神农架海拔梯度上4种典型森林凋落物现存量及其养分循环动态

研究神农架地区典型森林凋落物现存量及其养分动态对认识我国北亚热带森林生态系统养分循环过程及森林碳循环的机理具有重要的参考价值。通过对神农架海拔梯度上4种典型森林常绿阔叶林、常绿落叶阔叶混交林、落叶阔叶林及亚高山针叶林凋落物年凋落量及其养分归还量的研究,发现:森林凋落物量随海拔增加呈现先上升后降低的趋势,由低海拔到高海拔,凋落物年凋落量分别为6807.97、7118.14、6975.2和4250.67 kg/hm²。各森林类型凋落物量年变化呈双峰型,高峰期出现在4-5月份、11月份。凋落物养分归还以N 最高(132.06、162.29、157.12和185.77 kg/hm²),以P最少(4.62、4.39、8.24和4.15 kg/hm²),养分归还总量随海拔高度增加而减少。     

武夷山常绿阔叶林凋落物量、养分归还动态及其与气候因子的关系

凋落物是森林生态系统的重要组成部分,其与森林生态系统生物地球化学循环密切相关,通过凋落物归还的养分对维持林地肥力及提高森林生产力具有重要的意义。为探讨森林凋落物动态及其与气候因子间的关系,选择武夷山常绿阔叶林生态系统为研究对象,采用凋落物收集网法和便携式气象站自动监测法,对武夷山典型常绿阔叶林生态系统凋落物量、养分归还及气象因子进行定位监测。结果表明:武夷山常绿阔叶林年均凋落物总量约为3257.5 kg·hm^-2,其中凋落叶是凋落物中的绝对优势组分,占凋落物总量的62%左右;整体上,武夷山常绿阔叶林凋落物量月动态呈双峰型,在4—5月份和11月份分别出现凋落高峰;氮（N）和磷（P）质量分数的年加权平均值在不同凋落物组分中的顺序均表现为其他组分凋落物>凋落叶>凋落枝, N和P年归还量则表现为凋落叶>其他组分凋落物>凋落枝。凋落总量和凋落叶量与降雨量呈显著正相关关系（P<0.05）,其他组分凋落物量及其N、P质量分数与空气温度均呈显著正相关关系（P<0.05）,表明降水和温度是影响武夷山常绿阔叶林生态系统凋落物量和养分质量分数的主要气象因子。本研究结果可为全球气候变化背景下进行常绿阔叶林森林生态系统养分循环的研究提供数据支持,对推动中亚热带地区常绿阔叶林生态系统结构和功能长期研究具有重要意义。     

中亚热带森林转换对凋落物养分归还及养分利用效率的影响

为了解中亚热带森林转换对森林生态系统碳及养分循环的影响,以中亚热带米槠天然林、森林转换后的米槠次生林和杉木人工林为对象,对3种林分的凋落物量、养分归还量和养分利用效率进行4年研究。结果表明：米槠天然林转换为米槠次生林和杉木人工林后,年凋落物量分别下降29.0%和45.7%,凋落物氮归还量分别下降34.0%和72.7%,磷归还量分别减少38.1%和56.4%。米槠天然林的凋落物碳归还量比米槠次生林和杉木人工林分别高25.6%和44.3%。对于杉木人工林、米槠次生林和米槠天然林的养分利用效率,凋落物氮的利用效率分别为175.4、94.8和92.0 kg·kg^-1,凋落物磷的利用效率分别为3031.0、2791.6和2537.2 kg·kg^-1,杉木人工林比米槠天然林和次生林受氮限制影响程度更大,3种林分受磷限制的影响程度相近。     

密度对缺苞箭竹凋落物养分归还及养分利用效率的影响

在缺苞箭竹-紫果云杉原始林下,选取3个密度(D1、D2、D3)的缺苞箭竹,研究了密度对缺苞箭竹凋落物量、养分归还量及养分利用效率的影响.结果表明:3个密度缺苞箭竹的年凋落物量分别为793.2、1135.7和1458.5kg.hm-2,C归还量分别为370.7、516.2和671.5kg.hm-2,5种主要养分归还量分别为16.3、22.9和29.3kg.hm-2,均随密度的增大而增加.各密度养分年归还量中均以Ca最高(占总量的48%～58%),P和Mg最低(3%～5%),总体排序为Ca>N>K>Mg、P.除高密度(D3)缺苞箭竹在8月有一个凋落与养分归还小峰外,10月生长季末是各密度缺苞箭竹凋落及养分归还高峰期.不同密度缺苞箭竹叶N和K的再分配能力无显著差异,P的再分配能力随密度的增大而增强,Ca、Mg则显著积累.缺苞箭竹P的养分利用效率随密度的增大而增高,表明P可能是缺苞箭竹生长更新的限制因子.     

