大气一氧化碳浓度升高对植物生长的影响

大气ＣＯ２浓度同对植物生长有促进作用,对Ｃ３植物生长的促进作用最大。短期ＣＯ２浓度升高时,植物光和速率增加;在长期ＣＯ２浓度升高条件下,植物光鸽上降并发生光合适应现象。这可能是植物在长期ＣＯ２浓度升高条件下植物源库关系不平衡引起的反馈抑制作用以及营养吸收不能满足光合速率增加的需要所引起Ｒｕｂｉｓｅｏ活必和含量下降。在ＣＯ２浓度升高条件下植物的呼吸也会发生变化,根的分枝和数量增多,根系的分泌量和吸收     

FACE条件下大气O3浓度增高对小麦剑叶光合色素含量的影响

应用FACE研究平台,采用烟农19、扬麦16、嘉兴002、扬麦15和扬辐麦2号等5个小麦品种,以O₃自然浓度为对照,研究了大气O₃浓度增高50%对不同小麦品种剑叶光合色素含量的影响.结果表明：开放式大气O₃浓度增高条件下,小麦剑叶叶绿素a (Chl a)、叶绿素b (Chl b)、叶绿素总量Chl(a+b)和类胡萝卜素含量在孕穗期和开花期与对照差异不显著,而花后各时期均不同程度的降低,其中,Chl a、Chl b和Chl(a+b)含量下降达显著水平,说明大气O₃浓度增高对叶绿素合成影响较小,但加速了其衰降过程.不同品种小麦剑叶光合色素含量对大气O₃浓度增高的反应存在基因型差异,扬麦15和嘉兴002对大气O₃浓度增高的敏感性弱于扬麦16、扬辐麦2号和烟农19.在籽粒灌浆盛期(花后21 d左右),剑叶Chl a、Chl b和Chl(a+b)含量与千粒重呈显著正相关.     

Effects of elevated CO2 and O3 on leaf damage and insect abundance in a soybean agroecosystem

By altering myriad aspects of leaf chemistry, increasing concentrations of CO₂ and O₃ in the atmosphere derived from human activities may fundamentally alter the relationships between insect herbivores and plants. Because exposure to elevated CO₂ can alter the nutritional value of leaves, some herbivores may increase consumption rates to compensate. The effects of O₃ on leaf nutritional quality are less clear; however, increased senescence may also reduce leaf quality for insect herbivores. Additionally, changes in secondary chemistry and the microclimate of leaves may render plants more susceptible to herbivory in elevated CO₂ and O₃. Damage to soybean (Glycine max L.) leaves and the size and composition of the insect community in the plant canopy were examined in large intact plots exposed to elevated CO₂ (~550 μmol mol⁻¹) and elevated O₃ (1.2*ambient) in a fully factorial design with a Soybean Free Air Concentration Enrichment system (SoyFACE). Leaf area removed by folivorous insects was estimated by digital photography and insect surveys were conducted during two consecutive growing seasons, 2003 and 2004. Elevated CO₂ alone and in combination with O₃ increased the number of insects and the amount of leaf area removed by insect herbivores across feeding guilds. Exposure to elevated CO₂ significantly increased the number of western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera) adults (foliage chewer) and soybean aphids (Aphis glycines; phloem feeder). No consistent effect of elevated O₃ on herbivory or insect population size was detected. Increased loss of leaf area to herbivores was associated with increased carbon-to-nitrogen ratio and leaf surface temperature. Soybean aphids are invasive pests in North America and new to this ecosystem. Higher concentrations of CO₂ in the atmosphere may increase herbivory in the soybean agroecosystem, particularly by recently introduced insect herbivores. Handling editor: Gary Felton.     

