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1.
This study investigates the anatomical aspects of heavy-metal accumulation in the waterlily (Nymphaea `Aurora', Nymphaeaceae). Epidermal glands were identified by light microscopy on the abaxial side of the leaf laminae and
on the epidermis of the rhizome; glandular trichomes were observed in the petiole epidermis. Glands were not observed in the
roots. Accumulation of heavy metals in these glands was monitored using a scanning electron microscope equipped for energy-dispersive
spectroscopy. Further experiments showed maximal cadmium and calcium accumulation in the mature leaf lamina in daylight, and
this accumulation was inhibited by the herbicide 3-(3′,4′-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea. These results suggest that, in
Nymphaea, heavy metals are accumulated primarily in association with glands found in plant organs that have direct contact with water
or mud. Deposition and storage of heavy metals by these glands may represent a stage in the sequestration and detoxification
of the metals. Our results raise the possibility of utilizing waterlilies for the removal of heavy metals from polluted environments.
Received: 29 April 2000 / Accepted: 8 June 2000 相似文献
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The involvement of polyphenols and peroxidase activities in heavy-metal accumulation by epidermal glands of the waterlily (Nymphaeaceae) 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
Co-localization of polyphenols and peroxidase activity was demonstrated in epidermal glands of the waterlily (Nymphaea) by histochemistry. Total phenols, tannins and peroxidase activity were determined quantitatively in plant extracts. Polyphenols
were partially identified and were found to consist mainly of hydrolyzable tannins, gallic and tannic acid derivatives.Nymphaea polyphenols were shown to chelate Cr, Hg, and Pb in vitro, and Cd-binding by polymerized polyphenols was demonstrated in
leaves exposed to Cd in vivo. Both polyphenols and peroxidases were found at very high constitutive levels, which were not
induced or altered by external conditions, such as light and heavy-metal stress. It is suggested that the polymerization of
polyphenols by peroxidases, enhanced after heavy-metal uptake and detoxification, is responsible for the binding of heavy
metals in Nymphaea epidermal glands.
Received: 29 April 2000 / Accepted: 8 June 2000 相似文献
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Y. Otsu Y. Matsuda H. Mori H. Ueki T. Nakajima K. Fujiwara M. Matsumoto N. Azuma K. Kakutani T. Nonomura Y. Sakuratani T. Shinogi Y. Tosa S. Mayama H. Toyoda 《Biocontrol Science and Technology》2004,14(5):427-439
An entomopathogenic bacterium was isolated from tomato leaves and used as a microbial agent to control larvae of phytophagous ladybird beetles Epilachna vigintioctopunctata. The isolate was identified as Pseudomonas fluorescens KPM-018P on the basis of its bacteriological characteristics. KPM-018P produced extracellular chitinase to form a transparent zone around their colonies by hydrolyzing chitin in a minimal medium. Pale-yellow colonies turned red after a change of incubation temperature. These characteristics were availed as markers for tracking KPM-018P. The bacteria produced biosurfactants that enabled the bacteria to stably colonize the hydrophobic leaf surface; they were recovered without any considerable decrease even after a suspension of KPM-018P was sprayed onto leaves. KPM-018P, transformed with the gfp gene and observed with fluorescence microscopy, stably dwelled in the junctions of epidermal cells of bacteria-sprayed leaves. Ingestion of KPM-018P-sprayed leaves by the larvae caused prompt death of these insects to eventually suppress their pupation. This method is thus effective for decreasing the population of larvae and adult insect pests in the subsequent generation. The study provides an experimental basis for the biocontrol of herbivorous insect pests using a leaf-inhabiting, entomopathogenic strain of P. fluorescens. 相似文献
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Pseudomonads are serious candidates for siderophore production applied to toxic metal (TM) solubilization. The bioaugmentation of contaminated soils by these TM-solubilizing bacteria combined with phytoextraction is an emerging clean-up technology. Unfortunately, siderophore synthesis may be drastically reduced by soluble iron in soils and bacteria can suffer from TM toxicity. In this study, we compared siderophore production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas fluorescens by using free and immobilized cells in Ca-alginate beads incubated in a medium containing Fe and/or TM (mixture of Cr, Hg, and Pb in concentrations which represented the soluble fraction of a contaminated agricultural soil). Free cell growth was stimulated by Fe, whatever the microorganism, the inoculum size and the presence or not of TM might have been. P. aeruginosa was less sensitive to TM than P. fluorescens. By comparison with free cells, immobilization with the high inoculum size showed less sensitivity to TM most probably because of lower metal diffusion in beads. Indeed, a maximum of 99.1% of Cr, 57.4% of Hg, and 99.6% of Pb were adsorbed onto beads. The addition of iron in the culture medium reduced significantly siderophore production of free cells while it led only to a low decrease with their immobilized counterparts, in particular with P. aeruginosa. In culture medium enriched with Fe and/or TM, siderophore-specific production of immobilized cells was higher than for free cells. 相似文献
7.
