金丝猴长骨的异速生长研究

文章利用14副成年金丝猴骨架(包括滇金丝猴Rhinopithecus bieti;黔金丝猴R.brelichi)对其长骨与体重间的异速生长进行了分析研究。结果表明,在金丝猴的生长发育过程中,前肢的生长速度大于后肢。这种形态特征与金丝猴在运动过程中攀爬垂直支撑物相联系。从肢间指数和生长系数看,金丝猴的前后肢与其它灵长类相比较,相对于体重来说比较短。这是在树上攀缘过程中使重心更接近支撑攀物和使身体稳定的一种适应。对躯干长(STL),肱骨、桡骨、股骨和胫骨经多维变量分析说明了金丝猴的长骨与体重之间的关系,长骨的结构特征与狮尾狒(Theropithecus)、狒狒(Papio)、叶猴(Presbytis)、猕猴(Mcaaca)及长鼻猴(Nasalis)更为接近。在金丝猴的运动特征上,我们据此推测,它们有一部分时间在地上活动,但休息、睡觉、寻食及逃避敌害等时在树上。因此,在运动中,跳跃、臂摆荡和悬吊不是它们的主要运动方式。     

太行山猕猴牙齿与颅长的相关性

对太行山猕猴牙齿有关变量做了测量,统计,并就其与颅骨长间的异速生长和相关程度进行了研究。结果表明,太行山猕猴牙齿具有明显的性别差异,雄性牙齿的变异程度在犬齿和中央门齿表现尤为突出。在线性型或面积方面,雄性牙齿的异速生长均快于雌性和雄＋雌,此与其生活史对策相适应,在雄性,雌性或雄＋雌,下颌齿变量与颅骨长的相关程度比上颌更为密切,与有关资料的比较表明,太行山猕猴与金丝猴之间的差异小于与菲氏叶猴之间的差异。     

滇金丝猴幼仔的生长发育

滇金丝猴（Ｒｈｉｎｏｐｉｔｈｅｃｕｓｂｉｅｔｉ）早在１８７１年就已被人们发现,但由于生活在人烟稀少的高山峡谷之中,时隔近百年无人研究,对其生物学了解甚少。近年来在系统解剖、生态行为、数量分布方面进行了较系统的研究（李致祥,１９８１;白寿昌,１９８７,...     

太行山猕猴肩胛骨变量间的相关性和异速生长分析

肩胛骨的测量性研究在灵长类的分类及运动类型划分方面占有很重要的地位,许多国内外学者已有不少报道[1～3]。关于太行山猕猴(Ｍａｃａｃａｍｕｌａｔｔａ)[4]肩胛骨的研究,作者查阅了许多有关文献,未见详细的研究报道。为积累太行山猕猴体质调查资料,我们对太行山猕猴肩?..     

滇金丝猴下颌的生物力学研究

利用生物力学原理,判别分析和异速生长对我国特有的滇金丝猴下颌研究表明,由于雄性比雌性具有相对更长的下颌,导致了整个下颌结构在两性间的差异。在所分析的8个变量中,4个被选为性别鉴别的重要特征,判别式为:D=-27.65-0.729CONM1+0.596MANDL+1.204MANDSYM-1.778MANCORPW。与猕猴和长鼻猴相比,滇金丝猴具有相对短的下颌骨,较宽的下颌髁和较高的下颌体。这些特征保障了下颌齿,特别是颊齿列更有利于叶类食物的咀嚼,即有利于咀嚼过程中消除下颌的疲劳。     

滇金丝猴驯养的初步研究

本文报道的６只慎金丝猴均捕自同一野生种群。由于在运动途中采用了降低应激反应药物,动物得以安全运出。笼养期间,试投以各种本地产植物的叶、花、果和蔬菜为食,结果有５６种为动物所接受。说明金丝猴的食性狭窄主要是受栖息地的限制。在以这些食物为主食的条件下,分别笼养了１４个月的３只（♀）、６个月２只（♂）和８０个月１只（♀）的滇金丝猴目前健康状况良好：成年人体的体重多有所增加,幼体的生长发育良好,结核菌素试     

