一种改良的启动子序列克隆的染色体步查法

利用染色体步行法,从已知DNA序列克隆侧翼未知序列是非常有效的方法之一,但由于所选用的特定限制性内切酶对目标基因组不能酶解成合适大小的片段,因而受PCR扩增能力的局限,往往扩增不出有效产物. 针对这一点,这里我们介绍一种简单有效的改良方法,它包括以下步骤：首先用不同的限制性内切酶(包括平末端和粘性末端) 酶解目标基因组DNA,接着,选择能将基因组酶切成弥散、分布均匀的限制性内切酶,如DraⅠ和HindⅢ,合成相对应的接头;然后,选择弥散的、分布均匀的限制性内切酶的酶解产物,构建成含相应接头的基因组DNA文库,用作PCR的模板;最后,用接头引物和特异引物,通过巢式PCR扩增目的片段,获得了理想的扩增效果.采用改进后的染色体步查法,有效地从较复杂的棉花核DNA中克隆出6个棉花启动子序列.     

利用Y-RACE法进行棉花胚珠cDNA末端快速扩增

在YADE(Y shapedadaptordependentextension)方法的基础上 ,设计了一种新的cDNA末端快速扩增方法 ,称为Y RACE法 .利用该方法只需一次cDNA合成就能进行多个基因的 3′和 5′末端的扩增 .分别利用Y RACE方法和RACE试剂盒 (TaKaRa)扩增了一个棉花胚珠cDNA片段F0 2 7的末端序列 .序列比较表明 ,用Y RACE方法扩增的末端序列较试剂盒所得序列在最末端稍短 ,但同样能进行正确拼接并获得全长编码序列 .对Y RACE法的优缺点和可能的改进作了进一步讨论 .     

应用AFLP技术对不同山羊种群进行遗传多样性检测的方法初探

7种不同山羊品种或种群的基因组DNA经限制性内切酶酶切 ,连接特异性接头 ,用 5条人工设计的与接头序列相识别的AFLP选择性引物 ,进行AFLP -PCR扩增 ,以琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测扩增结果。不同山羊种群基因组DNA的扩增结果具有差异。从而得出结论 :AFLP技术是一种适宜于山羊的遗传检测方法。     

利用YADE法进行棉花基因组PCR步行

设计了一种依靠“Y”形接头延伸未知序列的方法（YADE,Y-shaped Adaptor Dependant Extension）,成功地抑制了在未知序列圹增中的单引物扩增。用这种方法从棉花基因组中扩增了一个棉花胚珠cDNA片段F027的相邻序列--FP27S和FP27A。重叠分析表明,F027S与F027有104bp的重叠,FP27A与F027有175bp的重叠。两个延伸片段分别含有1和3个可能的内含子,内含子均具有保守的边界序列GT-AG和与哺乳动物类似的分枝点序列。还对YADE法扩增未知序列的优缺点和可能的改进作了进一步讨论。     

应用接头PCR的方法扩增假attP位点

φC31整合酶可高效介导外源基因特异、稳定地与哺乳动物基因组发生重组反应.基因组中被整合的住点为假attP位点.运用接头PCR的方法对φC31整合酶介导的含有attB序列及表达绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)的载体在牛基因组中的一个新的特异整合位点(假attP位点)进行扩增.并且显示接头PCR技术在克隆与已知序列相邻的未知旁侧序列上其具有高效、特异、灵敏等特点.     

基于PCR的染色体步移中单引物扩增的克服与非特异引物的利用

基于PCR的染色体步移(PCR-Walking)方法已有许多种,包括反向PCR、连接介导的PCR、随机引物PCR等.在众多的方法中,经常存在由通用引物引起的单引物非特异扩增现象.本文综述了连接介导的PCR-Walking中单引物扩增的形成原理及克服方法.克服单引物扩增主要是使接头引物在DNA两端的接头上只有1个结合位点,从而避开单引物扩增.常用的方法有3′端加氨基修饰的不对称接头、泡泡状接头或Y字型接头及单寡核苷酸接头等方法.还介绍了2种利用通用引物非特异扩增克隆目的序列的方法:引物错配法及基于RAPD原理的单引物PCR法.     

