关于痢疾菌苗的研究现状(续)

<正>下面讨论志贺氏菌质粒的基因产物。这是Hale的初步工作及志贺氏菌毒株与侵袭性大肠杆菌微细胞的初步应用。由于会出现分裂不完善的突变体,致使其细胞的一部分分裂后不能遗传染色体DNA,细胞发芽部分太小不能包含染色体,只能包含大质粒。微细胞可以从营养细胞中分离到,在这些种群中从新合成蛋白质的是由质粒而不是染色体DNA。来自弱毒亲本的微细胞不能侵入     

志贺菌毒力大质粒大片段敲除方法的建立

目的:构建志贺菌毒力大质粒大片段缺失突变体库。方法:首先利用λ-Red重组系统构建弗氏2a志贺菌301株毒力大质粒特定位点缺失株,再在距离此位点20 kb处缺失另一突变位点,最后根据重组酶识别远端FRT位点的特性,将两个远端FRT位点之间的DNA序列全部缺失。结果:敲除了毒力大质粒24 kb的DNA序列。结论:利用λ-Red重组系统及FLP-FRT位点特异性识别重组系统可以对志贺菌毒力大质粒逐步进行大片段的敲除,构建大质粒大片段缺失突变体库。     

福氏2a痢疾菌ySH6000的1400Md侵袭性质粒:逃避宿主细胞的杀伤再感染相邻细胞所需的一个操纵子

<正> 由志贺氏菌引起的细菌性痢疾早期必经阶段是侵入肠上皮细胞,在那里增殖并且再感染邻近的细胞。大质粒(230kb)至少和染色体三个部位与福氏痢疾菌的毒力有关。志贺氏菌的毒力是很不稳定的。这是由于质粒遭受巨大缺失式ISl插入所致。质粒的分子改变可同时引起毒力的各种表型如小鼠毒力试验(Ser),侵入组织培养细胞(Inv),刚果红结合(Pcr),细菌生长抑制(Igr)和接触溶血(Chl)等全部丧失。该质粒经SalI裂介后进行琼脂糖凝胶电泳,并把SalI部分裂介片段克隆,以进行Sael裂介图谱分析。发现50kb片段上有2个位点,之一相当于以前用Pcr决定子克隆到大肠杆菌K12中,     

放线菌线型复制子新的生物学功能及其应用

原核生物的染色体和质粒DNA一般为环型结构。在过去的几十年里 ,人们以不同的材料为研究对象建立了原核生物环型染色体和环型质粒生物学功能的模式体系。近年来 ,在链霉菌属 (Streptomyces)中发现 1 2～ 1 70 0kb的线型质粒[1 ] 和约 80 0 0kb的线型染色体[2 ] ,有的巨大线型质粒上还带有完整的抗生素生物合成基因簇[1 ] 。与链霉菌属同属于放线菌目 (Actinomycetales)的诺卡氏菌属 (Nocardia)和红球菌属(Rhodococcus)中也发现了线型染色体和线型质粒 ,并揭示了降解多种工业上有毒化合物的基因常由线型质粒所携带[3,4 ] 。功能研究表明 ,…     

克隆与志贺氏菌属侵袭力相关的基因

本文以柯斯质粒pJB8作载体,经体外包装构建了志贺氏菌属弗氏5大质粒(140Md)基因文库,获得重组子4000多个。用已证实与侵袭力相关的17kb基因片段作探针,从基因文库中筛选出66个相应的重组子。对其中部分重组子进行分析,表明这些重组子均包含一个大的重组质粒,它们与17kb探针杂交呈阳性反应。当用EcoR 1酶解这些重组质粒时,均产生大小相当于17kb的DNA片段,它们与17 kb探针杂交,也呈阳性反应。表明这些重组子均含与侵袭相关的基因片段。这为以后构建预防痢疾的口服活菌苗打下了基础。     

