模拟氮沉降对太岳山油松林土壤酶活性的影响

为研究土壤酶活性对氮沉降增加的响应,以山西太岳山油松人工林和天然林为研究对象,于2009年8月开始实施模拟氮沉实验,试验设置对照(CK,0 kg N hm-2a-1);低氮(LN,50 kg N hm-2a-1);中氮(MN,100 kg N hm-2a-1);高氮(HN,150 kg N hm-2a-1)4种氮处理,自2012年起每年5、7、9月在各处理样方采集表层0—20 cm土壤,测定土壤酶活性(过氧化物酶、多酚氧化酶、纤维素酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶、中性磷酸酶)。研究结果表明:施氮处理下的脲酶与中性磷酸酶活性均有所提高,而低氮处理下天然林中的多酚氧化酶与人工林中的蔗糖酶显著低于对照,中氮、高氮处理下过氧化物酶、多酚氧化酶、天然林中的纤维素酶以及人工林中的蔗糖酶显著降低。总的来说,人工模拟氮沉降促进了土壤中脲酶和中性磷酸酶的活性,抑制了过氧化物酶和多酚氧化酶的活性,并降低了天然林土壤中的纤维素酶活性和人工林中的蔗糖酶活性,但对天然林中蔗糖酶和人工林中的纤维素酶无影响。主导木质素降解的多酚氧化酶活性与纤维素酶、蔗糖酶活性显著相关,纤维素酶与蔗糖酶活性的下降可能是由木质素降解受到抑制,土壤微生物可利用碳源减少所引起。另外,受到天然林土壤含氮量较高的影响,与人工林相比,天然林的多酚氧化酶活性对模拟氮沉降更敏感。由于被抑制的酶均与土壤有机质降解密切相关,氮沉降增加将减缓山西油松林土壤有机质的降解,有利于有机质在土壤中的积累。     

甘肃典型高寒草原退化植物瑞香狼毒对根际土壤微生物群落的影响研究

[目的] 瑞香狼毒（Stellera chamaejasme L.）为瑞香科狼毒属（Stellera）多年生草本植物,是我国草地退化的标志性植物之一。本研究旨在探究甘肃高寒草原主要毒草瑞香狼毒根际微生物群落结构及其与土壤环境因子和酶活性之间关系,为治理因瑞香狼毒入侵引起的草地退化提供理论依据。[方法] 采用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术对甘肃不同地区高寒草原的瑞香狼毒根际土壤微生物组成及多样性进行分析,并进一步分析土壤理化性质和酶活性与微生物群落的相关性。[结果] 不同地区瑞香狼毒根际土壤pH随海拔升高呈现上升趋势,土壤中大量和微量营养元素含量以及土壤酶活性的变化各异。在门水平上,子囊菌门（Ascomycota）、接合菌门（Zygomycota）和担子菌门（Basidiomycota）在根际土壤真菌中占优势地位;放线菌门（Actinobacteria）、变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）在根际土壤细菌中属于优势类群。海拔2964 m样地的真菌和细菌OTU（operational taxonomic unit）数量和Shannon多样性指数均高于其他4个采样点（海拔2373、2608、2733、3280 m）。RDA（redundancy analysis）分析结果显示,瑞香狼毒根际土壤微生物不同,受土壤环境因子的影响不同;相关系数表明,土壤真菌多样性与土壤钾、磷、铁、钙、钼、海拔、土壤水分、过氧化物酶呈正相关,与土壤温度、多酚氧化酶、脱氢酶、蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶呈负相关;土壤细菌与土壤pH、钾、磷、镁、钙、土壤水分呈负相关,与多酚氧化酶、过氧化物酶、脲酶、脱氢酶、蔗糖酶、酸性磷酸酶、碱性磷酸酶呈正相关。[结论] 甘肃省不同地区高寒草原瑞香狼毒根际微生物群落组成和多样性差异明显,土壤理化性质与土壤真菌具有较强的正相关关系,而土壤酶则更多地影响着土壤细菌群落的组成和多样性。     

