亚硫酸对PSⅡ的伤害

从菠菜叶中提取PSII颗粒和叶绿体,经亚硫酸处理后发现,由PSII颗粒催化的DCIP光还原速率依SO3^2-学增高而降低,伤害部位发生于PSII的氧化侧,接近水的部位,在黑暗条件下H2O→DCIP和DPC→DCIP的电子传递均不受影响,在特定SO3^2-浓度下,PSII颗粒的伤害随处理时间的延长而加重,其伤害机理与33kD多肽的解离和Mn的流失有关,SO3^2-对新鲜叶绿体并不伤害,对老化的叶绿体则伤害明显,DCIP光还原速率依老化时间的延长而降低,Mn含量的减少与DCIP光还原速率的降低呈正相关,试样中添加FGTA后电子传递速率受害更为严重。     

亚硫酸对PSⅡ的伤害

从菠菜叶中提取PSII颗粒和叶绿体，经亚硫酸处理后发现，由PSII颗粒催化的DCIP光还原速率依SO3^2-学增高而降低，伤害部位发生于PSII的氧化侧，接近水的部位，在黑暗条件下H2O→DCIP和DPC→DCIP的电子传递均不受影响，在特定SO3^2-浓度下，PSII颗粒的伤害随处理时间的延长而加重，其伤害机理与33kD多肽的解离和Mn的流失有关，SO3^2-对新鲜叶绿体并不伤害，对老化的叶绿体则伤害明显，DCIP光还原速率依老化时间的延长而降低，Mn含量的减少与DCIP光还原速率的降低呈正相关，试样中添加FGTA后电子传递速率受害更为严重。     

亚硫酸对PSⅡ颗粒活性的伤害及Ca~(2 )的影响

PSⅡ颗粒的荧光产值依SO_3~(2-)浓度和处理时间的增加而减少,pH7.3以上受害严重;SO_3~(2-)对新鲜叶绿体的光化学活性不产生伤害,对老化叶绿体伤害严重,其叶绿素的分解速度低于DCIP光还原的降低速度。Ca~(2 )能减轻或消除SO_3~(2-)对叶绿体的伤害;对于PSⅡ颗粒则有加剧SO_3~(2-)伤害的作用,其规律可用Logistic方程表示。     

亚硫酸对ＰＳII颗粒活性的伤害及Ca2+的影响

PSⅡ1)颗粒的荧光产值依SO32-浓度和处理时间的增加而减少,pH7.3以上受害严重;SO32-对新鲜叶绿体的光化学活性不产生伤害,对老化叶绿体伤害严重,其叶绿素的分解速度低于DCIP2)光还原的降低速度。Ca2+能减轻或消除SO32-对叶绿体的伤害;对于PSⅡ颗粒则有加剧SO32-伤害的作用,其规律可用Logistic方程表示。     

以蛋白酶作为结构修饰剂的叶绿体膜结构和功能的分析

(1)用胰蛋白酶和胰凝乳蛋白酶消化菠菜叶绿体,酶消化对 DCIP 和 Fecy 光还原的影响基本相似,但对偶联因子消化的特性不同。在低酶浓度下,胰蛋白酶对叶绿体 DCIP 光还原有明显的解联作用,而胰凝乳蛋白酶却无这种作用。(2)从蛋白酶消化叶绿体 DCIP 和 Fecy 光还原活性的变化,以及 PSII 人工电子供体能恢复 CCCP 抑制作用的实验结果,证明胰蛋白酶钝化 PSII 氧化侧和还原侧电子传递的有关部位,还可能使 PSII 作用中心部分受损。(3)解联剂的实验证明,PSII 可能存在着精细的结构。文中提出 PSII 膜外侧与 PSII 氧化侧之间可能存在着类似于“转能器”中“沟”组织的假设。     

光合作用电子传递的研究——Ⅰ.新鲜和老化叶绿体的光还原作用

叶绿体在老化过程中对DCIP的光还原活性逐渐下降,温热加速了活性的丧失,似与光合膜结构在老化过程中的解体和温热加速光合膜的破损有关。从光合链上PSⅡ氧化侧加入人工电子供体DPC,可显著恢复老化叶绿体对DCIP的光还原,如象DPC对被羟胺和Tris处理新鲜叶绿体后的恢复作用一样。似乎老化叶绿体DCIP光还原活性的下降,主要是由于PSⅡ氧化侧那部分光合膜受损所造成。用切断PSⅡ→PS Ⅰ间电子流的抑制剂水杨醛肟处理新鲜和老化叶绿体,对DCIP和Fecy的光还原都有抑制,并以对新鲜叶绿体的抑制更甚,加入DPC不能使新鲜叶绿体的光还原活性恢复,但可使老化叶绿体的光还原活性有显著促进,尤以对DCIP的光还原促进更大。似乎DCIP和Fecy接受电子的部位随叶绿体状态不同而有改变,即新鲜叶绿体主要在PS Ⅰ还原侧,老化叶绿体则主要在PSⅡ还原侧,推测此与光合膜的完整或破损和人工电子受体同膜亲和的难易程度有关。     

