外来红树植物无瓣海桑和拉关木在海南东寨港的人工种植与自然扩散

海南东寨港国家级自然保护区拥有我国主要的外来红树植物引种驯化基地,于1985年和1999年分别从孟加拉国和墨西哥引入外来红树植物无瓣海桑(Sonneratia apetala)和拉关木(Laguncularia racemosa)。此后这两个种又从此基地向我国其他沿海湿地再引种,目前已在该岛及华南多处湿地成林,并引发了可能产生对乡土红树植物群落不利影响的担忧。为此,本研究于2019年7月对我国最早引入和种植无瓣海桑和拉关木的东寨港进行这两个种的人工种植与自然扩散的调查,分析它们的扩散路径和扩散趋势,以期为红树林湿地外来植物的管控提供参考。调查结果显示:无瓣海桑人工种植面积为40.56 hm2,主要在试验区和核心区;自然扩散面积40.12 hm2,大部分零散分布于核心区和缓冲区;由于种植次数多、种植地点分散,扩散路径难以判断。拉关木人工种植面积为6.23 hm2,主要在保护水域和试验区;扩散面积0.53 hm2,主要在缓冲区;拉关木已形成的3个主要扩散区在相对集中的种植区外围,可推断其个体呈辐射状向外扩散,扩散的直线距离达3～5 km。扩散区有众多的幼苗个体,显示数量还存在爆发的趋势。两...     

外来红树植物无瓣海桑引种及其生态影响

无瓣海桑是我国首个从国外引进并大面积推广种植的红树植物,生长快,适应性强,已成为华南沿海红树林恢复造林的主要树种。但近年来无瓣海桑引种已引起较大争论,焦点是无瓣海桑是否会对乡土红树植物生长产生不利影响,是否会造成生态入侵,是否应限制推广种植。根据引种以来的研究成果,对无瓣海桑的生态适应性、种植技术、生产力与物质循环、生态影响等四个方面的引种研究进行综述;分析无瓣海桑引种对乡土红树植物生长的影响和生态入侵可能性,对无瓣海桑引种造林提出建议。指出今后无瓣海桑引种的的研究重点为:无瓣海桑引种的生态监测与入侵评估;对滩涂水生生物的影响;与乡土红树植物优化配置的混交种植技术;无瓣海桑的资源化利用。     

外来红树植物无瓣海桑生物学特性与生态环境适应性分析

根据近年来的调查观测数据和收集国内外有关资料较全面地论述外来红树植物无瓣海桑的形态特征、地理分布、生物学特性 (包括物候、种子品质与苗木生长、苗木抗逆性、种苗扩散性、种内竞争特点 )和生态环境适应性 (包括气温、光照、盐度、潮滩与土壤 ) ;据此分析了无瓣海桑生态入侵的可能性 ,并提出相关的建议 ,为我国进一步研究该外来种引进后的生态效应以及该树种的合理开发利用提供科学依据     

珠海淇澳岛无瓣海桑种苗天然更新与扩散分析

无瓣海桑(Sonneratia apetala Buxh-Ham Buxh-Ham.)在珠海淇澳岛抑制互花米草(Spartina alterniflora Loisel.)蔓延恢复红树林方面发挥了积极的作用。然而,由于它是外来引进种,在当地能否繁殖更新或造成种苗大量扩散成灾?为此,针对1999年以来在淇澳岛种植的大片无瓣海桑林及其周边湿地进行了种子产量与种苗天然扩散性的调查。结果表明:淇澳岛4年生无瓣海桑果实年产量为30.51kg·棵^-1,果粒数为2706粒·棵^-1,每果粒内含30～50粒种子。无瓣海桑幼苗在水沟两边分布最多,为40株·16m^-2,其次是其林分边缘的光滩,为8株·16m^-2,互花米草内为3.5株·16m^-2,最少是无瓣海桑林内,1株·16m^-2,种子多但幼苗少,且这些扩散苗绝大多数为当年生幼苗,很少发现多年生小苗,极难更新成林。     