紫花针茅根际和体内真菌群落结构及与土壤环境因子的相关性研究

[目的] 探究青藏高原不同地区高寒草原紫花针茅根际和体内真菌群落的组成、多样性等特征,及与土壤环境因子（理化性质和酶活性）间的相互关系。[方法] 从青藏高原不同地区采集紫花针茅样品,应用土壤化学方法分析根际土壤理化性质和酶活性,并采用Illumina Miseq高通量测序技术,解析根际土壤和体内真菌群落组成和丰度、Alpha多样性和菌群结构,同时分析了紫花针茅根际真菌种群多样性与土壤环境因子的相关性,厘清了影响紫花针茅根际真菌区系的土壤环境因素。[结果] 三个采样地的根际土壤呈中性偏碱,土壤理化性质和酶活性变化各异。高通量测序共得到314801条有效序列和4491个OTUs;XZ样地的紫花针茅真菌多样性和丰富度相对偏低,GS样地最高。在门分类水平上,子囊菌门Ascomycota和担子菌门Basidiomycota是主要内生真菌类群,占总菌群的88.28%。不同采样地区紫花针茅体内真菌群落结构存在明显差异,而根际土壤真菌群落结构差异不大。相关性分析表明,紫花针茅真菌多样性与土壤pH、有效钾、铁、钙、镁、多酚氧化酶、过氧化物酶和脱氢酶呈显著（P<0.05）或极显著（P<0.01）正相关,而与海拔、土壤酸性磷酸酶呈极显著负相关。RDA分析发现,紫花针茅根际土壤真菌不同,影响的土壤环境因子也不同。[结论] 青藏高原高寒草地紫花针茅根际和体内栖息着丰富的真菌群落,其组成和多样性受多种土壤环境因子影响,且影响不同真菌群落的主要土壤环境因子也不同。本研究对于有益微生物资源的开发、利用及保护具有重要意义,并为紫花针茅草原保育和合理开发利用提供科学依据。     

Soil Microbial Community Response to Nitrobenzene Exposure for a Spartina Wetland

To explore the response of the soil microbial community to nitrobenzene (NB) exposure in a Spartina marsh, a short-term (45 d) mesocosm study was conducted at three NB concentrations of (10, 50, and 100) mg kg^?1. Dry soil, sterile and unsterile controls were also compared. The ability of the microbes to biodegrade NB was studied in an effort to predict the outcome of NB in the mesocosm. The results indicated that a microbial community is capable of doing so. Microbial enumeration and enzyme assays showed that the fluctuations in microbial communities and polyphenol oxidase activities are related to the initial NB concentration. Moreover, cluster analyses through denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) revealed very similar patterns (95.5%) throughout the 45 d term, indicating that the microbial community regenerates when NB is exhausted. Although volatilization and photolysis were the major processes responsible for the reduction in NB in contaminated mesocosms and the microbial community regenerated at the end of incubation, the data indicate potential ecological risks in outfall areas even if the discharged wastewater complies with the national wastewater discharge standards.     

Seed mucilage interacts with soil microbial community and physiochemical processes to affect seedling emergence on desert sand dunes

Seedling emergence is a critical stage in the establishment of desert plants. Soil microbes participate in plant growth and development, but information is lacking with regard to the role of microbes on seedling emergence. We applied the biocides (captan and streptomycin) to assess how seed mucilage interacts with soil microbial community and physiochemical processes to affect seedling emergence of Artemisia sphaerocephala on the desert sand dune. Fungal and bacterial community composition and diversity and fungal–bacterial interactions were changed by both captan and streptomycin. Mucilage increased soil enzyme activities and fungal–bacterial interactions. Highest seedling emergence occurred under streptomycin and mucilage treatment. Members of the phyla Firmicutes and Glomeromycota were the keystone species that improved A. sphaerocephala seedling emergence, by increasing resistance of young seedlings to drought and pathogen. Seed mucilage directly improved seedling emergence and indirectly interacted with the soil microbial community through strengthening fungal–bacterial interactions and providing favourable environment for soil enzymes to affect seedling emergence. Our study provides a comprehensive understanding of the regulatory mechanisms by which soil microbial community and seed mucilage interactively promote successful establishment of populations of desert plants on the barren and stressful sand dune.     