关于光合作用光系统Ⅱ(PS-Ⅱ)电子传递的研究

在菠菜叶绿体和光系统Ⅱ颗粒中,DCIP和铁氰化钾的光还原对DCMU或Tris洗涤的抑制作用反应不同,其影响取决于pH(Tris)和浓度(DCMU)。在Tris的pH为8.0时,叶绿体和光系统Ⅱ颗粒的DCIP光还原全部被Tris(0.8M)洗涤抑制,而仍保留有少量残留的铁氰化钾光还原活力。在正常的叶绿体中,DCMU在5×10~(-5)M和5×10~(-4)M的浓度下,DCIP的光还原活力全部丧失,而铁氰化钾的光还原活力分别保留11.5％和10.8％。用Tris洗过的叶绿体,当DCIP的光还原活力被5×10~(-6)M,5×10~(-5)M和5×10~(-4)M的DCMU全部抑制时,铁氰化钾的光还原活力分别保留有对照的14.l％,15.0％和13.5％。在正常的光系统Ⅱ颗粒中,DCIP的光还原全部被5×10~(-6)M和5×10~(-5)M的DCMU抑制,而分别保留有13.8％和11.7％残留的铁氰化钾的光还原活力。用Tris(pH 7.6,0.8M)洗涤过的光系统Ⅱ颗粒,在5×10~(-7)M和5×10~(-6)M DCMU浓度下,残留的铁氰化钾光还原活力是26.2％和19.2％,而DCIP的光还原全部被抑制。 Tris洗涤过的或DCMU处理过的叶绿体和光系统Ⅱ颗粒残留的铁氰化钾光还原活力在短波光(651毫微米)下比在长波光(714毫微米)下高。讨论了光系统Ⅱ中可能包含有两个短波光反应。     

镉离子对菠菜叶绿体光系统Ⅱ的影响

环境污染因子重金属离子镉(Cd~(2 ))对菠菜(Spinacia oleracea L.)叶绿体光合作用有明显的抑制作用,其中对光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)的抑制作用显著。5mmol/l Cd~(2 )可抑制 PSⅡ放氧活性53％。Cd~(2 )使叶绿体和 PSⅡ制剂的 DCIP 光还原活性降低;可变荧光也受到抑制。加入 PSⅡ的人工电子供体 DPC 仅使被抑制的 DCIP 光还原活性稍有恢复;加入羟胺对被抑制的可变荧光并无明显影响。因此我们认为 Cd~(2 )除了作用于 PSⅡ氧化侧外,还可能直接损伤了 PSⅡ反应中心。不同浓度的 Cd~(2 )处理后,叶绿体全电子链的电子传递活性比放氧活性的速率降低快。这暗示着 PSⅡ氧化侧不是 Cd~(2 )唯一的作用部位,在 PSⅡ与 PSⅠ之间的电子传递链上还存在有对 Cd~(2 )敏感的部位。     

在黑暗中不同温度处理菠菜植株和莴苣叶片对其叶绿体光合电子传递的影响

在黑暗中用不同温度处理的菠菜植株和莴苣叶片作为材料,观察了时间进程中叶绿体DCIP和Fecy光还原的速率和光合磷酸化活性的变化。用抑制剂和不同的电子供体,对不同温度处理的材料所提取的叶绿体进行了试验,同时用电子显微技术检察了这些叶绿体的亚显微结构。结果说明:在暗中不同温度处理叶片不同时间后,叶绿体电子传递速率有变化。DCIP和Fecy光还原可能是在膜的不同部位,通过不同的支路进行的。在不同温度诱导下囊状体的结构有明显的差异。     