无瓣海桑与三种乡土红树植物混交的生态效应

为了解人工种植红树林的生态效应,对2001年种植于广州市南沙区的三种人工混交红树林进行了群落结构和土壤理化性状的调查分析。结果表明:由于红海榄的不耐荫导致样地3无法形成复层结构,但也不排除是红海榄化感作用的影响;无瓣海桑+木榄群落、无瓣海桑+秋茄群落的群落结构和对土壤中重金属的吸收效果优于无瓣海桑+红海榄群落,因此在该实验的立地条件下营造红树林混交林时可以考虑无瓣海桑与秋茄、木榄混交,不应将无瓣海桑与红海榄混交;随着演替的进行,该实验地在无重大干扰的情况下将向着近天然红树林生态系统演化。     

厦门海湾典型无瓣海桑人工种群特征和幼苗更新扩散现状研究

为探究引种无瓣海桑对厦门海湾产生的生态影响问题, 采用样方法对福建省厦门市人工引种15 年的无瓣海桑—秋茄林种群特征和幼苗更新扩散情况进行实地调查。结果表明: (1)调查样方中, 正常生长、受2016 年严重台风影响致树顶半枯和树顶全枯的无瓣海桑植株数量分别占无瓣海桑种群大小的78.3%、4.0%和17.7%。正常生长、树顶半枯和树顶全枯的秋茄植株数量分别占秋茄种群大小的87.3%、4.2%和8.5%。正常生长和树顶半枯的无瓣海桑比例小于相应生活力状况的秋茄比例, 而树顶全枯的无瓣海桑比例大于树顶全枯的秋茄比例。(2)无瓣海桑种群个体高度分布在3—6 级。而秋茄种群个体高度分布在1—4 级。(3)在7 种不同类型样地调查幼苗扩散情况, 均未发现无瓣海桑幼苗或各级小树, 而秋茄在7 种类型样地中均有幼苗自然生长, 在林缘、光滩和混交地段3 种类型样地中均发现白骨壤幼苗,并且秋茄和白骨壤幼苗有多个立木级。综上可见在极端恶劣环境影响下, 外来种无瓣海桑比乡土种秋茄更没有适应和恢复能力。无瓣海桑在该研究地天然更新和扩散极其困难, 对乡土红树植物的天然更新成林和扩散未产生影响。     

无瓣海桑与乡土红树植物混交对林地大型底栖动物的影响

选择广东省雷州市附城镇和珠海市淇澳岛沿海1年生无瓣海桑人工林,分别在林下混种乡土红树植物红海榄或木榄幼苗,对混交林和无瓣海桑纯林林地大型底栖动物群落进行比较,探讨无瓣海桑与乡土红树植物混交对林地大型底栖动物的影响。结果显示,混交林和无瓣海桑纯林之间大型底栖动物群落的优势种存在差异;相似性分析检验(One-Way ANOSIM)、等级聚类和非参数多变量标序结果均表明1年无瓣海桑+红海榄混交林、1年无瓣海桑+木榄混交林和1年无瓣海桑纯林之间大型底栖动物群落结构差异显著。研究还发现在无瓣海桑人工林林下混交红海榄或木榄这两种乡土红树植物,可提高林地底栖动物的生物量和物种多样性。BIOENV分析说明大型底栖动物分布与红海榄或木榄这两种混交的乡土树种的凋落物量密切相关,这进一步证实了混交乡土红树植物对林地底栖动物多样性和分布的影响。两个研究地实验结果均显示,在无瓣海桑林下种植木榄的效果要优于红海榄,表现在木榄的平均苗高、凋落物量、凋落物量占群落凋落物总量百分比和幼苗成活率均高于红海榄,其对提高林地大型底栖动物生物量和物种多样性的效果也明显优于红海榄。     