杜氏盐藻硝酸盐还原酶基因5′上游序列的克隆与功能分析

目的:克隆杜氏盐藻硝酸盐还原酶(NR)基因5′上游序列,并对其功能进行分析。方法:利用BamHI、EcoRI、HindIII、PstI、SalI、Xbal6种限制性内切酶分别酶切盐藻基因组DNA,并与接头连接,构建成盐藻基因组步行文库。采用LA-PCR方法,从上述盐藻步行基因组文库中扩增NR基因5′上游序列,测序并进行分析。为检测其表达特性,构建了该片段与GUS嵌合基因的表达载体pNR-GUS,通过电击法将所构建的重组表达载体转化盐藻,组织化学染色法观察GUS的表达。结果:从盐藻基因组步行文库中扩增出约1200bp特异片段,序列分析表明5′上游序列含有启动子的特征性序列。GUS瞬时表达染色结果显示,该DNA片段具有硝酸盐诱导和铵抑制的启动子活性。结论:所克隆的盐藻的5′上游序列可能是一种具有“开关”活性的可控性启动子。     

毛囊蠕形螨与皮脂蠕形螨基因组DNA的RAPD分析和序列比对

【目的】分析毛囊蠕形螨Demodex folliculorum（D.f.）和皮脂蠕形螨D. brevis（D.b.）基因组DNA的多态性, 对相关条带进行测序分析。【方法】采用改良小昆虫DNA提取法提取两种人体蠕形螨基因组DNA, 选择RAPD技术对其进行多态性分析, 将相关条带分别与pMD18-T载体连接, 克隆、测序后进行酶切鉴定和分析。【结果】毛囊蠕形螨共扩增15条带, 皮脂蠕形螨共扩增12条带;两种蠕形螨既有共有条带, 又有特异性条带;根据条带差异计算得到两种间的遗传距离为0.5556. 毛囊蠕形螨约800 bp处特异性条带测序结果显示, 序列片段长度为855 bp（GenBank登录号为FI277970）;特异性引物扩增和酶切鉴定均为毛囊蠕形螨所特有. 序列比对显示与阿糖胞苷DNA区域结合蛋白有46%的序列相似度。两种人体蠕形螨约300 bp处共有条带序列分析显示, 碱基序列均为341 bp（GenBank登录号分别为D.f. FI520176;D.b. FI520175）, 在第84和第165位点有2个碱基不同, 分别是A/G和C/T互换, 同源性高达99.4%. 但未发现有开放阅读框和相似度高的序列。 【结论】序列片段为855 bp的特异性条带为毛囊蠕形螨所特有;341 bp碱基序列为毛囊蠕形螨和皮脂蠕形螨所共有, 同源性高达99.4%. RAPD技术可用于两种人体蠕形螨基因组DNA的多态性分析和物种鉴定。     

杜氏盐藻硝酸盐还原酶基因5′上游序列的克隆与功能分析

目的:克隆杜氏盐藻硝酸盐还原酶（NR）基因5′上游序列序列,并对其功能进行分析。方法: 利用BamHI、EcoRI、HindIII、PstI、SalI、Xbal 6种限制性内切酶分别酶切盐藻基因组DNA,并与接头连接,构建成盐藻基因组步行文库。采用 LA-PCR方法,从上述盐藻步行基因组文库中扩增NR基因5′上游序列序列,测序并进行分析。为检测其表达特性,构建了该片段与GUS 嵌合基因的表达载体pNR-GUS, 通过电击法将所构建的重组表达载体转化盐藻,组织化学染色法观察GUS的表达。结果: 从盐藻基因组步行文库中扩增出约1200bp特异片段,序列分析表明5′上游序列含有启动子的特征性序列。GUS瞬时表达染色结果显示,该DNA 片段具有硝酸盐诱导和铵抑制的启动子活性。结论：所克隆的盐藻的5′上游序列可能是一种具有"开关"活性的可控性启动子。     

SRFA法构建水稻DNA指纹图谱

RAPD用于生物鉴定具有快速、简便、经济等优点。但是,由于该法所用引物通常为9－10个寡聚核苷酸,与PCR使用特异引物相比,其Tm值相对较低,扩增反应易受外界条件影响,重复性较差。SRFA技术采用设计有限制内切酶位点的人工合成接头与引物互补,弥补了RAPD法的上述不足。Fig.1为SRFA的技术路线。为提高连接效率,在同一试管内,用PstI酶解基因组DNA,并与人工接头连结,制备SRFA扩增的模板。合成与接头序列相应的引物。对5上野生稻品种和籼、粳稻各一个栽培品种SRFA刊物放增。Fig.2表示：每种材料均能获得约10条以得一条（1．3kb）片段,用引物2可得2条（1．1kb、0．7kb）片段。与FAPD法相比,SRFA法增加20％的多态性。栽培稻与野生稻之间在多态性没有差异,说明两乾亲缘关系非常接近。五种野生稻的图谱可分为两类：江西、湖南、广西的与籼稻相近,广东、云南的与粳稻相近。当然,这还有待其它方面的研究来验证。接头的设计要求避免自身连续,与目的的自然连续后不能再被PstI切开。引物包括不变序列和选择序列两部分,前者与接头互补,后者为数个隋机序列。因此,SRFA法除了重复性好以外,还可通过增加（或减少）选择序列的数目扩增较少（或多）的产物片段,满足不同的需要。每一对设计有不同限制酶切位点的接头和引物可扩增出一个特异的DNA指纹图谱,与RAPD法相比,SRFA法操作稍显繁琐,模板DNA用量大、质量要求高,由于酶切和连续,成本也相对较高。     