千渭之会国家湿地公园典型植物底泥真菌群落结构及功能研究

通过研究陕西省宝鸡市千渭之会国家湿地公园不同植被类型的底泥中真菌群落结构、多样性及功能差异,为千渭之会国家湿地公园水生植物的优化选择提供依据。以芦苇、香蒲、白茅、水葱、荷花等典型湿地植物底泥样本为研究对象,采用高通量测序技术对底泥样本DNA的ITS1片段进行基因测序,获取底泥中真菌群落结构组成并预测其功能信息,测定样本理化性质及酶活性。结果表明,测序共获得11 778个OTUs（Operational Taxonomic Units）,划分为34个门、58个纲、134个目、244个科、599个属;真菌群落以子囊菌门(Ascomycota)和担子菌门(Basidiomycota)为主;芦苇底泥样品的真菌多样性最低;子囊菌门的相对丰度与蔗糖酶、磷酸酶活性呈显著正相关（P<0.05）,担子菌门的相对丰度与总碳、总有机碳含量以及蔗糖酶活性呈显著正相关（P<0.05）;底泥真菌群落主要包括3类营养型和6类互有交叉营养型功能菌群。探讨了湿地中不同植物群落的底泥中真菌群落结构、多样性以及潜在功能的差异,分析相关理化性质的影响,以期为筛选人工湿地植物、有效利用湿地资源和生态修复提供参考。     

Bioorganic Fertilizer Enhances Soil Suppressive Capacity against Bacterial Wilt of Tomato

Tomato bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is one of the most destructive soil-borne diseases. Many strategies have been taken to improve soil suppressiveness against this destructive disease, but limited success has been achieved. In this study, a novel bioorganic fertilizer revealed a higher suppressive ability against bacterial wilt compared with several soil management methods in the field over four growing seasons from March 2011 to July 2013. The application of the bioorganic fertilizer significantly (P<0.05) reduced disease incidence of tomato and increased fruit yields in four independent trials. The association among the level of disease incidence, soil physicochemical and biological properties was investigated. The soil treated with the bioorganic fertilizer increased soil pH value, electric conductivity, organic carbon, NH₄ ⁺-N, NO₃ ^--N and available K content, microbial activities and microbial biomass carbon content, which were positively related with soil suppressiveness. Bacterial and actinomycete populations assessed using classical plate counts were highest, whereas R. solanacearum and fungal populations were lowest in soil applied with the bioorganic fertilizer. Microbial community diversity and richness were assessed using denaturing gel gradient electrophoresis profile analysis. The soil treated with the bioorganic fertilizer exhibited higher bacterial community diversity but lower fungal community diversity. Redundancy analysis showed that bacterial community diversity and richness negatively related with bacterial wilt suppressiveness, while fungal community richness positively correlated with R. solanacearum population. We concluded that the alteration of soil physicochemical and biological properties in soil treated with the bioorganic fertilizer induced the soil suppressiveness against tomato bacterial wilt.     

高寒地区不同海拔梯度西北小檗生境土壤微生物群落结构及多样性分析

以青海高原2 300～4 000 m海拔范围的6处西北小檗(Berberis vernae)生境土壤为试材,采用高通量测序方法,分析不同海拔梯度西北小檗生境土壤微生物群落结构及多样性。研究结果表明:(1)在西北小檗生境土壤中,细菌群落组成主要包括10个细菌门21个细菌属,真菌群落由子囊菌门、担子菌门等8个真菌门59个真菌属组成。(2)低海拔位置的海东乐都1号样点(hdld1) 0～20 cm土层的细菌群落丰富性及多样性均最高,黄南泽库样点(hnzk) 0～20 cm土层的真菌群落丰富度最高,西宁大通样点(xndt) 0～20 cm土层的真菌群落多样性最高;随着海拔的升高,0～20 cm、40～60 cm土层的细菌群落丰富度及多样性呈现出先降低再升高再降低的趋势,20～40 cm土层的细菌群落丰富度及多样性则呈现出先升高后降低的趋势,0～20 cm、20～40 cm土层土壤微生物真菌群落丰富度呈现出先升高再降低再升高的趋势,0～20 cm、40～60 cm土层真菌群落多样性呈现先升高再降低的趋势,40～60 cm土层的真菌丰富度及20～40 cm土层的真菌多样性的变化趋势不明显。(3)硝态氮、速效磷和速效钾对土壤微生物群落的影响较明显。综上可知,高寒地区不同海拔梯度西北小檗生境土壤微生物群落结构多样性呈现出一定的海拔差异趋势,其海拔差异主要受到环境条件、土壤理化性质和植被分布的影响。     