无瓣海桑、海桑、秋茄红树人工林群落动态及物种多样性研究

对红树植物无瓣海桑、海桑、秋茄3种人工林群落动态及物种多样性特征的系统研究结果表明,无瓣海桑群落和海桑群落的乔木层明显分为上层和中层两个亚层,上层木为无瓣海桑或海桑,中层木主要为秋茄和桐花树;秋茄群落的乔木层为单一层次,基本由秋茄组成．在无瓣海桑群落和海桑群落中,优势种群无瓣海桑或海桑仅有高龄级个体存在,未出现自然更新现象;秋茄和桐花树为旺盛增长种群,有可能成为优势种群,表明无瓣海桑和海桑为先锋造林树种,在裸滩种植可以促进其它红树植物的天然定居生长;在秋茄群落中,秋茄为旺盛增长种群,能够自然：更新演替,桐花树和海莲属初生增长种群．无瓣海桑群落和海桑群落的物种组成和物种多样性指标较接近,基本包含秋茄群落中的主要物种秋茄、桐花和海莲。表明无瓣海桑和海桑能与这些物种协调共生,同时种植无瓣海桑或海桑可以形成多样化的红树林群落;无瓣海桑群落和海桑群落在形成初期,种植密度较大时,物种多样性较高;密度相近时。形成初期随林龄的增加。其物种多样性略有提高．     

深圳福田无瓣海桑与海桑人工林鸟类群落研究及生态评价

报道深圳福田无瓣海桑＋海桑人工林和天然林树林鸟类群落的组成特征、密度、相似性、生物多样性等方面的调查研究结果。并通过比较的方法,从鸟类群落学的角度,对无瓣海桑＋海桑人工林的生态功能进行了初步分析和评价。认为：从目前情况看,无瓣海桑和海桑作为深圳沿海人工造林的主要引进树种,对原有红树林生态系统的结构和功能暂时没有不利影响,对尽快恢复和发展红树林地的面积,提高原有红树林生态系统的生物多样性具有积极的作用。建议：①必须采取有效措施防止生态的入侵;②在大面积种植无瓣海桑＋海桑人工林时间种适当面积的当地红树树种。     

2008-2016年间广州市外来入侵植物的变化分析

为了解2008-2016年广州市外来入侵植物的变化,采用文献查阅和实地考察相结合的方式,近期对广州市外来入侵植物进行了调查。结果表明,2016年广州市外来入侵植物共有38科112属144种,比2008年分别增加了40.7%、89.8%和97.3%。新增加的71种植物主要有豆科（Fabaceae） 14种、菊科（Asteraceae） 13种、旋花科（Convolvulaceae） 6种、禾本科（Poaceae） 6种和茜草科（Rubiaceae） 5种。外来入侵植物主要来源于美洲（共104种）,多为陆生草本植物。广州约一半以上的外来植物是通过人为有意引进,进而形成入侵的。恶意和严重入侵的植物种类约占入侵物种总数的40%,表明广州的城市森林生态系统已经面临着严重威胁。因此,需加强对广州市外来植物入侵动态的监测,提高对外来陆生草本植物引入危害风险的评估,并开展对外来入侵植物资源开发和利用的研究,以构建稳定的生态安全格局,保障绿色生态城市建设。     

Population dynamics of alien gammarid species in the River Odra estuary

During the period of 1988–2000, three alien gammarid species, i.e. Gammarus tigrinus Sexton, 1939, Pontogammarus robustoides G. O. Sars, 1894, and Dikerogammarus haemobaphes (Eichwald, 1841) were recorded in the Odra estuary. This study, the first record of G. tigrinus and P. robustoides in Poland, focuses on the distribution, abundance, and biomass as well as on population structure of the three new species found in the coastal zone of the estuary. G. tigrinus and P. robustoides were first sampled in the Szczecin Lagoon (mid-part of the estuary) in 1988. The densities of both species were high from the time they were first recorded and exceeded 10 000 ind. m^–2, while the biomass was 25 and 140 g m^–2, respectively. G.tigrinus occurred at higher densities in northern and eastern parts of the Lagoon, while P. robustoides was particularly abundant in the south-eastern part, most heavily affected by River Odra discharge. In 1999, the third gammarid, D. haemobaphes, was recorded in the southern part of the estuary. Both in 1999 and 2000, the species was found in qualitative samples (dredge collections of Dreissena polymorpha) taken from the western branch of the river. As estimated from quantitative samples, densities and biomass in the eastern branch were rather low and did not exceed 150 ind. m^–2 and 2.7 g m^–2, respectively. The Szczecin Lagoon population of G. tigrinus produces at least two generations within a year: a summer one and an overwintering one. The latter is dominated by older and larger specimens. The species may reproduce in the Lagoon from April until November.     

