广聚萤叶甲和豚草卷蛾对 江西南昌豚草的联合控制作用

【背景】豚草是一种世界性的重要害草,在江西南昌地区普遍发生。广聚萤叶甲和豚草卷蛾是很有利用前景的豚草天敌,而有关这2种天敌在江西南昌地区田间对豚草的联合控制效果尚不明确。【方法】2009年6月25日分别按广聚萤叶甲0.7头.株-1和豚草卷蛾0.4头.株-1的密度在江西南昌豚草入侵地同时释放2种天敌,并于8月4日～9月13日,每隔10d调查广聚萤叶甲各虫态的数量、豚草卷蛾虫瘿数、豚草的株高和死亡株数。【结果】释放前期广聚萤叶甲和豚草卷蛾种群数量增长较快,但释放70d后,豚草植株死亡率达90.14%,天敌种群数量急剧下降;释放80d后,豚草植株死亡率达到100%。此外,在整个调查期间,天敌释放区豚草株高增长缓慢,均极显著低于对照区。【结论与意义】广聚萤叶甲和豚草卷蛾在江西南昌地区田间对豚草的联合控制效果显著,宜在江西大规模推广应用。     

广聚萤叶甲和豚草卷蛾对广西来宾豚草的联合控制作用

【背景】豚草已成功入侵广西来宾,对当地生物多样性、农业生产和居民健康造成了严重影响。广聚萤叶甲和豚草卷蛾均为豚草的重要专一性天敌,在湖南等地已有效抑制了豚草的扩散蔓延。【方法】为考查2种天敌在广西对豚草的联合控制作用,于2009年5月24日在广西来宾豚草入侵地区同时释放广聚萤叶甲和豚草卷蛾(2种天敌释放密度均为1170头.hm-2)。【结果】至2009年8月29日释放区内豚草植株死亡率达98%以上,且天敌迅速向邻近豚草发生区扩散,2种天敌对扩散区豚草的控制率可达50%～60%。【结论与意义】2种天敌对豚草具有显著的控制效果,建议在广西大面积推广应用。     

豚草卷蛾在广西来宾建群状况及其对作物的安全性调查

【背景】豚草于20世纪80年代入侵广西省来宾市兴宾区,现已扩散至该区的部分乡（镇）,2009年5月通过在广西来宾市高岭村释放广聚萤叶甲和豚草卷蛾防治豚草,3个月后释放点豚草的死亡率达98％以上。【方法】实地调查豚草卷蛾的扩散、建群情况和对当地作物的安全性。【结果】豚草卷蛾在来宾市已形成稳定种群。豚草卷蛾在对豚草的控制过程中,能在豚草生长区迅速定殖、建群,在定殖区豚草被完全控制或呈现零星分布后,该虫又会迅速向邻近成片生长的豚草区扩散、定殖。在调查中未发现豚草卷蛾对周边农作物产生为害。【结论与意义】豚草卷蛾对作物安全,可以在广西大范围释放。     

豚草卷蛾的生态适应性及其风险评价

豚草卷蛾是害草豚草和银胶菊的重要天敌．本文就该虫生态适应性、对目标杂草的控制效能、引进与释放的安全性评价作了综述．豚草卷蛾具有严格的寄主专一性,所有田问选择性寄主均局限于豚草亚族,而对向日葵和菊花仅表现为随机风险(风险值<0．01)或0风险;生态适应性强。适宜发育的温度为15～35℃,越冬虫态的低温下限为-8～-12℃;种群增长快．能在豚草和苍耳上分别以23和4倍的速度增长;控制能力强,大量感染时田间寄主的平均虫瘿达到每株20～30头,营养生长前期5．2虫瘿可使植株死亡,营养生长后期26个虫瘿可使植株致死,释放后12个月内扩散区域超过100km;对释放地天敌苍耳螟不构成竞争,是控制豚草和银胶菊的有效天敌,可以安全应用．     