雌性川金丝猴尿中生殖激素变化的研究

用人促黄体生成素／绒毛膜促性腺激素诊断药盒及雌激素诊断药盒,定期测定４只雌性川金丝猴尿中黄体生成素和绒毛膜促性腺激素的活性及其与雌激素含量的关系。实验证明,两种人用诊断药盒可以测出金丝猴尿中的促黄体生成素（ＬＨ）／绒毛膜促性腺激素（ＣＧ）及雌激素（Ｅ）的变化情况。基本上反映了金丝猴的卵泡形成、排卵和黄体生成的时间以及妊娠的情况。ＬＨ／ＣＧ及Ｅ,每月有一个大的峰值,其后１－４天内有月经或尿潜血出现。妊娠初期ＬＨ／ＣＧ急剧上升,持续一个月达到最高峰后即急剧下降。Ｅ在ＬＨ／ＣＧ下降后开始升高,持续３－４个月达到最高峰,高峰下降后半个月左右分娩,分娩后重新升高,但低于原水平。金丝猴的繁殖行为,主要表现为邀配和交配,９－１２月频率最高。根据ＬＨ／ＣＧ曲线的变化可以推断受精的大约日期。     

滇金丝猴雌性个体间的理毛行为

相互理毛行为广泛存在于社会性群居灵长类动物中,通常具有清洁卫生和社会交往功能。2012 年10 月至2013 年6 月,我们在云南白马雪山国家级自然保护区对一人工辅助投食滇金丝猴群,采用全事件取样法和焦点动物取样法收集了雌性个体间相互理毛的行为数据,包括理毛的部位、理毛的姿势、理毛的时间和回合数。研究结果表明:滇金丝猴雌性个体之间每次相互理毛的平均时间为5. 7 min。相互理毛部位较多的发生在自我理毛不能进行(达到)的部位(61.1% );在不能自我理毛部位的相互理毛行为持续时间长,平均9.7 min;在个体能够进行自我理毛部位的相互理毛持续时间短,平均为3. 2 min。相互理毛的姿势以对坐为主(48. 4% ),不同理毛姿势的理毛时间差异显著。新迁入家庭单元的雌性个体为理毛的首先发起者,但其获得被理毛的时间却并不多。滇金丝猴雌性个体相互理毛部位、理毛姿势和理毛时间的差异表明,它们之间的相互理毛行为符合卫生功能假说和社会功能假说。     

Multivariate dental allometry in primates

Disagreement is current over the question of whether relatively large teeth in some large primates are a natural outcome of growth trends instead of an indication of intrinsic differences. A cross-primate survey of dental scaling relative to skull (and inferred body) size is given in this study, using a principal component technique to measure the multivariate growth relation between two sets of data: dental size and cranial size. Cheek teeth are strongly positively allometric in restriced taxonomic groups, especially in cercopithecoids. Conversely, the allometry drops to an almost linear proportional growth relation when variation in diet is controlled.     

Effects of iodine deficiency on mental and psychomotor abilities

The allometric relationships between canine base area, first molar and summed molar crown area, and the glabella–opisthocranion distance, and the direct allometric relationships between canine and molar size have been established in five primate taxa. Separate sex and combined sex ‘intraspecific’, and ‘interspecific’ regression and ‘best fit’ allometry coefficients were computed. This analysis showed that for any increase in glabella–opisthocranion length, the rate of increase in canine size exceeds the rate of increase in molar area, and ‘best fit’ solutions indicate that canine base area is positively allometric when related directly to molar crown area. These results were compared with data available for the ‘gracile’ australopithecine, A. africanus, and two ‘robust’ australopithecine taxa, A. boisei and A. robustus. The differences in canine and molar size which occur between the ‘gracile’ taxon and the two ‘robust’ taxa do not correspond to any of the trends in the comparative allometric models. Data on glabella–opisthocranion length for the fossils, meagre though they are, show that while the proportional increase in molar crown area between the taxa corresponds to comparative allometry models, the reduced canine size in the ‘robust’ taxa is against comparative allometric trends. These results indicate that, at least in terms of canine/molar proportions, the differences between the ‘gracile’ and ‘robust’ australopithecines are not merely allometric and may indicate significant dietary or behavioural differences.     