絮凝基因(FLO1G)的序列测定及分析

虽然酵母细胞絮凝的确切机制至今尚无定论 ,但已克隆了多个与絮凝相关的基因 ,如ＦＬＯ1、ＦＬＯ5、ＦＬＯ1 1等[1～3 ] 。这些基因的表达可以赋予非絮凝酵母细胞以絮凝能力。酵母细胞的絮凝特性在酿造工业、固定化酶、精细化工和物生制药等领域具有广泛的应用价值[4 ,5] 。从一株强絮凝酿酒酵母菌株中克隆到一个约 4 3ｋｂ的ＮＤＡ片段 ,酵母转化实验证明该ＤＮＡ片段能够赋予非絮凝酵母菌株以絮凝能力[6] 。本文简要报道对该ＤＮＡ片段进行序列测定和分析的结果。1　材料和方法1 .1　菌株和质粒实验所用菌株和质粒见表 1。表 1　菌株和质…     

IpaB-IpgC相互作用决定了Ⅲ型分泌系统转运蛋白的结合功能域

毒力因子经Ⅲ型分泌系统转运入宿主细胞是肠道致病菌致病必需的。毒力因子分泌前,分子伴侣与毒力因子在胞质中特异性结合。侵袭质粒基因C(IpgC)是一个伴侣分子,能结合志贺菌的侵袭质粒抗原B(IpaB)和C(IpgC)。该研究报道了IpgC的晶体结构以及与     

志贺氏菌福氏2a 301株ipaH4.5突变株的构建及生物学功能分析

利用λ-Red重组系统对福氏2a志贺氏菌301株ipaH4.5基因进行缺失突变,构建了福氏2a志贺氏菌301株ipaH4.5基因缺失突变株?ipaH4.5,利用低拷贝质粒构建ipaH4.5缺失突变株的回复突变株△ipaH4.5HF。PCR方法证实了ipaH4.5基因的缺失和回复。对野生株、突变株和回复突变株的生长代谢及细胞侵袭能力进行比较;ELISA方法检测3株菌侵袭鼠J774巨噬细胞后培养上清中炎性因子的水平。生长代谢实验表明缺失和回复ipaH4.5不影响志贺氏菌的生长速度,侵袭实验表明缺失和回复ipaH4.5也不影响志贺氏菌对HeLa细胞和鼠J774巨噬细胞的侵袭能力,表明ipaH4.5基因与志贺氏菌的生长代谢和侵袭能力无关;鼠J774巨噬细胞培养上清中细胞因子水平的改变提示该基因在志贺氏菌侵入细胞后抑制宿主细胞炎症反应。     

志贺菌对HeLa细胞侵袭力的研究

通过使用噬斑形成试验、透射电镜及检测志贺菌蛋白表达等方法,研究志贺菌对Hela细胞的侵袭能力。研究发现:37℃培养条件下,胞质内出现成堆的志贺菌;30℃培养条件下,细菌主要分布在细胞外。SDS-PAGE显示,与30℃培养条件相比,在37℃培养下,志贺菌表达蛋白质的种类和数量明显增加。噬斑形成发现,12株福氏志贺菌强毒株,有9株噬斑数>1000个／ml,而2株弱毒株噬斑数则在50个／ml以下。透射电镜证实了志贺菌对细胞的黏附、侵入和释放过程。结果表明:志贺菌对细胞的侵袭能力受温度的影响;不同志贺菌流行株对细胞的侵袭力存在着差异:实验也显示,应用HeLa细胞研究志贺菌侵袭力是一种简便易行且价廉的方法。     

弗氏志贺菌毒力大质粒导入大肠杆菌MG1655

目的:将弗氏2a志贺菌2457T的毒力大质粒pSF导入大肠杆菌MG1655。方法:通过诱动转移技术,将弗氏2a志贺菌2457T的毒力大质粒导入大肠杆菌MG1655。结果:构建了MG1655/pSF:pXL275-virG的毒力大质粒导入突变株,双向电泳初步比较分析表明在重组MG1655中有志贺菌毒力的表达。结论:成功地将弗氏2a志贺菌2457T毒力大质粒pSF导入了大肠杆菌MG1655。     

A bacterial invasin induces macrophage apoptosis by binding directly to ICE.