Mapping multiple co-sequenced T-DNA integration sites within the Arabidopsis genome

MOTIVATION: Insertion mutagenesis, using transgenes or endogenous transposons, is a popular method for generating null mutations (knockouts) in model organisms. Insertions are mapped to specific genes by amplifying (via TAIL-PCR) and sequencing genomic regions flanking the inserted DNA. The presence of multiple TAIL-PCR templates in one sequencing reaction results in chimeric sequence of intermittently low quality. Standard processing of this sequence by applying Phred quality requirements results in loss of informative sequence, whereas not trimming low-quality sequence causes inclusion of low-complexity homopolymers from the ends of sequence runs. Accurate mapping of the flanking sequences is complicated by the presence of gene families. RESULTS: Methods for extracting informative regions from sequence traces obtained by sequencing multiple TAIL-PCR fragments in a single reaction are described. The completely sequenced Arabidopsis genome was used to identify informative TAIL-PCR sequence regions. Methods were devised to define and select high quality matches and precisely map each insert to the correct genome location. These methods were used to analyze sequence of TAIL-PCR-amplified flanking regions of the inserts from individual plants in a T-DNA-mutagenized population of Arabidopsis thaliana, and are applicable to similar situations where a reference genome can be used to extract information from poor-quality sequence.     

用YADE法克隆球孢白僵菌类枯草杆菌蛋白酶基因CDEP-1的启动子及启动子序列分析

扩增与已知序列相连的未知序列是一项常用的分子生物学技术。与其它方法相比,目前在棉花上应用的YADE法具有效率高,成本低和假阳性低等特点。因此,作者尝试将该法引入到昆虫病原真菌的分子生物学研究,并取得了成功,建立了适合于球孢白僵菌和金龟子绿僵菌的YADE的技术体系。类枯草杆菌蛋白酶在昆虫病原真菌穿透寄主体壁时起重要作用,作者在已克隆的球孢白僵菌类蛋白酶基因CDEP-1的基础上,利用YADE法,克隆类球孢白僵菌类枯草杆菌蛋白酶基因CDEP-1的启动子CDEPP。序列分析发现:CDEPP中没有明显的TATA和CAAT框,含有8个可能的碳调控因子的结合位点5'>(g/c)YggRg<3'和2个氮调控因子的结合位点——相隔很近的GATA。这与CDEP-1的表达受碳/氮抑制的结果一致。本文的结果将会为研究CDEP-1的表达规律奠定基础。     

金龟子绿僵菌羧基转运蛋白基因MaJEN1及其启动子的克隆与分析

用YADE法扩增了球孢白僵菌T—DNA插入突变体T12中与T—DNA左边界相连的基因组序列。在此基础上得到了金龟子绿僵菌的羧基转运蛋白的全长cDNA,MaJEN1。MaJEN1全长1695bp,其中含有长为1524bp的开放阅读框(0RF),编码508个氨基酸的蛋白。氨基酸序列与粗糙脉孢霉和啤酒酵母菌的羧基转运蛋白JEN1相似性分别为69％和31％。采用PCR扩增得到了MaJEN1的基因组序列GMaJEN1,序列分析发现,GMaJEN1含有两个内含子。Southern杂交发现GMaJEN1在金龟子绿僵菌基因组上为单拷贝。利用RT—PCR法对MaJEN1的表达特性进行了分析,结果表明MaJEN1在蟑螂壳诱导培养基中表达,在该培养基中的表达受葡糖糖抑制。进一步采用YADE法得到了长为1626bp的GMaJEN1上游序列,其中含有可能的葡萄糖抑制调控序列。     

Direct cloning of specific genomic DNA sequences in plasmid libraries following fragment enrichment.