镁离子对菠菜、阴生植物(吊兰、一叶兰)叶绿体DCIP光还原活性及表观吸收光谱的影响

一、阳生植物(菠莱)叶绿体的 DCIP光还原活性显著高于阴生植物(吊兰、一叶兰)。Mg~( )离子对此三种叶绿体的CDIP光还原活性都有促进,而且对阴生植物促进得更显著些。 二、在饱和强度激发光下,Mg~( )离子对菠莱和一叶兰叶绿体DCIP光还原活性的促进,都比弱光下多。在限制速率激发光下,Mg~( )离子对阴生植物的促进,比阳生植物更显著。 三、Mg~( )离子对菠莱、一叶兰、吊兰叶绿体表观吸收光谱的影响是类似的。Mg~( )离子使光谱显著变平。 四、比较了吸收光谱和差异光谱。Mg~( )离子引起吸收降低最大的位置,不在峰上,而略有蓝移(3nm左右)。 五、观察了Mg~( )离子对菠菜叶绿体表观吸收影响的动态过程。峰和肩处的吸收随时间逐渐下降,在吸收小的波段,最初几分钟内吸收上升,以后逐渐下降,甚至低于对照。 六、在菠莱叶绿体老化过程中,Mg~( )离子对表现吸收光谱的影响,随着时间的延长(如一昼夜)而减少,而对DCIP光还原活性的促进,不但不减小,反而加强了。 七、我们的结论是:Mg~( )离子促进了阳生植物和阴生植物叶绿体与PSⅡ有关反应(DCIP光还原反应)的活性,诱导了这些叶绿体结构的变化。     

Damage of PSII by Sulfite

The photoreduction of DCIP by PSⅡ pasticles isolated from spinach leaves was inhibited by sulfite and the degree of inhibition was increased with the increase of sulfite concentration. The site of sulfite damage was on the oxidation side. In dark, electron flow from H2O to DCIP and from DPC to DCIP was not affected by sulfite. With certain concentrations of sulfite, the damage to PSⅡ particle varied with time of sulfite treatment and the mechanism of the damage might be related to the discretion of 33 kD polypeptide from thylakoid membrane and the leakage of Mn. Sulfite did not specifically damage the newly prepared thyla- koid, but this was the case with aged thylakoid. The rate of DCIP photoreduction decreased as the aging process was prolonged. Decrease in Mn content correlated with the decrease of DCIP photoreduction. Especially in the presence of EDTA, with the decrease of Mn, the rate of electron transport was severely reduced.     

盐酸胍对大麦类囊体膜能量分配和电子传递的影响

本文以大麦叶片为实验材料,研究了盐酸胍修饰对类囊体膜能量分配及电子传递的影响。结果表明：盐酸胍处理类囊体膜,室温下Ｆ６８５荧光强度,随着盐酸胍浓度的增加而逐渐下降。盐酸胍处理导致类囊体膜在低温（７７Ｋ）下Ｆ６８５／Ｆ７８６比值下降,并随着盐酸胍浓度的增加而加剧。盐酸胍处理抑制类囊体膜以Ｈ２Ｏ为电子供体的ＤＣＩＰ光还原速度和Ｃｈｌａ诱导荧光产率,这种抑制作用可分别为加入ＰＳＩＩ的人工电子供体ＤＰＣ和     

Effects of water stress on photochemical function and protein metabolism of photosystem II in wheat leaves

The effects of osmotic dehydration in wheat leaves ( Triticum aestivum L. cv. Longchun No. 10) on the photochemical function and protein metabolism of PSII were studied with isolated thylakoid and PSII membranes. The results indicated that PSII was rather resistant to water stress as mild water deficit in leaves did nut significantly affect its activity. However, extreme stress conditions such as 40% decrease in relative water content (RWC) or 1.8 MPa in water potential (Ψ) caused ca 50% reduction in O₂ evolution and ca 25% inhibition of DCIP (2.6-dichlorophenol indophenol) photoreduction of PSII. In addition, it was found that the inhibited DCIP photoreduction of PSII could not be reversed by DPC (2.2-diphenylcarbazide), a typical electron donor to PSII, suggesting that water stress did not affect electron donation to PSII. Urea-SDS-PAGE and western blot analysis showed that the steady slate levels of major PSII proteins, including the D1 and D2 proteins in the PSII reaction center, declined on a chlorophyll basis with increasing water stress, possibly as a result of increased degradation. In vitro translation experiments and quantitative analysis of chloroplast RNAs indicated that the potential synthesis of chloroplast proteins from their mRNAs was impaired by water stress. From the results it is concluded that the effects of water stress on PSII protein metabolism, especially on the reaction center proteins, may account for the damage to PSII photochemistry.     