CO2浓度升高对两个种植密度下红桦生长和养分含量的影响

采用控制环境生长室,研究了CO2浓度升高对2个种植密度下红桦幼苗生长和氮(N)、磷(P)含量的影响。试验设置CO2浓度为350和700μmol.mol-12个水平,每个CO2浓度水平下又设密度28和84株.m-22个水平。结果表明:CO2浓度升高,红桦株高和叶面积指数(LAI)均增加,净同化率(NAR)值增加,叶质比(LMR)和比叶面积(SLA)均下降,但相对生长率(RGR)提高。CO2浓度增加,红桦幼苗茎枝、叶、根和总生物量提高,氮(N)、磷(P)含量降低,但单株N、P总吸收量均增加。CO2浓度升高,氮磷利用效率(NUE和PUE)提高,氮磷累积速率(NAcR和PAcR)显著增加。CO2浓度升高,红桦幼苗体内N、P浓度下降是由于生物量迅速增加引起的稀释效应造成的,而NUE和PUE的提高可以有效缓解CO2浓度升高后,亚高山和高山地区森林土壤中养分元素不足对森林生产力的限制。CO2浓度升高导致的植物生长的增加量会随植株密度的增加而降低,不同器官养分吸收量的增加量在低密度条件下比高密度条件下大得多,主要是因为高种植密度显著降低了植株各部位的干质量。     

钴对干旱胁迫下大豆幼苗叶片的保护作用及其机理

报道了钴对干旱胁迫下大豆幼苗叶片多胺含量、活性氧水平、抗氧化酶活性及细胞膜透性的影响,揭示了钴对干旱胁迫下大豆幼苗叶片的保护作用及机制.结果表明,CoCl₂(30 μmo·L^-1)可以显著抑制干旱胁迫下乙烯的产生.在干旱胁迫0～12 d,CoCl₂对叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量和叶绿素含量无显著影响.当干旱胁迫持续15～21 d,CoCl₂显著抑制叶片多胺氧化酶及二胺氧化酶活性的提高,使腐胺、精胺和亚精胺含量的下降幅度减小.CoCl₂显著提高了抗氧化酶的活力,有效抑制了胁迫后期(15～21 d)MDA含量的增加,减轻了叶绿素含量和细胞膜稳定指数的下降.可以认为,当大豆幼苗叶片由于持续干旱而遭受较为严重的细胞伤害时,CoCl₂通过抑制乙烯产生、抑制多胺含量下降以及提高抗氧化酶的活性,缓解了活性氧的累积和细胞膜透性的破坏,对干旱胁迫下大豆幼苗叶片具有一定的保护作用.     

Influence of elevated CO2 and ozone concentrations on late blight resistance and growth of potato plants

Potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Indira) with high susceptibility to the late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans were exposed for 4 weeks to two different CO₂ concentrations (400/700 ppm) combined with ambient and double ambient ozone concentrations (first experiment) and with 1/5 ambient and ambient ozone concentrations (second experiment) in climate chambers. Leaves of the potato plants were then inoculated with Phytophthora infestans zoospores. Plants from the “high CO₂” variant showed a significantly increased resistance to the pathogen, verified by visual evaluation and quantitative real-time PCR, whereas plants treated with double ambient ozone were slightly more susceptible. An increase in the constitutive activities of the PR-proteins β-1,3-glucanase and osmotin in leaves of plants exposed to 700 ppm CO₂ correlated with the increase in resistance at this CO₂-concentration. Biomass parameters were barely affected by the elevated CO₂-concentration but decreased with increasing ozone concentrations. Biochemical analyses revealed that the content of starch as well as the content of soluble sugars in leaves were highest at the double ambient ozone/700 ppm CO₂ variants pointing to an ozone-induced inhibition of assimilate allocation from leaves to tubers. Leaf C/N-ratio increased at elevated CO₂-concentrations due to a decrease in N-content. The effect of the ozone- and CO₂-induced biochemical changes on the resistance response of potato towards Phytophthora infestans is discussed.     

