白菜叶裂数性状主基因+多基因遗传分析

以叶片全缘的大白菜自交系(P1)和叶缘深裂的欧洲白菜型油菜自交系(P2)杂交所获得的6个基本世代(P1、P2、F1、B1、B2、F2)为材料,应用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型对白菜叶裂数进行遗传分析。结果表明,白菜的叶裂数受2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性多基因的控制,第1对主基因加性效应为-1.154 7,显性效应为-1.516 8;第2对主基因的加性效应为-1.154 8,显性效应为1.034 9;多基因加性效应为0.591 9,显性效应为1.145 2,2对主基因间存在明显的交互作用。B1、B2和F2世代叶裂数的主基因遗传率分别为88.48%、90.40%、93.03%;多基因遗传率分别为4.114%、0、0。B1、B2、F2世代叶裂数表现出较高的主基因遗传率,受环境影响较小。在白菜叶裂数性状的改良中应以主基因为主,并适于早代选择。     

白菜和白菜型油菜角果相关性状遗传分析

以种荚差异显著的白菜自交不亲和系（P1）和白菜型油菜自交系（P2）为亲本及杂交获得的4个基本世代（P1、P2、F1、F2）为材料,应用植物数量性状主基因+多基因混合遗传模型对其种荚相关性状进行遗传分析。结果表明,芸薹种作物的种荚长度(SPL)性状及喙长（SBL）性状均受加性-显性-上位性多基因控制（C-0模型）,多基因遗传率分别为83.16%和68.67%;种荚宽度(SPW)性状受2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因控制（E-0模型）,其主基因遗传率为20.40%,多基因遗传率为78.34%。种荚相关各性状均以多基因遗传为主,种荚宽度性状受环境因素影响较小,为1.26%;种荚长度、喙长受环境因素影响较大,分别达16.89%和25.36%。针对芸薹种作物种荚性状的改良要以多基因为主,并注意环境条件影响。以种荚差异显著的白菜自交不亲和系（P1）和白菜型油菜自交系（P2）为亲本及杂交获得的4个基本世代（P1、P2、F1、F2）为材料,应用植物数量性状主基因+多基因混合遗传模型对其种荚相关性状进行遗传分析。结果表明,芸薹种作物的种荚长度(SPL)性状及喙长（SBL）性状均受加性-显性-上位性多基因控制（C-0模型）,多基因遗传率分别为83.16%和68.67%;种荚宽度(SPW)性状受2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因控制（E-0模型）,其主基因遗传率为20.40%,多基因遗传率为78.34%。种荚相关各性状均以多基因遗传为主,种荚宽度性状受环境因素影响较小,为1.26%;种荚长度、喙长受环境因素影响较大,分别达16.89%和25.36%。针对芸薹种作物种荚性状的改良要以多基因为主,并注意环境条件影响。     

黄瓜雄花性状的遗传分析

为了解黄瓜雄花花器的遗传特性,该研究以雄花器官较小的华南型黄瓜二早子为母本,花器较大的加工型黄瓜NC-76为父本,构建4世代遗传群体,并采用多世代联合分离分析方法,分析黄瓜雄花花器性状的遗传特性。结果表明:分离群体的雄花花梗和花冠长2个性状均表现为单峰分布,表明两性状为数量性状且有主基因控制;花梗长性状符合2对完全显性主基因+加性-显性多基因(E-5)模型,花冠长性状符合2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因(E-1)模型;控制花梗长性状的两对主基因的加性效应相等,为0.573,多基因的加性效应和显性效应值相差不大,且均为负向;控制花冠长度性状的2对主基因的加性效应均为0,显性效应分别为-0.226和-0.472,在上位性作用中以加性×加性和显性×显性互作为主,多基因以显性效应为主,正向显性效应值为0.613,大于负向的加性效应值。花梗和花冠长度两个性状在F2群体中主基因遗传率分别为61.04%和69.60%,多基因遗传率均为0。由此看出黄瓜雄花花器性状为数量遗传,遗传率相对较高。该研究结果显示在黄瓜杂交育种中对花器大小选择可以在较早世代选择。     