格氏栲天然林与人工林凋落物数量、养分归还及凋落叶分解(英文

通过对中亚热带格氏栲天然林(natural forest of Castanopsis kawakamii。约150年生)、格氏挎和杉木人工林(monoculture plantations of C．kawakamii and Cunninghamia lanceolata,33年生)凋落物数量与季节动态、养分归还及凋落叶分解与其质量的关系为期3a的研究表明。林分年均凋落量及叶所占比例分别为：格氏栲天然林11．01t／hm^1。59．70t／hm^2;格氏栲人工林9．54％。71．98％;杉木人工林5．47t／hm^2。58．29％。格氏栲天然林与人工林凋落量每年只出现1次峰值(4月份)。而杉木林的则出现3次(4或5月份、8月份和11月份)。除杉木林的Ca和格氏栲人工林的Mg年归还量最大外。N、P、K及养分总归还量均以格氏栲天然林的为最大。杉木人工林的最小。分解la后格氏栲天然林中格氏栲叶的干重损失最大(98．16％)。杉木叶的最小(60．78％)。C／N及木质素／N比值与凋落叶分解速率呈显著负相关。而N、水溶性化合物初始浓度与分解速率呈显著正相关。与针叶树人工林相比,天然林的凋落物数量大、养分归还量高、分解快。具有良好自我培肥地力的能力。因此。保护和扩大常绿阔叶林资源已成为南方林区实现森林可持续经营的重要措施之一。     

不同林龄马尾松人工林年凋落量与养分归还动态

利用空间代替时间的方法,对不同发育阶段马尾松人工林年凋落量与养分归还量动态进行了研究。结果表明:1)马尾松人工林凋落物量具有明显的季节变化,受树种本身生物学特性和气候影响,气候对凋落量的影响效应具有滞后性;2)马尾松各凋落物组分的养分浓度具有明显的季节变化,季节差异可达1倍以上;3)随着林龄增长,通过凋落物归还到林地的K量呈下降趋势,其他养分量则呈V字型,51年生时有较高的养分利用效率。凋落物对马尾松人工林林地养分维持具有重要作用,凋落物尤其凋落针叶的输出切断了人工林生物地球化学循环过程中凋落物养分归这个关键环节,会加剧土壤贫瘠化进程,导致林地生产力降低,因此在经营马尾松人工林过程中要尽量降低凋落物输出量,以维持林地的长期生产力。     

三种常见挺水植物凋落物的分解动态及养分释放规律

湿地植物凋落物的分解对维持湿地生态系统结构和功能稳定具有重要作用。为探究湿地植物凋落物分解动态及养分释放规律,以芦苇（Phragmites australis Trin. ex Steud）、南荻（Triarrhena lutarioriparia L. Liu ex Renvoize & S. L. Chen）和菰（Zizania latifolia Stapf）3种常见挺水植物为研究对象,模拟受控实验,研究单一物种及两两混合物种分解过程中的分解速率、碳氮磷元素的含量及其比例的变化。结果显示,无论是单一物种还是混合物种,均呈现出前5 d分解最为迅速,随即分解速率急剧下降,而后缓慢降低直至趋于稳定的变化规律。分解速率与凋落物的初始氮、磷含量相关,养分归还与瞬时分解速率常数呈显著正相关。混合分解可能受到养分的迁移和分解的影响,在分解初期和末期呈协同效应,而在分解中期呈拮抗效应。研究结果说明混合分解并不是单一分解的简单加和,还需进一步深化对凋落物分解机理的研究。     