Shigella, the etiological agent of dysentery, kills macrophages by inducing apoptosis. Deletion mutants in the invasion invasion plasmid antigen B (ipaB) of Shigella flexneri are not cytotoxic. Here, we localized IpaB to the cytoplasm of macrophages infected with S. flexneri. Purified IpaB induced apoptosis when microinjected into macrophages, indicating that IpaB is sufficient to induce apoptosis. Using a GST-IpaB fusion protein as a ligand in affinity purification, we isolated four IpaB binding proteins from macrophages which were identified as the precursor and the mature polypeptides of interleukin-1beta converting enzyme (ICE) or a highly homologous protease. We found that IpaB binds directly to ICE and this enzyme is activated during S. flexneri infection. Furthermore, specific inhibitors of ICE prevented Shigella-induced apoptosis.     

The secretion of the Shigella flexneri Ipa invasins is activated by epithelial cells and controlled by IpaB and IpaD.

Shigella species are enteropathogens that invade epithelial cells of the human colon. Entry into epithelial cells is triggered by the IpaB, IpaC and IpaD proteins which are translocated into the medium through the specific Mxi-Spa machinery. In vitro, Shigella cells secrete only a small fraction of the Ipa proteins, the majority of which remains in the cytoplasm. We show here that upon interaction with cultured epithelial cells or in the presence of fetal bovine serum, S.flexneri release pre-synthesized Ipa molecules from the cytoplasm into the environment. Evidence is presented that IpaB and IpaD are essential for both blocking secretion through the Mxi-Spa translocon in the absence of a secretion-inducing signal and controlling secretion of the Ipa proteins in the presence of a signal. Subcellular localization and analysis of the molecular interactions of the Ipa proteins indicate that IpaB and IpaD associate transiently in the bacterial envelope. We propose that IpaB and IpaD, by interacting in the secretion apparatus, modulate secretion.     

Secretion of type III effectors into host cells in real time

Type III secretion (T3S) systems are key features of many gram-negative bacteria that translocate T3S effector proteins directly into eukaryotic cells. There, T3S effectors exert many effects, such as cellular invasion or modulation of host immune responses. Studying spatiotemporal orchestrated secretion of various effectors has been difficult without disrupting their functions. Here we developed a new approach using Shigella flexneri T3S as a model to investigate bacterial translocation of individual effectors via multidimensional time-lapse microscopy. We demonstrate that direct fluorescent labeling of tetracysteine motif-tagged effectors IpaB and IpaC is possible in situ without loss of function. Studying the T3S kinetics of IpaB and IpaC ejection from individual bacteria, we found that the entire pools of IpaB and IpaC were released concurrently upon host cell contact, and that 50% of each effector was secreted in 240 s. This method allows an unprecedented analysis of the spatiotemporal events during T3S.     

Cholesterol is required to trigger caspase-1 activation and macrophage apoptosis after phagosomal escape of Shigella

Pro-inflammatory macrophage apoptosis is pivotal in the aetiology of bacillary dysentery, an acute inflammatory diarrhoea caused by Shigella spp. S. flexneri triggers its uptake by macrophages, escapes the phagosome and kills the host cell by a cytotoxic pathway, which activates and requires caspase-1 [interleukin (IL)-1beta-converting enzyme] and releases mature IL-1beta. The bacterial type III-secreted translocator/effector protein IpaB triggers cell death and directly binds to caspase-1. Here, we demonstrate that in S. flexneri-infected macrophages, activated caspase-1 is present in the cytoplasm, the nucleus and on vesicular membranes. IpaB partitions with membrane and cytoplasmic fractions and colocalizes with activated caspase-1 on the surface of bacteria, in the macrophage cytoplasm and on vesicular membranes. Macrophages treated with the cholesterol-sequestering compound methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (MCD) were depleted from cholesterol within minutes and were impaired for phagocytosis of S. flexneri. Consequently, cytotoxicity as determined by lactate dehydrogenase release was blocked. Interestingly, if MCD was added 15-30 min post infection, cytotoxicity, activation of caspase-1, and apoptosis were inhibited, while phagocytosis of the bacteria, escape from the phagosome and type III secretion of IpaB was not affected. Inhibition of Shigella cytotoxicity by MCD coincided with a reduced association of IpaB to host cell membranes. Contrarily, the activation of caspase-1 and cytotoxicity triggered by the K+/H+ antiport ionophore nigericin or by ATP was not affected or even increased by MCD. These results indicate that cholesterol is specifically required for caspase-1 activation and apoptosis triggered by Shigella after the escape from phagosomes, and suggest that membrane association of IpaB contributes to the activation of caspase-1.     