Biochemical and mutational analysis of a gingipain-like peptidase activity from Prevotella ruminicola B(1)4 and its role in ammonia production by ruminal bacteria. 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1 下载免费PDF全文
A chemical mutagenesis protocol was used with the ruminal bacterium Prevotella ruminicola strain B(1)4 to generate mutant strains defective in peptidase activity. Compared with the wild-type parent strain, the isolated mutants possessed 1/10 of the enzyme activity responsible for cleavage of glycine-arginine-4-methoxy-beta-naphthylamide (Gly-Arg-MNA). A concomitant loss in activity against arginine-arginine-4-methoxy-beta-naphthylamide (Arg-Arg-MNA) was also observed. Both activities were similarly affected by various proteinase inhibitors, suggesting that the same enzyme is responsible for the Arg-Arg-MNA peptidase and Gly-Arg-MNA peptidase activities. Growth rates of wild-type and mutant strains grown in batch culture with various nitrogen sources did not differ. However, a role for the Gly-Arg-MNA peptidase activity was demonstrated in coculture experiments with gram-positive, ammonia-producing ruminal bacteria. The rate and extent of ammonia production were reduced by approximately 25% in cocultures containing the mutants when compared with that of wild-type-containing cultures. These reductions could not be accounted for simply by the decrease in ammonia production by the mutant strain alone. To our knowledge, this paper reports the first successful use of chemical mutagenesis with ruminal microorganisms. 相似文献
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A. Kandan M. Ramiah V. J. Vasanthi R. Radjacommare R. Nandakumar A. Ramanathan R. Samiyappan 《Biocontrol Science and Technology》2005,15(6):553-569
Strains of Pseudomonas fluorescens were investigated for biocontrol efficacy against tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) in tomato both alone and in mixtures. P. fluorescens strains applied to seed, soil and foliage or as a seedling dip significantly reduced TSWV, with a concomitant increase in growth promotion in both the glasshouse and field. Two native strains (CoP-1 and CoT-1) and one foreign strain (CHAO) reduced TSWV. In P. fluorescens-treated tomato plants, increased activity of polyphenol oxidase, β-1,3-glucanase and chitinase was observed, and induction of chitinase was confirmed by western blot analysis. Induction of new protein (18 kDa) detected by SDS-PAGE in P. fluorescens-treated tomato plants was not found in healthy and P. fluorescens-untreated virus inoculated control plants. Indirect ELISA clearly showed a reduction in viral antigen concentration in P. fluorescens-treated tomato plants corresponding to reduced disease ratings. All the P. fluorescens-treated tomato plants also showed enhanced growth and yield compared to control plants. Hence, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) could play a major role in reducing TSWV and increasing yield in tomato plants. 相似文献
9.