湖北地区豚草卷蛾发生规律与抗寒性研究

【背景】豚草卷蛾是豚草的一种重要天敌,1993年在湖南临湘野外释放后,迅速扩散至湖北、江西、福建等省,对豚草种群的蔓延与扩张起到了一定的抑制作用。【方法】为明确豚草卷蛾在湖北的发生规律与抗寒性,2009年在湖北各豚草发生区进行野外调查,并将豚草卷蛾越冬态老熟幼虫置于不同低温下观测其存活率。【结果】豚草卷蛾主要分布于鄂东地区。其越冬代成虫于5月下旬至6月上旬发生,第1代幼虫发生高峰在6月下旬至7月上旬,10月中下旬老熟幼虫进入滞育。12月份的调查结果显示,豚草有虫株率为90%,虫口密度为313头.百株-1,存活率为93.3%。越冬老熟幼虫过冷却点为-26.4℃,存活率和存活时间随温度的降低而下降。【结论与意义】豚草卷蛾已广泛分布于湖北地区,且能成功越冬,对豚草可起到持续控制作用。     

广东省豚草及两种天敌昆虫的发生与分布

豚草(Ambrosia antemisiifolia L.)入侵广东以来蔓延迅速,为了有效抑制豚草进一步扩散蔓延,调查了豚草及其天敌在广东省的发生分布情况。结果表明,目前广东省豚草主要分布在3个区域,粤北韶关及清远地区,粤西肇庆市封开县,粤东北梅州地区。广东省豚草的天敌昆虫主要有豚草卷蛾Epiblema strenuana W.和广聚萤叶甲Ophraella communa L.,其中豚草卷蛾的分布范围较广聚萤叶甲广泛,但其控害作用有限,显著低于广聚萤叶甲。最后讨论了豚草扩散与公路交通的关系,并比较了豚草两种天敌的防控潜力。     

广聚萤叶甲在豚草上的空间分布

广聚萤叶甲Ophraella communa LeSage是恶性入侵杂草豚草Ambrosia artemisiifolia L的一种重要天敌,为了了解广聚萤叶甲卵、幼虫、蛹、成虫在豚草上的分布情况,本文对各虫态广聚萤叶甲在豚草植株上的空间分布进行了调查。调查结果表明,各虫态广聚萤叶甲在豚草上的空间分布均为聚集分布;不同受害程度豚草植株上各虫态广聚萤叶甲主要分布于上部和中部。就不同受害程度豚草植株上同一虫态广聚萤叶甲而言,卵比例随受害程度的加重逐步递减,幼虫和蛹的比例则逐步增加。由此可见,广聚萤叶甲为了确保后代能获得更充足的食物,成虫倾向于在受害程度较轻的植株上产卵。     

豚草生物防治技术在湖南汨罗的应用及其控制效果

【背景】为评价广聚萤叶甲和豚草卷蛾在豚草发生区大面积释放后对豚草的控制潜力,于2007年和2008年5月底分别在湖南省汨罗大荆和智峰进行了野外释放试验。【方法】释放天敌后,调查豚草的株高、存活率,最后测量其生物量和种子量。【结果】在大荆释放区释放86和120d后,释放区植株高度（61．4和99．0cm）均显著矮于对照区（121．8和129．5em）,释放区植株地上茎干重显著小于对照区,但根系干重与对照区无显著差异;释放区植株存活率分别仅为7．3％和0。在智峰释放区,释放12d后,释放区豚草株高和存活率与对照区均无显著差异;但在释放28、44、57d后,释放区株高均显著小于对照区,植株根系和地上茎干重亦显著小于对照区;释放区豚草存活率分别为76．5％、16．5％和0。上述两地,对照区豚草在调查期内的存活率均为100％,释放区的豚草则完全丧失繁殖能力,种子量为0。【结论与意义】在湖南,5月底或6月初,广聚萤叶甲和豚草卷蛾以约每10株6头的密度联合释放,可有效控制豚草。本结果为豚草生物防治技术推广与应用提供了依据。     