石油污染土壤中不同人工林木根际丛枝菌根真菌与球囊霉素的研究

以陕西延长县石油污染区常见的13种人工种植林木为材料,测定了各人工种植林木根际丛枝菌根(AM)真菌发育状况、污染土壤的理化性质、土壤酶活性和球囊霉素含量,探讨AM真菌在石油污染土壤生态修复中的作用。结果表明,13种林木均能形成AM,其定殖率平均为63.2%,孢子密度平均为1.93个.g-1干土,其中受污染程度最低的柠条AM真菌定殖率和孢子密度最高,分别为91.6%和4.73个.g-1干土;毛白杨、狼牙刺和刺槐的根际土壤养分(有机碳、碱解氮、速效磷)含量相对较高;各种人工种植林木的根际土壤球囊霉素含量、多酚氧化酶和过氧化氢酶活性随根际土壤石油烃污染浓度的增加而明显升高,其中刺槐、狼牙刺和酸枣根际土壤的过氧化氢酶和多酚氧化酶活性都较高,同时这3种林木的球囊霉素含量也较高。因此,林木根际土壤球囊霉素含量、多酚氧化酶和过氧化氢酶活性可以作为石油污染的敏感指标。     

甲壳素对连作条件下平邑甜茶幼苗生长及土壤环境的影响

研究在苹果连作土壤中添加甲壳素对苹果幼苗生长、土壤酶及土壤真菌群落结构的影响,探讨甲壳素缓解苹果连作障碍的可能性,为防控苹果连作障碍提供依据。盆栽条件下,以平邑甜茶幼苗为试材,在苹果连作土壤中分别添加0,0.5,1.0和2.5g/kg的甲壳素,测定了连作土壤中添加不同量的甲壳素后,幼苗生物量、根系保护酶活性、土壤主要酶(蔗糖酶、脲酶、磷酸酶等)活性以及土壤中真菌群落结构的变化。9月份结果表明,与对照相比,1.0 g/kg的甲壳素处理连作土,可显著提高平邑甜茶幼苗株高和干鲜重,分别比对照增加了36.8%、82.1%和100.8%;甲壳素处理能增加幼苗根系保护酶活性,其中1.0 g/kg甲壳素处理SOD、POD和CAT活性最高,其次为0.5 g/kg,而2.5 g/kg甲壳素处理显著抑制了幼苗根系保护酶活性。1.0 g/kg甲壳素处理可提高土壤中细菌/真菌值,并且提高了土壤中蔗糖酶、脲酶、蛋白酶、磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶和多酚氧化酶活性,分别比对照提高了8.6%、40.5%、81.1%、15.3%、18.7%和49.8%,2.5 g/kg甲壳素处理则降低土壤酶活性或者使土壤酶活性与对照相当。根据T-RFLP的图谱中OUT的数量、种类及丰度,分别计算了不同处理土壤的真菌多样性,发现1.0 g/kg甲壳素处理的连作土具有最高的多样性、均匀度和丰富度指数,分别比对照增加了52.2%、8.0%和87.1%。主成分分析(PCA)结果显示,不同剂量甲壳素处理的连作土壤中真菌被PC2分成了两部分,其中0.5 g/kg和1.0 g/kg的甲壳素添加量分布在PC2的负方向上,而CK和2.5g/kg的甲壳素处理分布在PC2的正方向上,这说明添加不同量的甲壳素对连作土壤真菌群落多样性有显著影响,添加量太多或者太少均会造成土壤真菌多样性下降,只有适量的甲壳素可提高真菌群落结构多样性。实验结果表明1.0 g/kg的甲壳素可提高连作平邑甜茶幼苗生物量,改善连作土壤环境,有效缓解平邑甜茶的连作障碍。     

Temporal Dynamics of Bacterial and Fungal Communities in a Genetically Modified (GM) Rice Ecosystem