Conformational changes in IpaD from Shigella flexneri upon binding bile salts provide insight into the second step of type III secretion

Shigella flexneri uses its type III secretion apparatus (TTSA) to inject host-altering proteins into targeted eukaryotic cells. The TTSA is composed of a basal body and an exposed needle with invasion plasmid antigen D (IpaD) forming a tip complex that controls secretion. The bile salt deoxycholate (DOC) stimulates recruitment of the translocator protein IpaB into the maturing TTSA needle tip complex. This process appears to be triggered by a direct interaction between DOC and IpaD. Fluorescence spectroscopy and NMR spectroscopy are used here to confirm the DOC-IpaD interaction and to reveal that IpaD conformational changes upon DOC binding trigger the appearance of IpaB at the needle tip. Fo?rster resonance energy transfer between specific sites on IpaD was used here to identify changes in distances between IpaD domains as a result of DOC binding. To further explore the effects of DOC binding on IpaD structure, NMR chemical shift mapping was employed. The environments of residues within the proposed DOC binding site and additional residues within the "distal" globular domain were perturbed upon DOC binding, further indicating that conformational changes occur within IpaD upon DOC binding. These events are proposed to be responsible for the recruitment of IpaB at the TTSA needle tip. Mutation analyses combined with additional spectroscopic analyses confirm that conformational changes in IpaD induced by DOC binding contribute to the recruitment of IpaB to the S. flexneri TTSA needle tip. These findings lay the foundation for determining how environmental factors promote TTSA needle tip maturation prior to host cell contact.     

Surface presentation of Shigella flexneri invasion plasmid antigens requires the products of the spa locus.

An avirulent, invasion plasmid insertion mutant of Shigella flexneri 5 (pHS1059) was restored to the virulence phenotype by transformation with a partial HindIII library of the wild-type invasion plasmid constructed in pBR322. Western immunoblot analysis of pHS1059 whole-cell lysates revealed that the synthesis of the invasion plasmid antigens VirG, IpaA, IpaB, IpaC, and IpaD was similar to that seen in the corresponding isogenic S. flexneri 5 virulent strain, M90T. IpaB and IpaC, however, were not present on the surface of pHS1059 as was found in M90T, suggesting that the transport or presentation of the IpaB and IpaC proteins onto the bacterial surface was defective in the mutant. pHS1059 was complemented by pWR266, which carried contiguous 1.2- and 4.1-kb HindIII fragments of the invasion plasmid. pHS1059(pWR266) cells were positive in the HeLa cell invasion assay as well as colony immunoblot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, using monoclonal antibodies to IpaB and IpaC. These studies established that the antigens were expressed on the surface of the transformed bacteria. In addition, water extraction of pHS1059 and pHS1059(pWR266) whole cells, which can be used to remove IpaB and IpaC antigens from the surface of wild-type M90T bacteria, yielded significant amounts of these antigens from pHS1059(pWR266) but not from pHS1059. Minicell and DNA sequence analysis indicated that several proteins were encoded by pWR266, comprising the spa loci, which were mapped to a region approximately 18 kb upstream of the ipaBCDAR gene cluster. Subcloning and deletion analysis revealed that more than one protein was involved in complementing the Spa- phenotype in pHS1059. One of these proteins, Spa47, showed striking homology to ORF4 of the Bacillus subtilis flaA locus and the fliI gene sequence of Salmonella typhimurium, both of which bear strong resemblance to the alpha and beta subunits of bacterial, mitochondrial, and chloroplast proton-translocating F0F1 ATPases.     

IpaB of Shigella flexneri causes entry into epithelial cells and escape from the phagocytic vacuole.