Incisor size and diet revisited: The view from a platyrrhine perspective

Allometric relationships between incisor size and body size were determined for 26 species of New World primates. While previous studies have suggested that the incisors of Old World primates, and anthropoids in general, scale isometrically with body size, the data presented here indicate a negative allometric relationship between incisor size and body size among New World species. This negative allometry was exhibited by platyrrhines when either upper or lower incisor row length was regressed against body weight, and when either least-squares or bivariate principal axis equations were used. When upper incisor length was plotted against skull length, negative allometry could be sustained using both statistical techniques only when the full sample of 26 species was plotted. The choice of variables to represent incisor size and body size, and the choice of a statistical technique to effect the allometric equation, had a more pronounced impact on the location of individual species with regard to lines of best fit. Platyrrhines as a group have smaller incisors relative to body size than do catarrhines, regardless of diet. Among New World primates, small incisors represent a plausible primitive condition; species with relatively large incisors manifest a phyletic change associated with a dietary shift to foods that require increased incisal preparation. The opposite trend characterizes Old World primates. In spite of the taxonomic differences in relative incisor size between platyrrhine and catarrhine primates, inferences about diet derived from an allometric equation for all anthropoids should prove reliable as long as the species with unknown diet does not lie at the upper end of the body size range for platyrrhines or catarrhines.     

Interspecific and intraspecific relationships between tooth size and jaw size in primates

The association between mandibular robusticity, postcanine megadontia, and canine reduction in hominins has led to speculation that large and robust jaws might be required to spatially accommodate large canine and molar teeth in hominins and other primates. If so, then variations in mandibular form that are generally regarded as biomechanical adaptations to masticatory demands might instead be incidental effects of functional requirements of tooth support. While the association between large teeth and deep, robust jaws in hominins is well known, the relationship between tooth size and jaw size has not been systematically evaluated in a comparative sample of primates. We evaluate the relationships between molar tooth size, canine tooth size, and mandibular corpus and symphyseal dimensions in a sample of adult anthropoids in interspecific (n=84 species) and intraspecific (n=36 species) contexts. For intraspecific comparisons, tooth size and jaw size are correlated, but for a majority of species this is a function of sexual size dimorphism. Interspecific comparisons lend little direct support to the hypothesis that jaw breadth directly covaries with molar tooth breadth, but they do support the hypothesis that mandibular depth is associated with canine tooth size in males. The latter observation suggests that if there is a causal association between canine size and mandibular depth, it is subject to a threshold effect. In contrast, neither corpus nor symphyseal robusticity, measured as a shape index of breadth/height, are correlated with tooth size. Our results suggest that further studies of the relationship between tooth size and corpus morphology should focus on tooth root size and corpus bony architecture, and that species-specific factors should have a strong impact on such relationships.     

An analysis of cercopithecoid odontometrics. I. The scaling of the maxillary dentition.

The relations between two tooth indices, post-canine area and incisor width in the upper jaw, and three variables, diet, body weight and body weight dimorphism, were examined separately for the males and females of 29 cercopithecoid species. Each species was assigned to one of three diet classes (folivore, frugivore, omnivore). Data on the other variable consisted of species means (log-transformed) obtained from published sources. The analytic techniques used were bivariate and multiple regression, the tooth indices being the dependent variables. All tooth indices scaled isometrically within diet classes, and all except female incisor width scaled with positive allometry across diet classes. In both sexes, the body weight adjusted mean incisor width of folivores was significantly smaller than that of either frugivores or omnivores. In the females, the body weight adjusted mean post-canine areas did not differ significantly across diet classes, while in the males the omnivores had a larger body weight adjusted mean post-canine area than either the folivores or frugivores. Female post-canine area was the only tooth index for which body weight dimorphism was a significant predictor. Extrapolations of these findings to other extant and to fossil primate species are discussed.     

Primate brains,the ‘island rule’ and the evolution of Homo floresiensis

The taxonomic status of the small bodied hominin, Homo floresiensis, remains controversial. One contentious aspect of the debate concerns the small brain size estimated for specimen LB1 (Liang Bua 1). Based on intraspecific mammalian allometric relationships between brain and body size, it has been argued that the brain of LB1 is too small for its body mass and is therefore likely to be pathological. The relevance and general applicability of these scaling rules has, however, been challenged, and it is not known whether highly encephalized primates adapt to insular habitats in a consistent manner. Here, an analysis of brain and body size evolution in seven extant insular primates reveals that although insular primates follow the ‘island rule’, having consistently reduced body masses compared with their mainland relatives, neither brain mass nor relative brain size follow similar patterns, contrary to expectations that energetic constraints will favour decreased relative brain size. Brain:body scaling relationships previously used to assess the plausibility of dwarfism in H. floresiensis tend to underestimate body masses of insular primates. In contrast, under a number of phylogenetic scenarios, the evolution of brain and body mass in H. floresiensis is consistent with patterns observed in other insular primates.