The status and causes of alien species invasion in China

Data of classification, origin, pathway and environmental impacts of invasive alien micro-organisms, invertebrates, amphibians and reptiles, fish, birds, mammals, weeds, trees, and marine organisms in terrestrial, aquatic and marine ecosystems of China, were analyzed, based on literature retrieval, field survey and consultation. Some 283 invasive alien species were recorded in China, including 19 invasive alien micro-organisms, 18 aquatic plants, 170 terrestrial plants, 25 aquatic invertebrates, 33 terrestrial invertebrates, 3 amphibians and reptiles, 10 fish, and 5 mammals. Of the invasive alien species, 55.1% originated from North and South America, 21.7% from Europe, 9.9% from Asia, 8.1% from Africa and 0.6% from Oceania. Many institutions and individuals in China lack adequate knowledge of ecological and environmental consequences caused by invasive alien species, with some ignorance of the dangerous invasion in the introduction of alien species. For instance, 50.0% of invasive alien plants were intentionally introduced as pasture, feedingstuff, ornamental plants, textile plants, medicinal plants, vegetables, or lawn plants, 25% of alien invasive animals were intentionally introduced for cultivation, ornament, or biological control, In addition, more efforts are being made in the introduction of alien species, and little attention is paid on the management of introduced alien species, which may cause their escape into natural environment and potential threats to the environment. There were also gaps in quarantine system in China. All microorganisms were unintentionally introduced, through timber, seedling, flowerpot, or soil; 76.3% of alien invasive animals invaded through commodity or transportation facility because of the failure of quarantine. Therefore, quarantine measures should be strictly implemented; and meanwhile the intentional introduction of alien species should be strictly managed and a system of risk assessment should be implemented.     

中国外来入侵种的类群、原产地及变化趋势

随着我国对外开放范围的不断扩大,无意引进的入侵种对我国农林生产和生态安全的威胁进一步加大,但至今鲜有关于我国外来入侵种的类群组成、原产地结构及其变化趋势的系统报道。因此,本文对我国234种无意引进的外来入侵种进行研究,以期为口岸检疫与监测提供参考。结果发现,这些物种属于7界16门27纲65目122科。昆虫纲和木兰纲的入侵种分别占总数的28.2%和33.3%。原产于美洲和欧洲的入侵种分别占总数的51.7%和24.4%。1969～2008年,昆虫纲的入侵种每10年的增加数量及其在每10年新增的所有入侵种中所占的比例均呈明显的上升趋势,分别从1969～1978年的2种和12.5%增加到1999～2008年的17种和77.3%。1899～2008年,原产于美洲的入侵种在每10年新增的所有入侵种中所占的比例基本稳定在55%～65%。1959～2008年,每10年新增的原产于美洲的入侵种中,昆虫所占的比例明显增加,从1959～1969年的0增加到1999～2008年的81.8%。这表明昆虫已成为我国外来入侵种中最主要的类群之一,美洲仍是其最主要的原产地之一。     

The global spread and invasion capacities of alien ants

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The distribution and economic losses of alien species invasion to China