辣椒果实性状主基因+多基因遗传分析

以果实性状差异较大的一年生辣椒材料C.annuum B9431(P1)和灌木辣椒材料C.frutescens H108(P2)为亲本,构建4世代群体(P1、P2、F1、F2),应用数量性状主基因+多基因混合遗传模型方法对辣椒6个果实性状进行遗传分析,为辣椒果实性状QTL定位及分子标记辅助育种研究奠定理论基础。结果表明:6个果实性状均符合2对主基因+多基因遗传模型。其中,单果重量、果实纵径、果实横径、果形指数和果肉厚度5个性状均符合E-0模型,即2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因混合遗传模型;果柄长度最佳遗传模型为E-5,即2对完全显性主基因+加性-显性多基因模型。单果重量、果实纵径、果实横径、果形指数、果肉厚度和果柄长度主基因遗传率分别为87.64%、37.67%、82.46%、94.82%、83.33%和40.00%,多基因遗传率分别为7.50%、54.56%、10.53%、0.27%、12.96%和37.78%。     

辣椒开花期的主基因+多基因遗传分析

应用植物数量性状主基因+多基困混合遗传模型对早熟辣椒‘E100’与‘L101’杂交组合多个世代群体开花期进行了联合分析.结果表明:开花期由两对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因的控制;主基因遗传率在B1、B2和F2世代分别为55.27%、53.83%和76.05%;B1、B2和F2世代多基因遗传率分别为34.13%、42.78%和16.94%.     

玉米株型性状多世代联合遗传分析

本文采用P1、P2、F1、F2、B1、B2多世代联合遗传分析方法,研究了玉米株高、穗位高、穗三叶面积、雄穗分枝数和叶形系数等5个株型性状遗传模型,并进行了混合模型参数估计.结果表明：株高、叶面积、雄穗分枝数符合加性-显性-上位性多基因遗传模型,表现为负向超显性;穗位高、叶形系数符合一对加性主基因＋加性-显性多基因混合遗传模型,主基因无显性,多基因无上位性.穗位高在B2世代主基因遗传率最大（46.51%）,在B1世代多基因遗传率最大（46.71%）;叶形系数在F2世代主基因遗传率最大（36.76%）,在B1世代多基因遗传率最大（26.31%）.     

甜瓜远缘群体果实糖含量相关性状遗传分析

以栽培甜瓜0246为母本,野生甜瓜Y101为父本,构建了P1、P2、F1、F2、B1、B26个世代,运用植物数量性状主基因+多基因混合遗传模型进行多世代联合分析,探讨了甜瓜果实糖含量相关性状的遗传特性。结果表明:果糖含量、葡萄糖含量和总糖含量遗传均受两对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因模型控制(E-0),主基因在F2中的遗传率分别达到90.32%、82.42%和94.66%。蔗糖含量受一对加性主基因+加性-显性多基因模型控制(D-2),主基因在F2中的遗传率达到83.76%。甜瓜果实糖含量相关性状遗传体系中主基因具有重要作用且环境方差所占比例较小,适宜早代选择。     

烤烟叶数、叶面积的遗传分析

以叶数较少、叶面积较小的烤烟品种丸叶为母本(P1),以叶数较多、叶面积较大的烤烟品种Coker319为父本,构建了6个世代分离群体,利用植物数量性状主基因+多基因混合遗传模型的联合分离分析方法,分析烤烟杂交组合丸叶×Co-ker319叶数、叶面积的遗传效应。结果表明:烤烟的叶数和叶面积均受2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因(E0)控制,其中叶数遗传以加性效应及显性×显性上位性效应为主,叶面积几种遗传效应差不多,其上位性效应>加性效应>显性效应,叶数和叶面积在B1世代的主基因遗传率分别为36.91%和2.13%,多基因遗传率分别为31.00%和19.53%,B2世代的主基因遗传率分别为51.60%和50.92%,多基因遗传率分别为16.84%和13.26%,F2世代的主基因遗传率分别为42.63%和30.32%,多基因遗传率分别为42.08%和12.18%,叶数和叶面积的主基因遗传率较高,适合在早代选择。     