Effects of elevated CO2 and O3 on leaf litter phenolics and subsequent performance of litter-feeding soil macrofauna

Two field-growing silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) clones (clone 4 and 80) were exposed to elevated CO₂ and O₃ for three growing seasons (1999–2001). The phenolic compounds of naturally abscised leaf litter were analyzed in order to determine the possible CO₂- and O₃-induced changes in the litter quality. The potential litter-mediated CO₂ and O₃ effects on litter-feeding soil macrofauna (detritivore) performance were assessed in microcosm experiments, i.e., the relative growth rates (RGR) of Lumbricus terrestris and Porcellio scaber, the relative consumption rates (RCR) of P. scaber, and mortality of the test animals were measured. The leaf litter grown under elevated CO₂ had increased concentrations (weight per mass unit) and contents (weight per leaf) of phenolic acids, flavonol glycosides, condensed tannins and total measured phenolics. Elevated O₃ increased the concentrations of 3,4’-dihydroxypropiophenone 3-β-d-glucoside (DHPPG) and flavonoid aglycones but only under ambient CO₂. However, elevated O₃ effects on the content of some low-molecular-weight phenolic (LMWP) compounds (i.e. phenolic acids, DHPPG, flavonoid aglycones) and total LMWP changed over time emphasizing the importance of conducting long-term (>3 years) exposure studies. In general, RGR of young L. terrestris was affected by the litter quality changes induced by elevated CO₂ and O₃, as the animal growth rates were reduced when they were fed with CO₂- and O₃-exposed leaf litter of clone 80 in Experiment 1. P. scaber RCR or RGR responses to CO₂- and O₃-induced changes in litter quality were more variable and inconsistent, and neither were there any litter-mediated CO₂ and O₃ effects on animal mortality in these microcosm experiments. In conclusion, elevated CO₂ has the potential to alter silver birch leaf litter quality, but the possible O₃ effects on phenolic compounds and litter-mediated CO₂ and O₃ effects on detritivores are more difficult to validate.     

大气中CO2、O3浓度升高对银杏成年叶片气孔数量特征的影响

利用开放式气室(OTC)持续观测了2个生长季(2005-2006年).在每年9月30日停止供气后,采样1次.观测高浓度CO2和O3处理的银杏(Ginkgo biloba)成年叶片气孔数量的变化规律.结果表明:在700 μmol·mol-1CO2处理条件下,叶片气孔的长度、宽度、周长和面积均明显高于对照(P<0.05);在80 μmol·mol-1O3处理条件下,气孔的长度、宽度、周长和面积却显著低于对照(P<0.01);成年叶片气孔在高浓度CO2影响下,气孔密度略有升高(P>0.05),而气孔指数显著减少(P<0.05);大气O3浓度升高对气孔密度影响不大(P>0.05),气孔指数显著减少(P<0.05);银杏成年叶片气孔的长度、宽度与气孔比密度存在一定的负相关关系,可用一元二次曲线方程较好地描述.     

Effects of elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide on gas exchange and growth of white clover

Effects of rising atmospheric CO₂ concentrations on gas exchange, growth and productivity were investigated on an important grassland species, Trifolium repens L. cv. Blanca. Pure stands of this species were cultivated over an entire growing season in small acrylic greenhouses with an artificial atmosphere of ±367 or ±620 ppm CO₂, respectively. Effects on growth and development were examined in a functional growth analysis, while consequences for gas exchange were determined by photosynthesis and transpiration measurements on canopy level. The stands were regularly clipped for production assessment. Canopies grown at high CO₂ levels showed an average increase in productivity of almost 75%. Growth analysis indicated development of a larger foliage area as the major cause, particularly in the first days of regrowth after cutting. The growth advantage that began in this stage was maintained or bettered during the following weeks. The difference between gas exchange measurements expressed per unit leaf area and per unit ground area suggested that changes in net photosynthesis and respiration did not contribute to the increase in total yield. Transpiration declined under high CO₂ if expressed on a leaf area basis but total canopy transpiration was at least as large as in ambient CO₂ due to the larger leaf area. Water-use efficiency calculations on the summer data indicated a 35% improvement with a doubling of CO₂ concentration.