Invasive alien species have become one of the most serious environmental issues in the world. Data of taxon, origin, pathway, and environmental impacts of invasive alien microorganisms, invertebrates, amphibians and reptiles, fish, birds, mammals, herbs, trees, and, marine organisms in terrestrial, aquatic, and marine ecosystems of China were analyzed during 2001 and 2003, based on literature retrieval and field survey. There were 283 invasive alien species in China, and the number of species of invasive alien microorganisms, aquatic plants, terrestrial plants, aquatic invertebrates, terrestrial invertebrates, amphibians and reptiles, fish, and mammals were 19, 18, 170, 25, 33, 3, 10, and 5, respectively. The proportion of invasive alien species originated from America, Europe, Asia, Africa, and Oceania were 55.1, 21.7, 9.9, 8.1, and 0.6%, respectively. Methods for estimation of direct economic losses to agriculture, forestry, stockbreeding, fishery, road and water transportation, storage, water conservancy, environment and public facilities, and human health were established. Methods for estimation of indirect economic losses caused by invasive alien species to service functions of forest ecosystems, agricultural ecosystems, grassland ecosystems, and wetland ecosystems were also established. The total economic losses caused by invasive alien species to China were to the time of USD 14.45 billion, with direct and indirect economic losses accounting for 16.59% and 83.41% of total economic losses, respectively.     

澳大利亚外来入侵物种管理策略及对我国的借鉴意义

澳大利亚是一个岛状大陆,海洋运输业十分发达,通过贸易,旅游,运输等途径有意或无间引进有害外来物种的风险较大。澳大利亚政府高度重视外来入侵物种的管理工作,制定了《澳大利亚国家生物多样性保护策略》,针对外来杂草和通过压舱水载入的海洋外来入侵物种的管理制定了《国家杂草策略》,《杂草风险评价系统》和《压舱水指南》等法规和技术性文件,加强了对外来入侵物种的管理。本文简要介绍了澳大利亚外来入侵物种管理的有关策略和指南,并提出了我国在外来入侵物种管理方面的对策建议;（1）尽快建立相应的法规体系,实现外来入侵物种的依法管理;（2）加强机构建设,形成多部门的协调管理机制;（3）加强外来入侵物种管理制度的建设;（4）采取适当的引进预防,消除,控制和恢复措施;（5）开展科学研究,为外来入侵物种的管理提供科学依据;（6）制定教育和培训计划,提高公众意识。     

Invasive alien plants in China: diversity and ecological insights

China’s current invasive alien plant species were analyzed with regard to their floristic status, biological attributes and invasion status elsewhere. Most of the 270 species identified were annuals, followed by perennial herbs. Woody perennials made only about 10% of the species. The invasives were comprised of 59 families, the largest being Asteraceae, Poaceae, and Brassicaceae. The genera with most invasive species were Amaranthus, Ipomoea, and Solanum. Most of the species originated from the New World, notably from South America. About one-third of the species were serious invaders of natural habitats in countries other than China. The proportion of invasive alien plants in province floras ranged from 0.5 to 3.8%, absolute numbers from nine to 117 species per province. Density of invasive species was correlated positively with native species density at provincial scale. The results demonstrate that in China invasive plants are present throughout the country, with a particularly high species richness in the Southeast. The ecological diversity of invasive plants suggests wide ranging impacts which need to be assessed.     

深圳湾红树林引种海桑、无瓣海桑的生态评价

对深圳湾红树林引种的外来种海桑(Sonneratia caseolaris (L．) Engl．)和无瓣海桑(S．apetala B．Ham．)的生态适应性、扩散现状及生态入侵的可能性进行了研究。结果表明：海桑和无瓣海桑对深圳湾的气温、盐度、潮滩与土壤等基本适应,虽然极端低温是其生长定居的限制因子,但其子代的抗寒性逐渐增强,在局部区域有一定的繁殖力和扩散力,生态效益明显。从种群生物生态学特性、生态位理论、群落更新理论等方面分析认为,海桑和无瓣海桑在深圳湾造成生态入侵的可能性不大。     

西双版纳外来植物的物种多样性、用途和生态危害的初步研究

在西双版纳282科近5000种高等植物中,有外来植物153科1127种,其中药用、花卉和可食用种类分别占39．0％、33．9％和20．3％。外来植物集中分布在植物园和当地居民的庭院中,并沿道路向外扩散。外来植物丰富了西双版纳的物种多样性,促进了地方经济发展,但少数杂草类入侵物种的生态危害很明显。