低温条件下广聚萤叶甲成虫的耐饥饿能力

【背景】广聚萤叶甲是恶性入侵杂草豚草的一种重要专一性天敌,在冬季低温且缺乏食物的条件下,广聚萤叶甲的耐饥饿能力直接关系到其越冬种群的虫源基数。【方法】在室内观察广聚萤叶甲成虫在10℃低温条件下的存活率和死亡率,研究了水分(有水、无水)、不同密度(一雌一雄、二雌二雄、五雌五雄)、加入泥土枯枝对广聚萤叶甲耐饥饿能力的影响。【结果】无水、有水条件下,广聚萤叶甲成虫的平均存活时间分别为(15.23±1.01)、(13.33±0.88)d,水分对广聚萤叶甲的耐饥力的影响不显著;随着密度的增加,广聚萤叶甲的耐饥饿能力增强,一雌一雄、二雌二雄和五雌五雄的平均存活时间依次为(11.96±0.57)、(13.78±0.60)、(14.81±0.42)d;加入泥土和豚草枯枝后,广聚萤叶甲的耐饥饿能力明显提高,其平均存活时间为(15.97±1.05)d。【结论与意义】低温条件下广聚萤叶甲的耐饥饿能力较强,可保证部分广聚萤叶甲的自然种群在野外安全越冬,研究低温条件下广聚萤叶甲的耐饥饿能力对豚草的生物防治具有重要意义。     

豚草卷蛾寄主专一性风险评价

在以往豚草生物防治研究的基础上 ,为评价防治恶性豚草的外来天敌昆虫的安全性 ,以及探索外来生防作用物的风险评价方法 ,以豚草卷蛾为案例 ,进一步对其寄主安全性进行了风险评估。基于与豚草的近缘关系及以往的研究结果 ,选用 9科 36种常见经济作物、观赏植物和杂草 ,采用室内非选择性取食测定、田间开放条件下多选择性取食测定和室外非选择性取食分龄接虫的生命表等研究方法 ,对豚草卷蛾的寄主专一性作了深入研究。 ( 1 )室内非选择性取食测定结果表明 ,豚草卷蛾仅能在豚草和苍耳上完成整个幼虫的发育 ;但在强迫将高龄幼虫 ( 4～ 6龄 )接入黄花蒿、菊花 (黄莲 )和向日葵 (白 97-1和天委 F2 )时 ,有少量幼虫能发育化蛹 ,但不发生取食 ,在这些植物上完成发育只是一种假象。 ( 2 )田间开放条件下多选择性取食测定结果表明 ,豚草卷蛾的寄主选择性随种群数量不同而异 ,当种群数量增大 ,受取食条件胁迫时 ,出现风险“扩散”现象。田间供试的 1 6种 (含品种 )植物中 ,第 2、3和 4代出现虫瘿 (被幼虫选择 )的供试植物依次为 :豚草(第 2代 ) ;豚草和苍耳 (第 3代 ) ;豚草、苍耳和黄花蒿 (第 4代 )。按产卵单因子选择性风险指数 ( SEFRI(1) )值分析表明 ,豚草卷蛾成虫产卵对豚草、苍耳和黄花蒿表现出选择性风险     

广聚萤叶甲成虫产卵行为及其产卵部位的选择性

【目的】明确广聚萤叶甲成虫产卵行为及其产卵部位的选择性。【方法】在室内条件下,对广聚萤叶甲成虫交配及产卵的系列行为、产卵场所选择、不同部位豚草植株叶片叶绿素b的含量进行了观察和测定:(1)将1对成虫放到养虫笼内的一株豚草上,观察交配时间,记录产卵数量、前后2粒卵之间的产卵时间间隔;(2)在均匀分为5部分(0～10、11～20、21～30、31～40和41～50 cm)的豚草植株上,随机放置10对成虫,观察雌虫对于产卵场所的选择。(3)将上述5个部位的豚草叶片通过丙酮匀浆法处理,用紫外分光光度计测定其在645和663 nm的吸光值,计算叶绿素b含量。【结果】广聚萤叶甲成虫完成一次成功交配平均需96.09 min。雌虫一般需45 min的时间来寻找其适应的产卵场所,在产卵过程中,成虫习惯将卵产于叶片背面,雌虫喜欢用口器来清理刚产下的卵粒。在一株50 cm高的豚草植株上,雌虫喜欢将卵产在植株中部21～30 cm和中上部31～40cm的叶片上(从下往上划分)。卵块数量和豚草不同部位叶片叶绿素b含量呈显著的正相关性。【结论】广聚萤叶甲成虫喜欢产卵在叶绿素b含量较高的叶片背面,可能以视觉识别叶片颜色来选择和定位产卵场所。     