Isolation and characterization of photosystem II from the filamentous sporophyte of Porphyra yezoensis

Thylakoid membranes were isolated and purified from diploid filamentous sporophytes of Porphyra yezoensis Ueda using sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation (SDGUC). After thylakoid membranes were solubilized with SDS, the phtosystem II (PSII) particles with high 2, 6-dichloroindophenol (DCIP) photoreduction activity were isolated by SDGUC. The absorption and fluorescence spectra, DCIP photoreduction activity and oxygen evolution activity of the thylakoid membranes and PSII particles were determined. The polypeptide composition of purified PSII particles was distinguished by SDS-PAGE. Results showed that PSII particles of sporophytes differed from the gametophytes in spectral properties and polypeptide composition. Apart from 55 kDa D1-D2 heterodimer, CP47, CP43, 33 kDa protein, D1, D2, cyt b559 and 12 kDa protein were identified from PSII particles from sporophytes; a new 102 kDa protein was also detected. However, cyt c-550, 20 kDa, 14 kDa and 16 kDa proteins found in PSII particles from gametophytes were not detected in the sporophytes.     

Multi-temperature effects on Hill reaction activity of barley chloroplasts.

1. The relationship between temperature and Hill reaction activity has been investigated in chloroplasts isolated from barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Abyssinian). 2. An Arrhenius plot of the photoreduction of 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol (DCIP) showed no change in slope over the temperature range 2--38degreesC. The apparent Arrhenius activation energy (Ea) for the reaction was 48.1 kJ/mol. 3. In the presence of an uncoupler of photophosphorylation, methylamine, the Ea for DCIP photoreduction went through a series of changes as the temperature was increased. Changes were found at 9, 20, 29 and 36degreesC. The Ea was highest below 9degreesC at 63.7 kJ/mol. Between 9 and 20degreesC the Ea decreased to 40.4 kJ/mol and again to 20.2 kJ/mol between 20 and 29degreesC. Between 29 and 36degreesC there was no further increase in activity with increasing temperature. The temperature-induced changes at 9, 20 and 29degreesC were reversible. At temperatures above 36degreesC (2 min) a thermal and largely irreversible inactivation of the Hill reaction occurred. 4. Temperature-induced changes in Ea were also found when ferricyanide was substituted for DCIP or gramicidin D for methylamine. The addition of an uncoupler of photophosphorylation was not required to demonstrate temperature-induced changes in DCIP photoreduction following the exposure of the chloroplasts to a low concentration of cations. 5. The photoreduction of the lipophilic acceptor, oxidized 2, 3, 5, 6-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine, also showed changes in Ea in the absence of an uncoupler. 6. The temperature-induced changes in Hill activity at 9 and 29degreesC coincided with temperature-induced changes in the fluidity of chloroplast thylakoid membranes as detected by measurements of electron spin resonance spectra. It is suggested that the temperature-induced changes in the properties and activity of chloroplast membranes are part of a control mechanism for regulation of chloroplast development and photosynthesis by temperature.     

Multi-temperature effects on Hill reaction activity of barley chloroplasts

1. 1. The relationship between temperature and Hill reaction activity has been investigated in chloroplasts isolated from barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Abyssinian).

2. 2. An Arrhenius plot of the photoreduction of 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol (DCIP) showed no change in slope over the temperature range 2–38 °C. The apparent Arrhenius activation energy (E_a) for the reaction was 48.1 kJ/mol.

3. 3. In the presence of an uncoupler of photophosphorylation, methylamine, the E_a for DCIP photoreduction went through a series of changes as the temperature was increased. Changes were found at 9, 20, 29 and 36 °C. The E_a was highest below 9 °C at 63.7 kJ/mol. Between 9 and 20 °C the E_a decreased to 40.4 kJ/mol and again to 20.2 kJ/mol between 20 and 29 °C. Between 29 and 36 °C there was no further increase in activity with increasing temperature. The temperature-induced changes at 9, 20 and 29 °C were reversible. At temperatures above 36 °C (2 min) a thermal and largely irreversible inactivation of the Hill reaction occurred.

4. 4. Temperature-induced changes in E_a were also found when ferricyanide was substituted for DCIP or gramicidin D for methylamine. The addition of an uncoupler of photophosphorylation was not required to demonstrate temperature-induced changes in DCIP photoreduction following the exposure of the chloroplasts to a low concentration of cations.

5. 5. The photoreduction of the lipophilic acceptor, oxidized 2, 3, 5, 6-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine, also showed changes in E_a in the absence of an uncoupler.