By creating mutations within the Shigella flexneri ipaB gene, we have demonstrated that the invasion of epithelial cells is a three-step process encompassing adhesion on the cell surface, entry and lysis of the phagocytic vacuole allowing subsequent access to the cytoplasm. SC403, an insertion mutant which lacks expression of IpaB but still expresses downstream genes, has been particularly studied. It is non-invasive, does not elicit actin polymerization, but binds to HeLa cells indicating that an adhesion step occurs immediately prior to the entry process. The consequence of the inactivation of ipaB on the intracellular behaviour of S.flexneri was investigated using the macrophage cell line J774. SC403 was unable to lyse the phagocytic vacuole; moreover, this strain did not display the contact mediated haemolytic activity characteristics of Shigella. In addition to being a major component of the invasion complex, IpaB acts as a membrane-lysing toxin enabling escape to the cytoplasmic compartment.     

稳定、无抗药的痢疾福氏2a和宋内双价菌苗候选株的构建

通过体内外基因重组,将大肠杆菌粘附因子cs3基因定位整合到痢疾杆菌福氏2a疫苗株T32菌染色体的asd基因内,使asd基因灭活;将来内O抗原基因克隆至无抗药性表达载体pXL378,获得重组质粒pXL390,将其转化asd-的T32受体菌,构建成福氏2a和宋内双价苗苗株FS01。实验表明:重组质粒pXL390在不带任何抗菌素基因的情况下,在asd-的T32受体菌内是稳定的。FS01株遗传稳定,能表达两种痢疾菌的PLS-O抗原,无明显毒性作用。动物试验表明,以FS01株皮下免疫的小鼠对福氏2a和宋内有毒株的腹腔攻击有100％的保护。     

Characterization of the interaction of IpaB and IpaD, proteins required for entry of Shigella flexneri into epithelial cells, with a lipid membrane.

Entry of Shigella flexneri into epithelial cells and lysis of the phagosome involve the IpaB, IpaC, and IpaD proteins, which are secreted by type III secretion machinery. We report here the purification of IpaB and IpaD and the characterization of their lipid-binding properties as a function of pH. The interaction of IpaB with the membrane was quite independent of the pH whereas that of IpaD took place only at low pH. To support the data obtained with the purified proteins, we designed a system in which protein secretion by live bacteria was induced in the presence of liposomes, thereby allowing interaction of proteins with lipids directly after secretion and bypassing any purification step. In these conditions, both IpaB and IpaC, as well as minor amounts of IpaA and IpgD, were associated with the membrane and the ratio of IpaB to IpaC was modulated by the pH. The relevance of these results with respect to the dual roles of IpaB, IpaC and IpaD in induction of membrane ruffles and lysis of the endosomal membrane is discussed.     

Identification of functional regions within invasion plasmid antigen C (IpaC) of Shigella flexneri

Shigella flexneri causes bacillary dysentery with symptoms resulting from the inflammation that accompanies bacterial entry into the cells of the colonic epithelium. The effectors of S. flexneri invasion are the Ipa proteins, particularly IpaB and IpaC, which are secreted at the host-pathogen interface following bacterial contact with a host cell. Of the purified Ipa proteins, only IpaC has been shown to possess quantifiable in vitro activities that are related to cellular invasion. In this study, ipaC deletion mutants were generated to identify functional regions within the IpaC protein. From these data, we now know that the N-terminus and an immunogenic central region are not required for IpaC-dependent enhancement of cellular invasion by S. flexneri. However, to restore invasiveness to an ipaC null mutant of S. flexneri, the N-terminus is essential, because IpaC mutants lacking the N-terminus are not secreted by the bacterium. Deletion of the central hydrophobic region eliminates IpaC's ability to interact with phospholipid membranes, and fusion of this region to a modified form of green fluorescent protein converts it into an efficient membrane-associating protein. Meanwhile, deletion of the C-terminus eliminates the mutant protein's ability to establish protein-protein contacts with full-length IpaC. Interestingly, the mutant form of ipaC that restores partial invasiveness to the S. flexneri ipaC null mutant also restores full contact-mediated haemolysis activity to this bacterium. These data support a model in which IpaC possesses a distinct functional organization that is important for bacterial invasion. This information will be important in defining the precise role of IpaC in S. flexneri pathogenesis and in exploring the potential effects of purified IpaC at mucosal surfaces.