Phytochelatins (PCs) are post-translationally synthesized thiol reactive peptides that play important roles in detoxification
of heavy metal and metalloids in plants and other living organisms. The overall goal of this study is to develop transgenic
plants with increased tolerance for and accumulation of heavy metals and metalloids from soil by expressing an Arabidopsis
thaliana
AtPCS1 gene, encoding phytochelatin synthase (PCS), in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.). A FLAG-tagged AtPCS1 gDNA, under its native promoter, is expressed in Indian mustard, and transgenic pcs lines have been compared with wild-type
plants for tolerance to and accumulation of cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As). Compared to wild type plants, transgenic plants
exhibit significantly higher tolerance to Cd and As. Shoots of Cd-treated pcs plants have significantly higher concentrations
of PCs and thiols than those of wild-type plants. Shoots of wild-type plants accumulated significantly more Cd than those
of transgenic plants, while accumulation of As in transgenic plants was similar to that in wild type plants. Although phytochelatin
synthase improves the ability of Indian mustard to tolerate higher levels of the heavy metal Cd and the metalloid As, it does
not increase the accumulation potential of these metals in the above ground tissues of Indian mustard plants. 相似文献
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Because engineering of the 101.016-bp megaplasmid pKB1 of Gordonia westfalica Kb1 failed due to the absence of an effective transfer system, pKB1 was transferred by conjugation from G. westfalica Kb1 to a kanamycin-resistant mutant of Rhodococcus opacus PD630 at a frequency of about 6.2 × 10−8 events per recipient cell. Furthermore, pKB1 was transferred to G. polyisoprenivorans strains VH2 and Y2K and to Mycobacterium smegmatis by electroporation at frequencies of 5.5 × 103, 1.9 × 103, and 8.3 × 102 transformants per microgram plasmid DNA. The pKB1-encoded cadmium resistance gene cadA was used for selection in these experiments. Recombinant pKB1-containing G. polyisoprenivorans VH2 and M. smegmatis were then used to engineer pKB1. A kanamycin resistance cassette was inserted into the pKB1-encoded cadA gene, ligated to suicide plasmid pBBR1MCS-5, and the resulting plasmid was electroporated into plasmid-harboring strains.
Homologous recombination between cadA on suicide plasmid and the respective sequence in pKB1 led to its integration into pKB1. Thus, two selection markers were
accommodated in pKB1 to monitor plasmid transfer into Gordonia and related taxa for analysis of genes essential for rubber degradation and others. In this study, two transfer methods for
large plasmids and strategies for engineering of pKB1 were successfully applied, thereby, extending the tool box for Gordonia. 相似文献
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The two uncharged compounds 25,26,27,28-(2-N,N-di methyldithiocarbamoylethoxy)calix[4]arene (1) and 25,26,27,28- (2-methylthioethoxy)calix[4]arene (2) are effective extractants for transferring Hg(II), Ag(I), Pd(II) and Au(III) from aqueous solution into chloroform. The electronic absorption spectra of 1 and 2 show additional bands at long wavelength upon complexation with AuCl4−, PdCl42− and PdBr42−, and analogous bands for Hg2+ and Ag+ with 1. For 1 these new bands are considered to be either of the charge transfer type or transitions within the C=S moiety. These new bands for the complexes with 2 are assigned to LMCT transitions of the S → M type. These spectral features are used to obtain information about the solution structures of the complexes that are formed between these metal ions and both 1 and 2. 相似文献
14.
采用富集定向筛选法,从旱地小麦的根际土壤中分离到2株产生1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸(ACC)脱氨酶的菌株AS和CS。经测定菌株AS和CS的ACC脱氨酶的比活力分别为0.018 6 U/mg和0.016 7 U/mg蛋白。根据培养特征观察和生理生化指标测定结果,结合16S rDNA碱基序列测定和系统发育同源性分析,确定菌株AS和菌株CS分别属于霍氏肠杆菌(Enterobacter hormaechei)和变形斑沙雷氏菌(Serratia proteamaculans)。 相似文献
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Sludge in a sequential batch reactor (SBR) system was used to investigate the effect of lead toxicity on metabolisms of polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs) and glycogen accumulating organisms (GAOs) communities fed with acetic acid or glucose as their sole carbon source, respectively. Results showed that the effect of lead on substrate utilization of both PAOs and GAOs was insignificant. However, lead substantially inhibited both of phosphate release and uptake of PAOs. In high concentration of acetic acid trials, an abnormal aerobic phosphate release was observed instead of phosphate uptake and the release rate increased with increasing lead concentration. Results also showed that PAOs could normally synthesize polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) in the anaerobic phase even though lead concentration was 40 mg L−1. However, they could not aerobically utilize PHB normally in the presence of lead. On the other hand, GAOs could not normally metabolize polyhydroxyvalerate (PHV) in both the anaerobic and aerobic phases. 相似文献
16.