Control of the invasive weed Ambrosia artemisiifolia with Ophraella communa and Epiblema strenuana

Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. is native to North America, and was unintentionally introduced into China in the 1930s, where it has become invasive. The two insect species Epiblema strenuana and Ophraella communa have been considered as biological control agents of A. artemisiifolia in China. The purpose of this study was to examine the control effect of O. communa + E. strenuana on A. artemisiifolia in the field. The mortality of A. artemisiifolia plants increased with time and increasing initial release densities of O. communa and/or E. strenuana in 2008 and 2009. The treatments of 0.53 O. communa + 0.53 E. strenuana per plant and 12 O. communa + 16 E. strenuana per plant at early (60–70 cm tall) and later (90–100 cm tall) growth stages could subsequently kill all plants prior to seed production in both 2008 and 2009. Thus, the two initial densities of the two insect species may be recommended when they are jointly used for biological control of A. artemisiifolia at the two growth stages. However, all or some plants could survive and bear seeds in any other treatment and in the non-treated control plots. This implies that biological control of A. artemisiifolia with the two biological control agents will be recommended in the areas invaded by A. artemisiifolia in China.     

Reevaluation of biosecurity of Ophraella communa against sunflower (Helianthus annuus)

Ophraella communa (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), originally from North America, has been used for biological control of common ragweed, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, in China since 2007. However, there is still a debate on whether O. communa can attack sunflowers under field conditions. To re-evaluate the biosecurity of O. communa against sunflower (Helianthus annuus), we investigated the population density of O. communa on three sunflower varieties that were intercropped with or planted in circumambience of A. artemisiifolia under field conditions. Our results showed that only very few O. communa eggs (<0.5 eggs/plant) were found on sunflower plants at the last two surveys when sunflowers were planted in circumambience of common ragweed. O. communa eggs were not found on sunflower plants at each survey when sunflowers were intercropped with common ragweed. The first–second instar larvae, third instar larvae, pupae and adults of O. communa were occasionally found on sunflower plants, but their densities were very low under either case of planting patterns. Based on these results, we conclude that sunflower is not a potential host plant for O. communa and the beetle is an effective host-specific biological control agent of common ragweed.     

广聚萤叶甲成虫交配时长对产卵量与孵化率的影响

【目的】明确不同交配时长对广聚萤叶甲雌虫产卵量和卵的孵化率的影响。【方法】在室内条件下,对不同交配时长下广聚萤叶甲的雌虫产卵量和卵的孵化率进行观察:(1)选取羽化第3d的广聚萤叶甲雌雄虫随机配对,观察24 h,记录交配情况和时长;(2)在交配开始1、5、15、30、60 min时,强行分开雌雄成虫,然后将不同交配时长的雌虫进行单独饲养,以正常交配一次的雌虫作为对照,每个处理选取23组;(3)将15～30 cm健壮豚草小苗插入注满水的塑料小瓶内,将配对的一组雌雄成虫和豚草小苗放入养虫盒中饲养,每天更换带卵的小苗并记录叶片上的产卵量;(4)将上述带卵的小苗至于适宜条件下培养,记录5～7 d内卵块孵化的情况。【结果】广聚萤叶甲正常交配一次的对照组的产卵水平显著高于各处理组,单雌产卵为889粒,交配时间15 min以下各组雌虫的产卵量明显低于交配30 min以上的各组雌虫。同时交配时长5 min以下雌虫产的卵基本不能孵化,而交配时间达到30 min以上的各组卵块的孵化率明显提高。【结论】雄虫转移雌虫受精所需精子量需要耗费的时间为30 min左右,且雄虫有延长交配时间的趋性。该结果为研究广聚萤叶甲的生态特性以及优化种群繁殖提供科学依据。     

Review of the biology and ecology of a ragweed leaf beetle,Ophraella communa (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), which is a biological control agent of an invasive common ragweed,Ambrosia artemisiifolia (Asterales: Asteraceae)

