broad. We draw inspiration from the literature on self-reproducing automata to strengthen the notion of information transfer
in replication processes. To the triple conditions of causality, similarity and information transfer, we add a fourth condition
that defines a “generative replicator” as a conditional generative mechanism, which can turn input signals from an environment into developmental instructions. Generative replication must have the potential to enhance complexity, which in turn requires that developmental instructions are part
of the information that is transmitted in replication. Demonstrating the usefulness of the generative replicator concept in
the social domain, we identify social generative replicators that satisfy all of the four proposed conditions.
相似文献
Geoffrey M. HodgsonEmail: |
14.
结合城市生活垃圾管理系统特征,系统归纳基于生命周期评价(Life cycle assessment,LCA)方法的城市生活垃圾管理模型的发展现状,并对LCA方法在城市生活垃圾管理中的实践以及在我国开展城市生活垃圾管理LCA研究的应用前景进行评述。分析表明,LCA是城市生活垃圾管理领域的重要工具之一,基于LCA方法的城市生活垃圾管理模型在全生命周期环境影响评价与识别、处置工艺选择与改进、可持续生活垃圾管理决策支持等方面具有十分重要的应用价值。中国在本地化生活垃圾管理系统LCA模型开发、清单数据库和评价指标体系构建以及与其他研究方法集成等方面面临挑战。 相似文献
15.
Michael Hauschild Stig Irving Olsen Erik Hansen Anders Schmidt 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2008,13(7):547-554
Background, aim and scope Land filling of materials with content of toxic metals or highly persistent organic compounds has posed a problem for life
cycle assessment (LCA) practitioners for many years. The slow release from the landfill entails a dilution in time, which
is dramatic compared to other emissions occurring in the life cycle, and with its focus on the emitted mass, LCA is poorly
equipped to handle this difference. As a consequence, the long-term emissions from landfills occurring over thousands of years
are often disregarded, which is unacceptable to many stakeholders considering the quantities of toxic substances that can
be present. On the other hand, inclusion of all future emissions (over thousands of years) in the inventories potentially
dominates all other impacts from the product system. The paper aims to present a pragmatic approach to address this dilemma.
Materials and methods Two new impact categories are introduced representing the stored ecotoxicity and stored human toxicity of the contaminants
remaining in the landfill after a ‘foreseeable’ time period of 100 years. The impact scores are calculated using the normal
characterisation factors for the ecotoxicity and human toxicity impact categories, and they represent the toxicity potentials
of what remains in the landfill after 100 years (hence the term ‘stored’ (eco)toxicity). Normalisation references are developed
for the stored toxicity categories based on Danish figures to support comparison with indicator scores for the conventional
environmental impact categories. In contrast to the scores for the conventional impact categories, it is uncertain to what
extent the stored toxicity scores represent emissions, which will occur at all. Guidance is given on how to reflect this uncertainty
in the weighting and interpretation of the scores.
Results and discussion In landfills and road constructions used to deposit residuals from incinerators, less than 1% of the content of metals is
leached within the first 100 years. The stored toxicity scores are therefore much higher than the conventional impact scores
that represent the actual emissions. Several examples are given illustrating the use and potential significance of the stored
toxicity categories.
Conclusions and perspectives The methodology to calculate stored human and ecotoxicity is a simple and pragmatic approach to address LCA’s problem of treating
the slow long-term emissions at very low concentrations appropriately. The problem resides in the inventory analysis and the
impact assessment, and the methodology circumvents the problem by converting it into a weighting and interpretation issue
accommodating the value-based discussion of how to weight potential effects in the far future.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
相似文献
Michael HauschildEmail: |
16.
Life cycle assessment of fuel ethanol from cassava in Thailand 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Thu Lan T. Nguyen Shabbir H. Gheewala 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2008,13(2):147-154
Goal and Scope A well-to-wheel analysis has been conducted for cassava-based ethanol (CE) in Thailand. The aim of the analysis is to assess
the potentials of CE in the form of gasohol E10 for promoting energy security and reducing environmental impacts in comparison
with conventional gasoline (CG).
Method In the LCA procedure, three separate but interrelated components: inventory analysis, characterization and interpretation
were performed for the complete chain of the fuel life cycle. To compare gasohol E10 and CG, this study addressed their impact
potentials per gasoline-equivalent litre, taking into account the performance difference between gasohol and gasoline in an
explosion motor.