Effect of monensin, fish oil or their combination on in vitro fermentation and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) production by ruminal bacteria 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
An in vitro study was conducted to examine the effect of adding monensin, fish oil, or their combination on rumen fermentation and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) production by mixed ruminal bacteria when incubated with safflower oil. Concentrate (1 g/100 ml) with safflower oil (0.2 g/100 ml) was added to a mixed solution (600 ml) of strained rumen fluid and buffer (control). Monensin (10 ppm), fish oil (0.02 g/100 ml), or monensin plus fish oil was also added into control mixture. All the culture solutions prepared were incubated anaerobically at 39 °C for 12 h. A higher pH and ammonia concentration were observed from the culture solution containing monensin at 12 h of incubation than those from the control or the culture containing fish oil. Monensin increased (P < 0.007) the C3 content over all the collection times of culture solution while reducing the C4 content at 6 h (P < 0.018) and 12 h (P < 0.001) of incubations. Supplementation of monensin, fish oil or their combination changed the content of C18-fatty acids of ruminal culture. Monensin alone reduced (P < 0.021) the content of cis-9, trans-11 CLA compared to fish oil at all sampling times, but increased (P < 0.041) the trans-10, cis-12 CLA production compared to fish oil addition and the control which were similar at incubation for 12 h. The combination of monensin and fish oil increased the content of cis-9, trans-11 CLA (P < 0.023) and transvaccenic acid (TVA, P < 0.018) significantly compared to the control or monensin alone at incubation for 12 h. 相似文献
17.
Jinxia Yang Minyan He Gejiao Wang 《World journal of microbiology & biotechnology》2009,25(9):1579-1587
Chromate-reducing microorganisms with the ability of reducing toxic chromate [Cr(VI)] into insoluble trivalent chromium [Cr(III)]
are very useful in treatment of Cr(VI)-contaminated water. In this study, a novel chromate-reducing bacterium was isolated
from Mn/Cr-contaminated soil. Based on morphological, physiological/biochemical characteristics and 16S rRNA gene sequence
analyses, this strain was identified as Intrasporangium sp. strain Q5-1. This bacterium has high Cr(VI) resistance with a MIC of 17 mmol l−1 and is able to reduce Cr(VI) aerobically. The best condition of Cr(VI) reduction for Q5-1 is pH 8.0 at 37°C. Strain Q5-1
is also able to reduce Cr(VI) in resting (non-growth) conditions using a variety of carbon sources as well as in the absence
of a carbon source. Acetate (1 mmol l−1) is the most efficient carbon source for stimulating Cr(VI) reduction. In order to apply strain Q5-1 to remove Cr(VI) from
wastewater, the bacterial cells were immobilized with different matrices. Q5-1 cells embedded with compounding beads containing
4% PVA, 3% sodium alginate, 1.5% active carbon and 3% diatomite showed a similar Cr(VI) reduction rates to that of free cells.
In addition, the immobilized Q5-1 cells have the advantages over free cells in being more stable, easier to re-use and minimal
clogging in continuous systems. This study provides potential applications of a novel immobilized chromate-reducing bacterium
for Cr(VI) bioremediation. 相似文献
18.