A ragweed leaf beetle, Ophraella communa (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), has been highlighted as a potential biological control agent of Ambrosia artemisiifolia. O. communa and A. artemisiifolia are native in North America and alien species in East Asia and Europe. As an invasive weed, A. artemisiifolia causes severe economic losses as reducing agricultural production as well as producing severe allergenic pollen. As an herbivore insect, O. communa has strong host preference on A. artemisiifolia. All the developmental stages of O. communa can be found on A. artemisiifolia and it attacks a single plant in repeated and extended manners. With few individuals on A. artemisiifolia, O. communa can completely defoliate before pollen production. Therefore, O. communa had been focused as a biological control of this invasive weed, but its introduction was denied because of possible damage on an important crop, Helianthus annuus. O. communa was accidentally introduced in East Asia and Europe in 1990s and 2010s, respectively. Fortunately, O. communa population was well established to suppress A. artemisiifolia in the introduced areas. Following detailed field surveys and host specificity tests of O. communa were conducted and proved a strong potential of O. communa as a biological control agent of A. artemisiifolia. Moreover, O. communa has been investigated in physiological and evolutionary studies. In this study, the potential of O. communa as a biological control agent and a study organism are reviewed.     

Geographical dispersion of ragweed leaf beetle (Ophraella communa) based on climatic and biological characters in the Palearctic habitats

1. The accidentally introduced ragweed leaf beetle (Ophraella communa) is a most promising biological control agent for common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia), which herbivore has already emerged in several areas of the Palearctic region.
2. The aim of our study was to model the expansion of O. communa and the number of generations in the various Palearctic regions. Furthermore, our objective was to determine the effect of the prevailing wind on the direction of its spread and to ascertain the relationship between the green biomass production of ragweed and individual numbers of this leaf beetle.
3. According to our meta-analytical findings, the advancement of O. communa is continuous in the Palearctic areas. This phytophagous insect invades new habitats, which are occupied by A. artemisiifolia, and spreads quickly. The stable populations of O. communa seem to be strictly linked to the presence of its primary host, A. artemisiifolia.
4. We show that the rapid spread of this insect is due to the combination of wind direction and topography features, which was reinforced by our analysis. O. communa possesses uniformly multivoltine populations in its Palearctic habitats. So, insects possessing facultative diapause are able to colonize northern areas depending on the presence of their host, which statement is based on the processing of 143 East- and 68 West-Palearctic records
5. According to our investigations, the mass appearance of this phytophagous insect coincided with the assimilation peak of its main host, common ragweed.

     

普通豚草防控药剂筛选

【目的】普通豚草对新疆伊犁河谷地区的生态及旅游产业发展都造成了严重的威胁。本研究于2019年5月和7月中旬筛选218国道沿路林带农田交错生境下防治普通豚草的最适除草剂和施药浓度,旨在为防治普通豚草提供技术指导。【方法】采用田间小区试验,比较药后7、14、30和45 d的株防效、鲜重防效和株高,评价5月中旬8种除草剂的2个施药浓度对约12叶期、株高(6.20±0.13) cm的普通豚草,以及7月中旬21%氯氨吡啶酸AS的5种施药浓度对约20叶期、株高(16.26±0.68) cm的普通豚草的防治效果。【结果】方差分析表明,5月中旬株防效和鲜重防效最高的是75%苯嘧·草甘膦WG 900和1350g·hm~(-2),其次是30%草甘膦AS 5250和6750 g·hm~(-2)、48%三氯吡氧乙酸EC 4170和6255 g·hm~(-2)、21%氯氨吡啶酸AS 300和375 g·hm~(-2),最低的是20%硝磺草酮SC 637.5和750 g·hm~(-2)。7月中旬,21%氯氨吡啶酸AS对普通豚草的株防效和鲜重防效较好浓度是600 g·hm~(-2),药后45 d株防效和鲜重防效分别为69.7%、93.4%,其次是450和525 g·hm~(-2),药后45 d株防效和鲜重防效分别为47.8%、86.4%和51.7%、91.5%。【结论】综合普通豚草种子萌发情况、防治成本、药剂成分及对环境的影响等因素,5月中旬防治伊犁河谷地区林带生境下的普通豚草时,建议施用75%苯嘧·草甘膦WG 900 g·hm~(-2)、30%草甘膦AS 5250 g·hm~(-2)、48%三氯吡氧乙酸EC 4170 g·hm~(-2)、21%氯氨吡啶酸AS 300 g·hm~(-2); 7月中旬防治公路林带生境下的普通豚草时,建议增加药量,施用21%氯氨吡啶酸AS至少525 g·hm~(-2);防治时期上,建议在5月中旬左右进行防控,可大幅降低用药量并方便农事操作。     