6. 6. The temperature-induced changes in Hill activity at 9 and 29 °C coincided with temperature-induced changes in the fluidity of chloroplast thylakoid membranes as detected by measurements of electron spin resonance spectra. It is suggested that the temperature-induced changes in the properties and activity of chloroplast membranes are part of a control mechanism for regulation of chloroplast development and photosynthesis by temperature.

Effects of Hydrostatic Pressure on Photosynthetic Systems. I. Preferential Destruction of the O2-Evolving Center

The effects of hydrostatic pressure treatments on the photosyntheticactivities of isolated thylakoids and PSII membranes were studied,and the following results were obtained. (1) The O₂-evolvingactivity was selectively inhibited by treatment at 200 MPa andabove, while the electron transport in the PSII reaction center,as measured by the photoreduction of 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol(DCIP) with 1,5-diphenylcarbazide (DPC), was markedly enhanced.(2) The activity of PSI, as measured by the photoreduction ofmethylviologen with reduced DCIP, was not much affected evenafter treatment at 500 MPa, whereas this electron transportbecame uncoupled from phosphorylation at 200 MPa and above.(3) In pressure-treated PSII membranes, the EPR signal of Y⁺_zbecame photoinducible with the concomitant appearance of anEPR signal for Mn²⁺. (4) The 33-kDa extrinsic protein was retainedin inhibited PSII membranes, but the 17- and 23-kDa extrinsicproteins were lost. (5) Cross-linking of PSII proteins by 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide(EDC) suppressed the pressure-induced inactivation of the evolutionof O₂. (6) In pressure-treated PSII membranes, higher concentrationsof DCMU were required to inhibit the photoreduction of DCIP.Features of the pressure-induced inhibition of various reactionsin photosynthetic membranes are discussed on the basis of theseresults. ¹On leave from Advanced Research Laboratory, Hitachi Ltd., Hatoyama,Saitama, 350-03 Japan.     

Effects of lanthanum and calcium on photoelectron transport activity and the related protein complexes in chloroplast of cucumber leaves

The effects of lanthanum and calcium ions on electron transport, dichlorephenol indophenol (DCIP) photoreduction, and oxygen evolution activities in chloroplast from cucumber (Cucumis satives L.) were determined. The lanthanum inhibited the whole electron chain-transport activity of chloroplast. DCIP photoreduction and oxygen evolution activities of the photosystem I (PSII) also decrease after treatment with La³⁺. But the diminished activities of PSII and chloroplast caused by La³⁺ could be reversed by Ca²⁺ and even became higher than the control level. The concentration analysis of related protein complexes to photoelectron transport in chloroplast included that La³⁺ induced the concentration of chlorophyll protein complexes increasing but caused some nonchlorophyll protein complexes to decompose partially. This increasing effect of La³⁺ on chlorophyll protein complexes results in the improvement of chlorophyll content, which will improve the absorption of photoelectron and energy transport in the process of photosynthesis.     

Oxygenic photoreduction of methyl viologen and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate without the involvement of photosystem I during plastid development

Studies on the appearance of various electron transport functions were followed during greening of etiolated cucumber cotyledons. Appearance of dichlorodimethoxy-p-benzoquinone, dimethyl quinone, tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine, dichlorophenol indophenol and ferricyanide Hill reactions were observed after 8h of greening. However, photoreduction of methyl viologen (MV) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) was observed from 2h of greening. Variable fluorescence, which is a direct indication of water-splitting function, was observed from 2h of greening in cotyledons, thylakoid membranes and photosystem II (PSII) particles. The decrease in variable fluorescence in the presence of MV (due to rapid reoxidation of Q-) observed from early stages of greening confirmed the photoreduction of MV by PSII. The early development of water-splitting function was further confirmed by the abolition of variable fluorescence in thylakoid membranes and PSII particles by heat treatment and concomittant loss of light dependent oxygen uptake in the presence of MV in heat treated chloroplasts. However, the photoreduction of MV and NADP was insensitive to intersystem electron transport inhibitors, dichlorophenyl dimethylurea or dibromomethyl isopropyl-p-benzoquinone till 8h of greening. Though the oxidation of intersystem electron carrier cytochrome f was observed from early stages of greening, the reduction of cytochrome f was not observed till 8h of greening. All these observations confirm that during early stages of greening MV and NADP are photoreduced by PSII without the involvement of intersystem electron carriers or the collaboration of PSI. Since these observations are at variance with the currently prevalent concept (Z-Scheme) of the photosynthetic generation of reducing power, which requires definite collaboration of the two photosystems, an alternate electron flow pathway is proposed.