The multi-site phosphorylation of the protein kinase C (PKC) superfamily plays an important role in the regulation of these enzymes. One of the key phosphorylation sites required for the activation of all PKC isoforms lies in the T-loop of the kinase domain. Recent in vitro and transfection experiments indicate that phosphorylation of this residue can be mediated by the 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 (PDK1). In this study, we demonstrate that in embryonic stem (ES) cells lacking PDK1 (PDK1-/- cells), the intracellular levels of endogenously expressed PKCalpha, PKCbetaI, PKCgamma, PKCdelta, PKCepsilon, and PKC-related kinase-1 (PRK1) are vastly reduced compared to control ES cells (PDK1+/+ cells). The levels of PKCzeta and PRK2 protein are only moderately reduced in the PDK1-/- ES cells. We demonstrate that in contrast to PKCzeta expressed PDK1+/+ ES cells, PKCzeta in ES cells lacking PDK1 is not phosphorylated at its T-loop residue. This provides the first genetic evidence that PKCzeta is a physiological substrate for PDK1. In contrast, PRK2 is still partially phosphorylated at its T-loop in PDK1-/- cells, indicating the existence of a PDK1-independent mechanism for the phosphorylation of PRK2 at this residue. 相似文献
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1-亚硝基-2-萘酚是一类有色选矿药剂代表性的新型浮选药剂,在采选冶行业为了提高低品位矿物资源的利用率,被大量投入使用,该药剂的高稳定性进一步增大了矿山环境中重金属与有机选冶药剂复合污染的治理难度。微生物修复作为稠环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)类污染物重要技术手段之一,具有安全、经济、高效和无二次污染等特点。【目的】本研究从我国广西河池市周边的典型有色金属尾矿环境中分离出1株高效降解1-亚硝基-2-萘酚的菌株,并分析其降解特性及其潜在的代谢途径,从而探究矿山复合污染生态系统中稠环芳烃类污染物的微生物修复技术的应用前景。【方法】从有色金属尾矿样本中筛选到以1-亚硝基-2-萘酚为唯一碳源的菌株,经16S rRNA基因序列鉴定,结合气相色谱-质谱联合(gas chromatography-mass spectrometer,GC-MS)检测分析菌株对1-亚硝基-2-萘酚的降解特性及中间代谢产物,并推测可能的代谢途径。【结果】筛选获得1株高效降解1-亚硝基-2-萘酚的Pseudomonas putida CUGB-JL11菌株,经鉴定为革兰氏阴性杆的恶臭假单胞菌。该菌株最适温度为30 ℃左右,最适pH值范围为6-8条件下,菌株5 d内对40 mg/L 1-亚硝基-2-萘酚的降解率高达81%。降解中间代谢产物主要为苯环类物质:苯甲羟肟酸甲酯和苯丙胺,但其母体及大部分中间产物都降解为小分子物质或者被完全降解。【结论】恶臭假单胞菌P. putida CUGB-JL11具有良好的1-亚硝基-2-萘酚降解能力和较强的环境适应性,有进一步被开发为微生物菌剂以用于稠环芳烃类污染修复的巨大潜力,为有色金属矿山生态系统中重金属和有机选冶药剂复合污染的微生物修复研究提供了理论依据和可利用的微生物资源。 相似文献
20.
The responses of Saccharomyces cerevisiae towards the oxyanions tellurite, selenite and chromate were investigated in order to establish the involvement of the yeast vacuole in their detoxification. Three mutants of S. cerevisiae with defective vacuolar morphology and function were used; mutant JSR180D1 is devoid of any vacuolar-like structure while ScVatB and ScVatC are deficient in specific protein subunits of the vacuolar (V)-H -ATPase. All the mutant strains showed increased sensitivity to tellurite and chromate compared to their parental strains. Such sensitivity of the mutants was associated with increased accumu-lation of tellurium and chromium. These results indicate that accumulation of both tellurium and chromium occurred mainly in the cytosolic compartment of the cell, with detoxification influenced by the presence of a functionally-active vacuole which may play a role in compartmentation as well as regulation of the cytostolic compartment for optimal expression of a detoxification mechanism, e.g. reduction. In contrast, the vacuolar-lacking mutant, JSR180D1, and the defective V-H ATPase mutant ScVatB displayed lower selenium accu-mulation than their parental strains. Additionally, the mutant strain ScVatB displayed a higher tolerance to selenite than the parental strain. This result suggests that accumulation of selenium occurs mainly in the vacuolar compartment of the cell with tolerance depending on the ability of the cytosolic component to reduce selenite to elemental selenium, which might, in turn, be related to activity of the V-H -ATPase. These results are discussed in relation to vacuolar compartmentation and the significance of the vacuolar H -ATPase in cytosolic homeostasis of H both of which may affect the accumulation, reduction, and toler-ance to the tested metal(loids). © Rapid Science 1998 相似文献