万木林自然保护区2种天然林及杉木人工林凋落量及养分归还

通过对福建建瓯万木林自然保护区内以观光木(Tsoongiodendron odorum,TSO)和细柄阿丁枫(Altingia gracilipes,ALG)为建群种的2种天然林及杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata,29年生)人工林凋落量与养分归还为期3a(2000~2002年)的研究表明,3种林分年均凋落量(t.hm-2)范围从杉木人工林的4.63t.hm-2到观光木林的6.74t.hm-2,叶所占比例范围为62%~69%。细柄阿丁枫林凋落量每年只出现1次峰值(3月份或4月份),观光木林的出现2次(3月份、6~8月份),而杉木林的则出现3次(3月份或4月份、6~8月份和11~12月份)。3种林分Ca和Mg年归还量大小排序与按总凋落量的不同。除杉木人工林的Ca年归还量最大外,其余养分年归还量均以观光木天然林的最大。通过凋落物各组分的养分归还中,落叶是养分归还的主体。与针叶树人工林相比,天然林的凋落量大、养分归还量高,具有良好维持地力的能力。因此,保护和扩大常绿阔叶林资源已成为南方林区实现森林可持续经营的重要措施之一。     

天然枫桦红松林凋落量动态及养分归还量

三年定位研究表明小兴安岭天然枫桦红松林年均凋落量有5.8t／ha(干重)。凋落量的季节变化格局是随着气候变冷有一明显秋季凋落高峰期(9—10月)。凋落物每年养分的归还量:Ca、N、K、Mg、P;相应为67.0、56.9、14.8、9.5、和6.6kg／ha;总计155.0kg／ha。据测定阔叶树落叶养分含量明显高于所有针叶的含量。尽管阔叶树的年凋落量仅占该混交林的年总凋落量的三分之一;阔叶树落叶仍有相当高的养分比例(43.4%)归还土壤。因此;红松林分的经营管理中;保留适当比重的阔叶树有利于土壤改良和促进林分生长。     

Effect of typhoon disturbance on fine litterfall and related nutrient input in a subtropical forest on Okinawa Island, Japan

Typhoons are frequent on Okinawa Island, southwestern Japan. The effects of typhoon disturbance on the patterns of fine litterfall and related nutrient inputs in a subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest were studied over 5 years from May 1996 to April 2001. Annual fine litterfall averaged 7558 kg ha⁻¹ (range from 6188 to 9439 kg ha⁻¹) for six sampling plots over 5 years, which differed significantly among years (p<0.001) but not among plots (p=0.122). A seasonal maximum was most evident for leaf litter component. Woody litter fell more irregularly through the year, and peak fall varied with typhoon and windstorm. The mean ratio of annual litterfall mass of sexual organs to leaves was 0.06, much lower than that in other tropical and subtropical rain forests. Nutrient concentrations varied in litterfall components, but were not significantly different among plots. The lowest concentrations of N and P in leaf litter were observed in March, which is also the month with the greatest leaf fall. However, the highest concentrations were recorded in typhoon season. Nitrogen and P concentrations were 34% and 106% greater in the green leaves that fell during typhoons than in senescent leaves. Mean nutrient inputs by litterfall were: N 83, P 3.2, K 25, Ca 71, Mg 19, Al 12, Na 10, Fe 0.86 and Mn 3.9 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹, and differed significantly among years for all elements (p<0.0005) and among plots only for K (p<0.05) and Mn (p<0.0001). Typhoon disturbance strongly affected annual fine litterfall and related nutrient inputs, which contributed an average of 30% of the annual litterfall mass, and from 30% to 39% (for different nutrient elements) of annual total nutrient inputs. The results from this study suggest that typhoon-driven maintenance of rapid cycling of P and N and their high availability in soil appears to be an important mechanism to maintain productivity in the subtropical forest on Okinawa Island.     

Effects of pollution on the nutrient return via litterfall for Pinus radiata plantations in the Basque Country