Changes in Defense of an Alien Plant Ambrosia artemisiifolia before and after the Invasion of a Native Specialist Enemy Ophraella communa

The evolution of increased competitive ability hypothesis (EICA) predicts that when alien plants are free from their natural enemies they evolve lower allocation to defense in order to achieve a higher growth rate. If this hypothesis is true, the converse implication would be that the defense against herbivory could be restored if a natural enemy also becomes present in the introduced range. We tested this scenario in the case of Ambrosia artemisiifolia (common ragweed) – a species that invaded Japan from North America. We collected seeds from five North American populations, three populations in enemy free areas of Japan and four populations in Japan where the specialist herbivore Ophraella communa naturalized recently. Using plants grown in a common garden in Japan, we compared performance of O. communa with a bioassay experiment. Consistent with the EICA hypothesis, invasive Japanese populations of A. artemisiifolia exhibited a weakened defense against the specialist herbivores and higher growth rate than native populations. Conversely, in locations where the herbivore O. communa appeared during the past decade, populations of A. artemisiifolia exhibited stronger defensive capabilities. These results strengthen the case for EICA and suggest that defense levels of alien populations can be recuperated rapidly after the native specialist becomes present in the introduced range. Our study implies that the plant defense is evolutionary labile depending on plant-herbivore interactions.     

水椰八角铁甲和椰心叶甲对椰子和银海枣的寄主选择性

【目的】水椰八角铁甲和椰心叶甲均为棕榈科植物的重要入侵害虫,两者的外部形态、取食部位和危害特征相似。研究它们的寄主选择性有助于了解这2种害虫的扩散和成灾机制。【方法】在室内用椰子和银海枣2种寄主植物分别饲养水椰八角铁甲和椰心叶甲,研究在不同寄主植物上水椰八角铁甲和椰心叶甲的存活率、产卵率、发育历期等以及这2种害虫对不同寄主植物的选择性。【结果】水椰八角铁甲在2种寄主上的存活率差异显著,除了卵期和蛹期之外,幼虫期各虫态在银海枣上的存活率明显比在椰子上的存活率高;椰心叶甲在椰子上的存活率高于银海枣,各虫态平均存活率分别为95%和86%。取食银海枣的水椰八角铁甲达标准卵量概率为0.23,取食椰子不产卵,无法完成整个世代;取食椰子的椰心叶甲达标准卵量概率为0.86,取食银海枣不产卵,也无法完成整个世代;水椰八角铁甲取食银海枣完成世代的实验种群趋势指数为12.55,椰心叶甲取食椰子完成世代的实验种群趋势指数为66.55。【结论】水椰八角铁甲和椰心叶甲分别对银海枣和椰子这2种寄主植物具有明显的选择性。在海南椰子树的数量远远超过银海枣,该实验结果在一定程度上解释了椰心叶甲在海南岛广泛分布而水椰八角铁甲只是零星发生的原因。     

Effects of high temperature on body size and weight of Ophraella communa

Ophraella communa LeSage (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is an effective biological control agent of the invasive common ragweed, Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. Body size, one of the most important life-history characters for many insects, affects O. communa mating choice. Temperature is one of the most important factors on body size, especially high temperatures. Adult body lengths were significantly inhibited after eggs, larvae and pupae of O. communa experienced high temperature stresses. With exception of subsequent female body after exposure of larvae to high temperatures, the body weights of females and males were not affected by temperatures. Since adult insect fecundities are often in proportion to their body sizes, we concluded that high temperatures may influence the population expansion of O. communa in the field.