We assessed the temporal dynamics of bacterial and fungal communities in a soil ecosystem supporting genetically modified (GM) rice (Oryza sativa L., ABC-TPSP; fusion of trehalose-6-phosphate synthase and phosphatase). Using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and real-time quantitative PCR, we compared bacterial and fungal communities in the soils underlying GM rice (ABC-TPSP), and its host cultivar (Nakdong) during growing seasons and non-growing seasons. Overall, the soils supporting GM and non-GM rice did not differ significantly in diversity indices, including ribotype numbers, for either bacteria or fungi. The diversity index (H) in both the bacterial and fungal communities was correlated with water content, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and ammonium nitrogen, and the correlation was stronger in fungi than in bacteria. Multivariate analysis showed no differences in microbial community structures between the two crop genotypes, but such differences did appear in time, with significant changes observed after harvest. Gene copy number was estimated as 10⁸~10¹¹ and 10⁵~10⁷ per gram of soil for bacteria and fungi, respectively. As observed for community structure, the rice genotypes did not differ significantly in either bacterial- or fungal-specific gene copy numbers, although we observed a seasonal change in number. We summarize the results of this study as follows. (1) GM rice did not influence soil bacterial and fungal community structures as compared to non-GM rice in our system, (2) both bacterial and fungal communities changed with the growth stage of either rice genotype, (3) fungal communities were less variable than bacterial communities, and (4) although several environmental factors, including ammonium nitrogen and DOC correlated with shifts in microbial community structure, no single factor stood out.     

川西亚高山三种天然次生林土壤微生物多样性变化特征

开展川西亚高山相似土壤母质背景下天然次生林土壤微生物群落结构及其多样性探究,可加深次生林更新过程中土壤微生物群落结构变化的认知。选取川西米亚罗林区20世纪60年代采伐后经自然更新恢复形成的3种天然次生林（槭-桦阔叶林,ABB;桦-槭-冷杉针阔混交林,BAA;岷江冷杉林,AFF）,分析林下表层（0-20 cm）土壤微生物群落结构变化及其影响因素,结果显示：（1）3种林型土壤细菌Chao1和Shannon指数均极显著高于真菌,但仅真菌群落的Shannon指数差异显著,表现为BAA > ABB > AFF;（2）细菌群落优势门主要为变形杆菌门、酸杆菌门、疣微菌门、拟杆菌门、绿弯菌门,相对丰度占比超过82%;真菌群落则为子囊菌门和担子菌门,占比超过85%,AFF担子菌门相对丰度最高而子囊菌门最低。（3） RDA分析显示,土壤pH和乔木物种多样性（Shannon指数）是影响微生物群落结构变化的主导因子;土壤养分元素对细菌群落影响不显著,真菌群落主要受TN、TP含量显著影响。总体上,林型间乔木层物种多样性、土壤酸碱度及其氮磷含量是导致微生物群落结构变化的关键因素。     

Changes in soil microbial community under willow coppice: The effect of irrigation with secondary-treated municipal wastewater

The effect of secondary-treated wastewater irrigation of a short-rotation willow coppice on soil microbial parameters was evaluated twice in 3 years using microbiological and biochemical properties. The soil metabolically active microbial biomass, basal respiration, N-mineralization, potential nitrification, alkaline and acid phosphatase and dehydrogenase activities were measured. The microbial community metabolic profile was determined with Biolog EcoPlates and bacterial community structure was assessed using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. After 2 years, a significant increase had occurred in soil microbial biomass, respiration and nitrogen mineralization activity both in the irrigated and in the non-treated plots. Wastewater irrigation increased the soil potassium concentration and enhanced the activity of alkaline phosphatase. Plant growth and irrigation affected the nitrogen mineralization activity—the increase was twice as high in the control plots as in the irrigated plots after 2 years. Potential nitrification, acid phosphatase activity and microbial community metabolic activity did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) between the control and the irrigated plots during the study. The comparison of soil profiles indicated that the observed increases in the soil microbiological parameters were allocated to the upper 10 cm. The establishment of willow plants on the fields affected the microbial community structure, with an increased diversity and higher similarity among the planted plots after 2 years. From our results we conclude that the willow coppice affected the soil bacterial community structure and had a positive effect on soil biological activity. Irrigation with pre-treated wastewater affected soil chemical and biochemical properties.     