雌雄同株黄瓜单性结实性主基因+多基因混合遗传分析

以雌雄同株黄瓜强单性结实自交系'6457'和非单性结实自交系'6426'为亲本,建立了5世代联合群体(P1、P2、F1、F2、F2∶3),采用植物数量性状主基因+多基因混合遗传模型对群体的单性结实性进行多世代联合分析.结果表明:雌雄同株黄瓜单性结实性表现为不完全显性遗传,符合D-2遗传模型,受1对加性主基因+加性-显性多基因控制.主基因加性效应值为14.7,多基因加性效应值为20.9,多基因显性效应值为25.8.F2的遗传率为56.6%,F2∶3的遗传率为48.7%.因此,对雌雄同株黄瓜单性结实性的遗传改良,可选择强单性结实性材料,通过杂交、回交转移主基因,达到选育强单性结实性材料目的.     

亚洲棉纤维品质和产量性状的主基因与多基因遗传分析

利用亚洲棉农家品种中长纤维、高强度的江陵中棉和短纤维、低强度的浙江萧山绿树构建的F2：3家系,利用主基因与多基因混合遗传模型分析方法,对主要纤维品质和产量性状进行4世代联合分析,得到有关纤维品质和产量性状的最适遗传模型。除伸长率之外,长度、马克隆值、比强度、整齐度、短纤维指数均没有检测到主基因;产量性状中铃重和单株铃数最适遗传模型为两对加性-显性-上位性主基因＋加性-显性多基因混合遗传模型（E-1）,衣分的最适遗传模型为两对主基因的加性模型（B-3）,子指的最适遗传模型为无主基因的加性-显性-上位性多基因模型（C）,单株皮棉产量的最适遗传模型为两对加性-显性-上位性主基因＋加性-显性一上位性多基因混合遗传模型（E）。利用主基因与多基因混合遗传模型分析方法对亚洲棉纤维品质和产量性状进行遗传分析,有助于阐明棉花品质和产量性状的遗传规律。     

Presence of Rhizobium Etli bv . Phaseoli and Rhizobium Gallicum bv . Gallicum in Egyptian Soils

Seven bean rhizobial strains EBRI 2, 3, 21, 24, 26, 27 and 29 identified as Rhizobium etli, and EBRI 32 identified as Rhizobium gallicum, isolated from Egyptian soils and which nodulated Phaseolus vulgaris efficiently, were subjected to hybridization with a nifH probe in order to estimate the copy number of this gene. Seven strains (EBRI 2, 3, 21, 24, 26, 27 and 29) which were only able to nodulate Phaseolus vulgaris, contained three copies of the nifH gene, consistent with their identification as Rhizobium etli bv. phaseoli. Only one strain (EBRI 32) which nodulated both Phaseolus vulgaris and Leucaena leucocephala, had one copy of nifH gene. This confirmed the classification of this strain as Rhizobium gallicum bv. gallicum.     

Effects of MULTIFOLIATE-PINNA, AFILA, TENDRIL-LESS and UNIFOLIATA genes on leafblade architecture in Pisum sativum

In order to dissect the genetic regulation of leafblade morphogenesis, 16 genotypes of pea, constructed by combining the wild-type and mutant alleles of MFP, AF, TL and UNI genes, were quantitatively phenotyped. The morphological features of the three domains of leafblades of four genotypes, unknown earlier, were described. All the genotypes were found to differ in leafblade morphology. It was evident that MFP and TL functions acted as repressor of pinna ramification, in the distal domain. These functions, with and without interaction with UNI, also repressed the ramification of proximal pinnae in the absence of AF function. The expression of MFP and TL required UNI function. AF function was found to control leafblade architecture multifariously. The earlier identified role of AF as a repressor of UNI in the proximal domain was confirmed. Negative control of AF on the UNI-dependent pinna ramification in the distal domain was revealed. It was found that AF establishes a boundary between proximal and distal domains and activates formation of leaflet pinnae in the proximal domain.     