We describe a simple method to directly clone any DNA fragment for which a flanking restriction enzyme map is known. Genomic DNA is digested with multiple enzymes cutting outside the fragment to be cloned, selected by electroelution from an agarose gel, and cloned directly into a plasmid vector. It is only necessary to screen 10-1000 colonies and recombinant DNA is ready for immediate molecular analysis without further subcloning. The use of this technique is demonstrated for the cloning of a sequence from within the human alpha-globin complex that was previously shown to be "unclonable" in bacteriophage and cosmid vectors and which is a multiallelic general genetic marker, as well as both beta-globin alleles from an individual with beta-thalassaemia.     

SCYPPred: a web-based predictor of SNPs for human cytochrome P450

Human cytochrome P450(CYP 450) enzymes mediate over 60% of the phase I-dependent metabolism of clinical drugs. They are also known for the polymorphism functions that have significant impacts on the enzyme activities. In this study, a web-server called SCYPPred was developed for predicting human cytochrome P450 SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms) based on the SVM flanking sequence method; SCYPPred can rapidly yield the desired results by using the amino acid sequences information alone. The web-server is accessible to the public at http://snppred.sjtu.edu.cn. Hopefully SCYPPred could be a useful bioinformatics tool for elucidating the mutation probability of a specific CYP450 enzyme.     

A comparison of five methods for DNA isolation from liver and rumen flukes to perform ITS-2+ amplification

Five different DNA isolation methods (4 commercial kits and a modification of phenol-chloroform method) were compared for the discrimination of adults of Fasciola hepatica and Dicrocoelium dendriticum (liver flukes), and Calicophoron daubneyi (rumen fluke) collected from sheep in southern Italy. The second internal transcribed spacer (ITS-2) of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) plus flanking 5.8S and 28S sequence (ITS-2+) was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from serial diluted DNA templates (6 ng - 60 fg) of each fluke species. Overall, in terms of efficiency in detection limit, the best results were obtained either with phenol-chloroform purification or with QIAamp DNA Mini Kit (Qiagen), but using this latter method, rapid, safe and not expensive, an increased level of sensitivity sufficient to detect small amounts of target-DNA was achieved. In addition, electrophoresis analysis following PCR also showed that ITS-2+ could be useful as a genetic marker for the molecular identification of F. hepatica, D. dendriticum and C. daubneyi in definitive and intermediate hosts. Furthermore, for the first time, the ITS-2 sequence of D. dendriticum was defined.     

Frameshifts and deletions during in vitro translesion synthesis past Pt-DNA adducts by DNA polymerases beta and eta

DNA polymerases beta (pol beta ) and eta (pol eta ) are the only two eukaryotic polymerases known to efficiently bypass cisplatin and oxaliplatin adducts in vitro. Frameshift errors are an important aspect of mutagenesis. We have compared the types of frameshifts that occur during translesion synthesis past cisplatin and oxaliplatin adducts in vitro by pol beta and pol eta on a template containing multiple runs of nucleotides flanking a single platinum-GG adduct. Translesion synthesis past platinum adducts by pol beta resulted in approximately 50% replication products containing single-base deletions. For both adducts the majority of -1 frameshifts occurred in a TTT sequence 3-5 bp upstream of the DNA lesion. For pol eta, all of the bypass products for both cisplatin and oxaliplatin adducts contained -1 frameshifts in the upstream TTT sequence and most of the products of replication on oxaliplatin-damaged templates had multiple replication errors, both frameshifts and misinsertions. In addition, on platinated templates both polymerases generated replication products 4-8 bp shorter than the full-length products. The majority of short cisplatin-induced products contained an internal deletion which included the adduct. In contrast, the majority of oxaliplatin-induced short products contained a 3' terminal deletion. The implications of these in vitro results for in vivo mutagenesis are discussed.     

The rice retrotransposon Tos17 prefers low-copy-number sequences as integration targets

The rice retrotransposon Tos17 is highly activated by tissue culture. To evaluate the impact of transposition of Tos17 on the rice genome and examine its utility for insertional mutagenesis, more than 100 sequences flanking newly transposed Tos17 copies were characterised. The 5-bp target-site duplications flanking Tos17 did not show any consensus sequence, and preferred nucleotides, A/T and G/C, were only found at the second and third nucleotides from both ends of the target site duplications, respectively, indicating that Tos17 has relatively low target-site specificity at the nucleotide sequence level. Integration targets were widely distributed over the chromosomes; however, preferential integration into the sucrose synthase 2 gene and into Tos17 itself was demonstrated by PCR screening using pooled DNA prepared from the mutant population. Hybridisation studies indicated that Tos17 preferentially integrates into low-copy-number regions of the genome. In agreement with this result, about 30% of flanking sequences examined showed significant homology to known genes. Taken together, these results show that Tos17 can have a significant impact on the rice genome and can be used as a tool for efficient insertional mutagenesis.