The effects of atmospheric pollution on two 10 year old Pinus radiata D. Don forests (Manzanal and Posadero) was studied in the Basque country, analysing the concentration of different nutrients and nutrient input via litterfall. Litterfall production peaked in autumn, and 97.5% of the litterfall consisted of pine needles at Posadero (the less-polluted area), whereas this figure was found to be 88.6% at Manzanal (the polluted area). Posadero had a higher production of litterfall than Manzanal due to the higher tree density. Nutrient concentration showed a similar seasonal variation over the year at both sites. Pine litterfall in the polluted area, Manzanal, had significantly higher concentrations of iron, copper, zinc, sulphur, calcium, sodium and magnesium than in Posadero, while the concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium did not differ between sites. Calcium, sodium, magnesium, sulphur, iron and copper input to the forest via litterfall was significantly higher for the polluted area, but the inputs of nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium and zinc did not significantly differ between sites. Both sites showed high nutrient use efficiencies for phosphorous and calcium compared with other coniferous forests. The highest efficiency was for phosphorous, possibly due to the low availability of this ion in the soil. Trees at Posadero were consistently more efficient for calcium than at Manzanal due to the effect of pollution on the latter site. Molar ratios between aluminium and the basic cation nutrients calcium and magnesium in soil were higher at the polluted area, as a result of the increased inputs of anions to the forest soil (Al:Ca = 1.9:1 and Al:Mg = 6.9:1 at Posadero and Al:Ca = 5.7:1 and Al:Mg = 14:1 at Manzanal). The current pollution level of Manzanal is leading to a loss of cations that may cause future changes in the functioning of this forest.     

上海郊区农田生态系统的养分循环和施肥

农田生态系统的氮、磷、钾营养元素的输入,主要是通过肥料、种子、灌溉水及降水,氮素还可从大气通过土壤自生固氮进入系统;另一方面,农田生态系统的氮、磷、钾营养元素输出,则通过收获作物、淋失及流失,氮素还可通过反硝化和挥发损失而输出该系统。本研究的数据资料,主要有三个方面来源: 1.调查研究有关农田生态系统养分循环的许多资料,例如有机肥料和化学肥料的施用量、灌水定额及降水量、种子用量、作物籽粒和茎秆的净生物量、各种种植制度的种植面积等,可通过调查搜集有关资料,而取得代表上海郊区情况的     

华南人工林凋落物养分及其转移

对华南 5种人工林凋落物量、凋落物养分及绿叶养分含量的测定结果表明 ,各种人工林凋落物量大小依次为 :马占相思 (11.1t·hm-2 ) >湿地松 (7.3t·hm-2 ) >荷木 (6 .5t·hm-2 ) >大叶相思 (4.8t·hm-2 ) >柠檬桉(2 .6t·hm-2 ) .马占相思通过落叶回归土壤的养分量高于其它类型 .5种人工林均通过养分转移机制 ,大量从枯老叶中转移N、P、K养分 ,其中马占相思转移的养分量最大 ,营养转移的季节性差别较大 .各种人工林对其它元素的转移现象不确定 .     

福建和溪亚热带雨林凋落物营养元素动态

探讨了福建和溪亚热带雨林主要营养元素通过凋落物的归还动态．结果表明,该森林一年中凋落物不同组分各元素的含量具有波动性,加权平均含量为Ｎ＞Ｋ＞Ｃａ＞Ｍｇ＞Ｐ（落果Ｃａ＝Ｍｇ、落枝Ｃａ＞Ｋ）。通过凋落物归还Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｃａ、Ｍｇ元素的年库流量,分别为８７．４１、３．８２、４０．８０、２８．８１和１５．３２ｋｇｈｍ（－２）,灰分量为２８４．５７ｋｇｈｍ（－２）,其中以落叶形式居最大,分别各占总量的７３．４％、６８．１％、．７７．２％、７２．９％、７４．５％和７９．９％;各元素的年库流量与年凋落物量的月分布相一致,有明显的季节性．森林地表残留物Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｃａ、Ｍｇ元素的累积储量．分别为５４．８３、２．４５、９．６９、１７．０和９．２５ｋｇｈｍ（－２）．五种元素在林下地表的滞留时间,分别为Ｎ０．６１、Ｐ０．６１、Ｋ０．２３、Ｃａ０．５６和Ｍｇ０．５３年．     