Characterisation of cell wall polysaccharides, arabinogalactans-proteins (AGPs) and phenolics of Cola nitida, Cola acuminata and Garcinia kola seeds

Many Cola plant species are endemic to West and Central Africa. Cola acuminata and Cola nitida are used as masticatory when fresh, while the dried nuts are used for beverages and pharmaceutical purposes in Europe and North America. Garcinia kola seeds, that serve as a substitute for the true kola nuts, are used in African traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases, including colic, headache and liver cirrhosis. Seeds extracts of G. kola are also known for their anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antiviral properties. To gain information on the chemical properties of the kolas, we have isolated and analyzed cell wall polysaccharides, arabinogalactan-proteins and phenolic substances from the seeds of the three kola species. The sugar composition of cell wall material of C. acuminata, C. nitida and G. kola revealed that Gal (up to 30%), Ara, GalA and Glc as the predominant monosaccharides, representing approximately 90% by mol of the total hydrolysable sugar present in this material. In Ammonium oxalate cell wall fraction, GalA was found to be the major sugar present in all kola species. In the alkali-soluble fraction, there were significant differences in the level of Glc and Gal. The level of Glc was high in C. acuminata and C. nitida while the level of Gal and Xyl were high in C. nitida and G. cola. Isolation and quantification of arabinogalactan-proteins demonstrate that G. kola seeds contained four to eight times more of these proteoglycans than the seeds of the other two species. Finally, analysis of soluble phenolic substances shows that caffeine and catechin were largely represented in C. acumina and C. nitida seeds, with caffeine accounting for 50% of all soluble phenolics. These findings indicate that the three Kola seeds are highly enriched in pectins and proteoglycans and that C. acuminata and C. nitida can be used as a possible source of caffeine and catechin.     

中国黑粉菌属和利罗黑粉菌属

黑粉菌属是Roussel 1806年建立的,全世界记载有三百余种,主要寄生于禾本科,是经济作物及牧草的重要致病菌·长期以来,对黑粉菌的邢子使用过各种名称,如厚垣孢子,冬孢子及黑粉孢子等.本文采用黑粉孢子以区别锈菌的冬孢子. 芳’(1979)在《中国真菌总汇》中列出黑粉菌属五十种及一个变型.作者经过显微结构和超显微结构的研究,承认其中二十九种为正确名称,八种及一变型为异名,顶黑粉菌(Ustilago acrearus Berk.)由于错拼而被废弃.埃地黑粉菌(Ustilago emodensis Berk.)被转移至利罗粉菌属(Liroa).另有十一种黑粉菌因缺少标本留待今后订正.自1979年以后,杨信东(1983)增加黑粉菌属二种我国新纪录,K.范基和郭林(1986)描述一新种,四种新纪录.在本文中,作者描述一新种:鸢尾蒜黑粉(Ustilago ixiolirii Guo L) ,孢子堆生在蒴果内,不开裂,黑色,粉末状.黑粉孢子球形,近球形,稀椭圆形, 12.5-21×10-21μm,黑褐色,壁厚1-1.Sμm,纹饰脑状.是迄今生在石蒜科植物上唯一黑粉菌的种,其它几种黑粉菌均属条黑粉菌属.本文增加七种我国新纪录.共计四十九种,寄生于六科四十四属植物,主要是禾本科和蓼科.这仅是黑粉菌属研究的初步报告,在全国范围内大量采集黑粉菌标本后,作者相信会有更多新种和我国新纪录被发现.利罗黑粉菌属(Liroa)是从黑粉菌属(Ustaligo)分出的,此属为单种属.     

Nomenclatural changes resulting from the transfer of tropical African Sarcostemma to Cynanchum ( Apocynaceae : Asclepiadoideae )

Summary  Four species of tropical African Sarcostemma are transferred to Cynanchum together with two subspecies of S. viminale. In addition, Sarcostemma mulanjense is reduced to subspecific rank under C. viminale.     

Genome Analysis inNeurospora crassa;Cloning of Four Lociarginine-1(arg-1),methionine-6(met-6),unknown-7(un-7), andribosome production-1(rip-1) and Associated Chromosome Walking

We have cloned fourNeurospora crassagenes by complementation analysis. Cloned genes include thearginine-1(arg-1),methionine-6(met-6),unknown-7(un-7), andribosome production-1(rip-1) loci. Chromosome walks were initiated in ordered cosmid libraries from the cloned loci. A total of about 700 kb of theNeurosporagenome is covered in these walks.     