Results and Discussions The results obtained show that CE in the form of E10, along its whole life cycle, reduces certain environmental loads compared
to CG. The percentage reductions relative to CG are 6.1% for fossil energy use, 6.0% for global warming potential, 6.8% for
acidification, and 12.2% for nutrient enrichment. Using biomass in place of fossil fuels for process energy in the manufacture
of ethanol leads to improved overall life cycle energy and environmental performance of ethanol blends relative to CG.
Conclusions and Outlook The LCA brings to light the key areas in the ethanol production cycle that researchers and technicians need to work on to
maximize ethanol’s contribution to energy security and environmental sustainability
ESS-Submission Editor: Mark Goedkoop (goedkoop@pre.nl) 相似文献
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18.
Goal, Scope and Background Two methods of simplified LCA were evaluated and compared to the results of a quantitative LCA. These are the Environmentally
responsible product assessment matrix developed by Graedel and Allenby and the MECO-method developed in Denmark.
Methods We used these in a case study and compared the results with the results from a quantitative LCA. The evaluation also included
other criteria, such as the field of application and the level of arbitrariness.
Results and Discussion The MECO-method has some positive qualities compared to the Environmentally responsible product assessment matrix. Examples
of this are that it generates information complementary to the quantitative LCA and provides the possibility to consider quantitative
information when such is available. Some of the drawbacks with the Environmentally responsible product assessment matrix are
that it does not include the whole lifecycle and that it allows some arbitrariness.
Conclusions Our study shows that a simplified and semi-quantitative LCA (such as the MECO-method) can provide information that is complementary
to a quantitative LCA. In this case the method generates more information on toxic substances and other impacts, than the
quantitative LCA. We suggest that a simplified LCA can be used both as a pre-study to a quantitative LCA and as a parallel
assessment, which is used together with the quantitative LCA in the interpretation.
Recommendations and Outlook A general problem with qualitative analyses is how to compare different aspects. Life cycle assessments are comparative. The
lack of a quantitative dimension hinders the comparison and can thereby hinder the usefulness of the qualitative method. There
are different approaches suggested to semiquantify simplified methods in order to make quantitative comparisons possible.
We think that the use of fabricated scoring systems should be avoided. If quantitative information is needed, one should consider
performing a simplified quantitative LCA instead. 相似文献
19.
Sara González-García Francisco Javier Silva María Teresa Moreira Rosario Castilla Pascual Raúl García Lozano Xavier Gabarrell Joan Rieradevall i Pons Gumersindo Feijoo 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2011,16(3):224-237
Methods
The main objective of this study is to combine the environmental evaluation of a basic wood box used to store wine bottles by means of the integration of two environmental methodologies: a quantitative methodology known as life cycle assessment (LCA) and a qualitative methodology which is useful in integrating environmental aspects into design, that is, the design for the environment (DfE). The LCA study covers the life cycle of wood box production from a cradle-to-gate perspective. A wood processing company located in Galicia (NW, Spain) was analysed in detail, dividing the process chain into five stages: cogeneration unit, material assembling, painting, packaging and distribution to clients. 相似文献20.
《Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters》2020,30(23):127555
Selective metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 (mGluR2) inhibitors have been demonstrated to show therapeutic effects by improving alleviating symptoms of schizophrenic patients in clinical studies. Herein we report the synthesis and preliminary evaluation of a 11C-labeled positron emission tomography (PET) tracer originating from a mGluR2 inhibitor, 3-(cyclopropylmethyl)-7-((4-(4-methoxyphenyl)piperidin-1-yl)methyl)-8-(trifluoromethyl)-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridine (CMTP, 1a). [11C]CMTP ([11C]1a) was synthesized by O-[11C]methylation of desmethyl precursor 1b with [11C]methyl iodide in 19.7 ± 8.9% (n = 10) radiochemical yield (based on [11C]CO2) with >98% radiochemical purity and >74 GBq/μmol molar activity. Autoradiography study showed that [11C]1a possessed moderate in vitro specific binding to mGluR2 in the rat brain, with a heterogeneous distribution of radioactive accumulation in the mGluR2-rich brain tissue sections, such as the cerebral cortex and striatum. PET study indicated that [11C]1a was able to cross the blood–brain barrier and enter the brain, but had very low specific binding in the rat brain. Further optimization for the chemical structure of 1a is necessary to increase binding affinity to mGluR2 and then improve in vivo specific binding in brain. 相似文献