Effect of biofumigation and chemical fumigation on soil microbial community structure and control of pepper Phytophthora blight

Soil biofumigation with brassica plant residues has been shown to significantly suppress soilborne pathogen. However, little published data reported the impact of biofumigation on microbial community structure in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) production systems under field conditions. Biofumigation with rapeseed (Brassica napus ‘Dwarf Essex’) meal and chemical fumigation with dazomet were tested to control the pepper disease caused by Phytophthora capsici. BF treatment showed the lowest disease incidence among these treatments. Effects on soil bacterial and fungal communities were assessed by denaturating gradient gel electrophoresis and the results showed that the biofumigation increased bacterial diversity and decreased fungal diversity. There was a negative correlation between soil bacterial diversity and disease incidence and a positive correlation between soil fungal diversity and disease incidence. Cloning of the microbial community showed that the microbial community structures were altered by biofumigation. Soil was also evaluated for their chemical properties. Biofumigation increased soil content of total N, NO₃ ^?–N, available P and available K. A significant correlation between soil microbial community structures and soil chemical properties was found. Overall, these results indicated that biofumigation reduced disease incidence of pepper through altering soil microbial community structures.     

1,3-二氯苯对芦苇湿地土壤生物活性的影响

采用传统微生物培养及酶学方法,研究了1,3-二氯苯(1,3-DCB)对芦苇湿地土壤微生物及酶活的影响。结果表明,1,3-DCB处理芦苇湿地土壤对微生物不同类群影响不同,其中对细菌和放线菌生长具有抑制作用,各浓度1,3-DCB处理对放线菌的抑制较为显著,浓度高于120μg/g显著抑制对细菌的生长。1,3-DCB对真菌表现为先刺激后抑制。在实验过程中,1,3-DCB可显著抑制湿地土壤过氧化氢酶和多酚氧化酶的活性,表明这2种酶是1,3-DCB污染芦苇湿地土壤的敏感指标。     

Community structure and functional group of root‐associated Fungi of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica across stand ages in the Mu Us Desert

Root‐associated fungi (RAF) are an important factor affecting the host's growth, and their contribution to Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica plantation decline is substantial. Therefore, we selected three age groups of P. sylvestris plantations (26, 33, and 43 years), in the Mu Us Desert, to characterize the community structure and functional groups of RAF, identified by Illumina high‐throughput sequencing and FUNGuild platform, respectively. The effects of soil properties and enzyme activities on fungal diversity and functional groups were also examined. The results indicated that (a) 805 operational taxonomic units of RAF associated with P. sylvestris belonged to six phyla and 163 genera. Diversity and richness were not significantly different in the three age groups, but community composition showed significant differences. Ascomycota and Basidiomycota dominated the fungal community, while Rhizopogon dominated in each plot. (b) The proportion of pathotrophs decreased with increasing age, while that of symbiotrophs increased sharply, which were mainly represented by ectomycorrhizal fungi. (c) Stand age and soil enzyme activity had a greater influence on fungal community composition than did soil properties, whereas environmental variables were not significantly correlated with fungal diversity and richness. Dynamics of fungal community composition and functional groups with the aging plantations reflected the growth state of P. sylvestris and were related to plantation degradation.     

刺萼龙葵不同生育期根际土壤酶活性和真菌多样性变化

分析入侵植物刺萼龙葵(Solanum rostratum)在不同生育期根际土壤真菌多样性及土壤酶活性变化,探讨刺萼龙葵入侵对土壤微生态的影响机制,以期寻找防治刺萼龙葵的最佳时期。本试验利用土壤平板法对刺萼龙葵根际土壤真菌进行培养,共鉴定真菌22个属,并且从生长初期到开花期土壤真菌多样性显著增加;从生长初期到开花期根际土壤过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶、多酚氧化酶、脲酶、脱氢酶、转化酶和蛋白酶活性变化显著;Pearson相关分析发现,刺萼龙葵从生长初期到开花期根际土壤真菌多样性与过氧化物酶活性相关性并不显著,而与其余6种土壤酶活性具有显著的相关性;主成分分析发现,刺萼龙葵开花期、现蕾期和四叶期与空白土壤和生长初期发生了显著的变化。因此,随着刺萼龙葵的生长,其根际土壤真菌多样性及土壤酶活性均发生改变。     

Comparison of Bacterial and Fungal Communities Between Natural and Planted Pine Forests in Subtropical China