Hydroxylation of steroids by Fusarium oxysporum, Exophiala jeanselmei and Ceratocystis paradoxa

The potential of Fusarium oxysporum var. cubense UAMH 9013 to perform steroid biotransformations was reinvestigated using single phase and pulse feed conditions. The following natural steroids served as substrates: dehydroepiandrosterone (1), pregnenolone (2), testosterone (3), progesterone (4), cortisone (5), prednisone (6), estrone (7) and sarsasapogenin (8). The results showed the possible presence of C-7 and C-15 hydroxylase enzymes. This hypothesis was explored using three synthetic androstanes: androstane-3,17-dione (9), androsta-4,6-diene-3,17-dione (10) and 3α,5α-cycloandrost-6-en-17-one (11). These fermentations of non-natural steroids showed that C-7 hydroxylation was as a result of that position being allylic. The evidence also pointed towards the presence of a C-15 hydroxylase enzyme.The eleven steroids were also fed to Exophialajeanselmei var. lecanii-corni UAMH 8783. The results showed that the fungus appears to have very active 5α and 14α-hydroxylase enzymes, and is also capable of carrying out allylic oxidations.Ceratocystis paradoxa UAMH 8784 was grown in the presence of the above-mentioned steroids. The results showed that monooxygenases which effect allylic hydroxylation and Baeyer–Villiger rearrangement were active. However, redox reactions predominated.     

Prosthecium species with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer

Data from microscopic morphology, single-spore cultures, and DNA analyses of teleomorphs and anamorphs support the recognition of five species of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer: P. acerinum sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. acerinum; P. acerophilum comb. nov., formerly known as Dictyoporthe acerophila; P. galeatum comb. nov., originally described as Massaria galeata; P. opalus sp. nov.; and P. pyriforme sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. pyriforme s. str. The morphology of both type specimens and freshly collected material was investigated. The teleomorphs have brown ellipsoidal ascospores with five distosepta and often a longitudinal distoseptum. The anamorphs of all species described here belong to Stegonsporium; their connection to the Prosthecium teleomorphs was demonstrated by morphology and DNA sequences of single spore cultures derived from both ascospores and conidia. The anamorphs and teleomorphs of all five Prosthecium species are described and illustrated by LM images, and a key to these species is provided. As perceived from this work, S. pyriforme is restricted to Europe and does not occur in North America, whereas S. acerinum is restricted to North America, not found in Europe. The host associations given in the literature are revised and evidence is provided that only A. opalus, A. pseudoplatanus, and A. saccharum are confirmed hosts of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of tef1, ITS rDNA, and partial nuLSU rDNA sequences confirm that the species with Stegonsporium anamorphs are closely related to P. ellipsosporum, the generic type species. Stilbospora macrosperma is confirmed as the anamorph of P. ellipsosporum by DNA data of single spore isolates obtained from both ascospores and conidia.     

The phylogenetic placement of the Leucogastrales, including Mycolevis siccigleba (Cribbeaceae), in the Albatrellaceae using morphological and molecular data

The morphology of many hypogeous fungi converges on a homogeneous reduced form, suggesting that disparate lineages are subject to a uniform selection pressure. The primary goal of this study was to evaluate the morphology and infer the phylogeny of the Leucogastrales with Mycolevis siccigleba using a Bayesian methodology. A comprehensive morphological assessment was used for an a priori phylogenetic inference to guide the sequencing effort. All structures except spore ornamentation pointed to the Albatrellaceae as the most likely sister taxon. Polyporoletus sublividus, a close relative of Albatrellus, produces ornamented basidiospores with a similar structure to M. siccigleba basidiospores. The ITS from 30 taxa was used for the molecular phylogenetic analysis. P. sublividus was found sister to Mycolevis. Leucophleps spinispora and L. magnata formed a group sister to the Polyporoletus/Mycolevis group, whereas Leucogaster was polyphyletic with respect to the core of the Leucogastrales and sister to A. caeruleoporus. This relationship was expected as previously undescribed chlamydospores produced by members of Albatrellus had a similar morphology to the basidiospores of L. rubescens.