Litter and forest-floor dynamics in aPinus resinosa plantation in Wisconsin

Summary Breakdown of dry matter and release of nutrients from decomposing leaf litter and forest-floor material were measured in a 34-year-old red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) plantation in central Wisconsin using (1) leaf-litter bags (2) litterfall and forest-floor nutrient data and an exponential decay function, and (3) nutrient flux data and a mass balance equation. After one year of decomposition, 77% of the original dry matter in leaf-litter bags remained. The release of macronutrients in decomposing leaf litter was K>Mg>P, S>N>Ca, and the release of micronutrients and aluminum was Mn, B>Al>Cu>Zn. Nitrogen in decomposing leaf litter showed the leaching, accumulation, and final release phases delineated by Berg and Staff⁴. Half-lives of dry matter and nutrients in the forest floor ranged from 0.5 (K) to 39 (Al) yr. Forest-floor turnover rates of the various elements followed the same trends as in leaf-litter bags except that Ca turned over more readily than P, S, and N and Zn turned over more readily than the other micronutrients. A forest-floor nutrient balance sheet confirmed that the macronutrients N and Ca are accumulating most readily in the forest floor. The overall implications of these trends for tree nutrition are discussed.     

贡嘎山峨眉冷杉林凋落物的特征

 研究了贡嘎山峨眉冷杉（Abies fabri）林凋落物量、凋落物特征及其N、P、K、有机碳的归还量,并探讨了它们在演替进程中的变化。结果表明,峨眉冷杉成熟林、中龄林和幼龄林的凋落物量依次为：2 809.925、2 787.086、2 043.585 kg·hm-2·a-1;其中N、P、K的归还量依次为：34.850、33.917、42.571 kg·hm-2· a-1。峨眉冷杉林凋落物量及其N、P、K的归还量较少,与我国其它森林区针叶林存在一定差异,而与美国西北部冷杉林相近。     

Nutrient cycling and nitrogen mineralization in eucalypt forests of south-eastern Australia

Summary Nutrient pools in litter and soil and the major nutrient transfers and additions in rainfall, throughfall and litterfall were measured in eight mature, undisturbed eucalypt forests covering a range of species, climate, productivity and soil type. Litterfall is the major pathway for the return of N, P, Ca and usually Mg, to the soil. The forests covered almost the range of litterfall reported for eucalypt forests and, in conjunction with published data, litterfall was strongly related to climatic variables. Extractable P in the soil and P concentrations in litter and litterfall were significantly higher in two sub-alpine forests (Eucalyptus pauciflora andE. delegatensis) than in all other forests. In general, nutrient turnover, particularly N turnover, was related to the rate of organic matter turnover. Rates of organic matter turnover in these forests and in other studies of eucalypts were correlated with climatic conditions using the simple climatic scalar developed by Vitousek. Nitrogen turnover, especially that proportion cycling via leaf litterfall is primarily a function of organic matter turnover, but litter quality appears also to have an influence.     

不同坡位对琉球松人工林凋落物及其养分归还量的影响

对日本冲绳岛北部不同坡位的琉球松人工林凋落物量及其养分归还量进行了为期3年的观测研究,结果表明,琉球松成林年凋落物量为6．54～8．05Mg·hm^-2·年^-1,其凋落高峰出现在6、7月份．台风干扰对年凋落物量及其季节动态影响显著．凋落物不同组分的养分含量差异明显．年均养分归还总量为113．4～154．6kg·hm^-2·年^-1,其中氮素归还量最大,占42．2％;各养分归还量的大小依次为N>Ca>K>Mg>Na>P．两调查林分由于立地条件的显著差异,年均凋落物量及其相应的养分归还量亦存在明显差异．在立地条件较好的下坡,林分P1的年均凋落物量达8．05Mg·hm^-2·年^-1,高于立地条件相对较差的上坡的林分P2的23．1％;其相应的年养分归还量为：N66、04,P1.63,K17．42,Ca48.31,Mg14.65和N。6、57kg·hm^-2·年^-1,分别高于林分P2的39.7％、48.8％、39．4％、32.9％、24.8％和49.3％．两林分凋落物的养分利用效率分别是N为122和138,P为4934和5945,K为462和523,林分P1明显低于林分P2,这与林分P2的立地条件较差相关．可见,所调查的琉球松林是一种高效的养分利用系统。     

武夷山九曲溪水体营养水平与原生动物群落变化相互关系研究

2000年研究了武夷山九曲溪水体的营养状态与原生动物群落结构关系。发现并非水越清洁PFU原生动物种类就越多,这要决定于水体的营养状况。当水体是贫营养时,水越清洁,PFU原生动物种类反而会越少。研究结果表明,即使在低营养水平的水体中,PFU法一样能准确反映人类活动对当地水环境的影响。