To improve our understanding of the changes in bacterial and fungal diversity in natural pine and planted forests in subtropical region of China, we examined bacterial and fungal communities from a native and a nearby planted pine forest of the Mt. Lushan by constructing clone libraries of 16S and 18S rRNA genes. For bacterial communities, Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria were dominant bacterial taxa in both two types of forest soils. The Shannon–Wiener diversity index, rarefaction curve analysis, and LibShuff analysis suggest that these two forests contained similar diversity of bacterial communities. Low soil acidity (pH ≈ 4) of our study forests might be one of the most important selection factors determining growth of acidophilic Acidobacteria and Proteobacteria. However, the natural forest harbored greater level of fungal diversity than the planted forest according to the Shannon–Wiener diversity index and rarefaction curve analysis. Basidiomycota and Ascomycota were dominant fungal taxa in the soils of natural and planted forests, respectively. Our results suggest that fungal community was more sensitive than the bacterial community in characterizing the differences in plant cover impacts on the microbial flora in the natural and planted forests. The natural and planted forests may function differently due to the differences in soil fungal diversity and relative abundance.     

青枯病易感和钝感桑树品种根际土壤真菌群落结构比较

为研究青枯病易感和钝感桑树品种植株根际土壤真菌群落组成,该研究以ITS1F和ITS2R为引物,基于高通量测序技术对桑树青枯病易感品种(台湾长果桑,SM)和桑树青枯病钝感品种(桂桑12号,IM)植株根际土壤真菌群落结构进行分析。结果表明:(1)两个品种间指示真菌丰富度的ACE、Chao1指数及表征多样性的Shannon指数无显著差异,门分类水平,被孢霉门(Mortierellomycota)和球囊菌门(Glomeromycota)是青枯病钝感桑树品种植株根际土壤中特有的优势真菌门; 而属分类水平,Apiotrichum、地丝菌属(Geotrichum)、足放线病菌属(Scedosporium)和腐质霉属(Humicola)等是青枯病易感桑树品种植株根际土壤中富集的特有优势真菌属。(2)青枯病易感桑树品种植株根际土壤中,缺失了被孢霉门、球囊菌门真菌,以及被孢霉属(Mortierella)、镰刀菌属(Fusarium)、曲霉菌属(Aspergillus)和毛壳菌属(Chaetomium)等具有生防功能的优势真菌门属,可能是其易感青枯病的重要原因。(3)根据真菌群落对同类环境资源的利用途径进行功能预测发现,青枯病易感桑树品种根际土壤中,富集了相对较多的病理营养型和腐生营养型真菌; 而青枯病钝感桑树品种根际土壤中,富集了相对丰富的共生营养型真菌。(4)特有真菌数量更为丰富的土壤真菌OTU分类水平,可能是青枯病钝感桑树品种田间表现出更强抗性的重要原因。可见,在青枯病钝感桑树品种植株根际土壤中,富集的被孢霉属、镰刀菌属、曲霉菌属和毛壳菌属等优势特异真菌属,具有作为拮抗桑树青枯病备选菌属的潜力。     

艾比湖湿地植物群落土壤酶活性特征及影响因素

为研究艾比湖湿地不同植物群落土壤酶活性的季节变化规律及影响因素,2015—2016年5、8和11月以绕湖一周范围内的梭梭-柽柳、梭梭、胡杨、芦苇为研究对象,对4种植物群落下不同月土壤过氧化氢酶、磷酸酶和脲酶活性及理化因子进行分析。结果表明:(1)各植物群生境的差异使酶活性有明显变化,呈现出芦苇群落梭梭群落胡杨群落梭梭-柽柳群落。不同植物群落下酶活性具有明显的季节变化,梭梭-柽柳、梭梭、胡杨群落土壤过氧化氢酶、磷酸酶、脲酶的峰值分别出现在5月(2.72、3.31和2.94 mg/g)、(1.18、1.32和0.69 mg/g)和(0.18、0.34和0.17 mg/g),而芦苇群落3种酶活性的峰值出现在8月(5.18、1.20和0.66 mg/g);谷值均出现在11月。(2) 4种植物群落下各月土壤酶活性与土壤有机质、全磷呈显著正相关,而与土壤盐分呈负相关;除芦苇群落外,其他群落8月土壤温度与酶活性呈负相关。(3) 4种植物群落各月间土壤酶活性受多因素的共同影响,土壤盐分、有机质、全磷是影响艾比湖湿地不同植物间土壤酶活性的主导因素,土壤温度和含水量对不同月土壤酶活性的影响更为显著。