p62蛋白功能及相关信号通路研究

p62是一种多功能蛋白,其蛋白分子包含多个结构域,通过与不同蛋白质结合形成细胞中重要的信号中心,从而调控多种信号通路,影响细胞的生长、衰老,甚至死亡等生理过程。p62蛋白通过对mTORC1信号通路的影响在氨基酸信号通路中发挥着关键的调控作用。p62蛋白是自噬体与底物之间的适配蛋白,在细胞自噬过程中起到分子调节器的作用。p62蛋白具有质核穿梭功能,在DNA损伤修复和氧化应激反应中具有重要作用,其异常积累会引起细胞的恶性转变,导致肿瘤的发生。现综述p62在调节多种信号通路,如自噬、氨基酸感知、凋亡及肿瘤发生等过程中的作用。     

泛素化修饰对疾病信号通路的调控

蛋白质在生物体的生理调控过程中发挥着重要的功能。在体内,蛋白质的合成、降解、活性与功能受到多种翻译后修饰的调控,其中泛素化修饰尤为重要。发现和阐明一些关键蛋白质的泛素化调控机制对理解蛋白质功能、细胞信号调控、疾病发病机理等都有着重要的作用。在这篇综述中,我们围绕与疾病相关的m TORC1和Hippo等关键信号通路,综述泛素化修饰在疾病相关信号通路中的重要作用。理解和阐明这些信号通路中关键蛋白的翻译后修饰调控机制将会进一步拓展我们对于细胞信号网络的认知。     

Hippo信号通路结构生物学研究进展

生物体内存在多种信号转导通路参与发育调控和组织稳态维持等重要过程,其信号异常与多种疾病特别是癌症的发生和发展密切相关。进化上高度保守的Hippo信号通路在个体发育和稳态平衡中发挥极为关键的作用。Hippo信号通路主要通过一系列相关激酶的相互作用和级联磷酸化来传递信号,能抑制细胞增殖并促进凋亡,在很多组织器官中控制细胞数量和器官大小。Hippo信号通路在一系列恶性肿瘤中出现显著异常,被认为是癌症治疗和再生医学的重要靶标。目前,Hippo信号通路中大部分关键组分已经确定,而其具体信号调控机制及功能正在完善之中。本文总结了目前已知的Hippo信号通路各蛋白成员的结构信息,重点从结构生物学角度对其信号的转导与调控机制进行分析,并对已有的Hippo信号通路靶向小分子及多肽抑制剂进行梳理,以期深化人们对该通路关键蛋白质机器的理解,并进一步促进相关的功能研究和潜在的治疗干预研发。     

内质网整合膜蛋白SEC62研究进展

内质网是真核细胞内蛋白质加工的必要场所,经过加工的蛋白质才能在内质网中驻留或转运至高尔基体。如果内质网中蛋白质未能正确折叠与运输,内质网内就会累积大量蛋白质,造成内质网应激。SEC62在维护蛋白质稳态中扮演重要作用,它是由399个氨基酸残基组成的内质网跨膜蛋白,能够参与真核细胞中分泌蛋白及膜结合蛋白的翻译后易位,也能够与SEC61通道结合调控内质网中的钙稳态,并在内质网应激恢复过程中被显著激活来维持内质网体积和大小。本文系统地阐述了SEC62的功能、调节的信号通路,及其在包括病毒复制和多种癌症等疾病中的作用及意义,基于这些研究结果可能将SEC62作为抗病毒治疗及肿瘤精确诊断、治疗的新靶点,为新药物的开发提供新思路。     

Kremen2生物学功能研究进展

Kremen2 (kringle-containing transmembrane protein 2)是经典Wnt信号通路中的重要调控因子。起初Kremen2蛋白仅被认为是Wnt信号通路的抑制因子,但后期研究发现Kremen2蛋白在某些特定的生物环境中却发挥促进Wnt信号通路活化的作用。在对Wnt信号通路的调控过程中, Kremen2蛋白需要与多种蛋白质调控因子相互作用,以参与胚胎发育、骨形成、肿瘤发生等多种生理病理过程。通过对Kremen2相关研究文献的整理,本文综述了Kremen2蛋白的发现与分子结构,以及其主要的相互作用因子和蛋白质功能,并提出了相关研究展望。     

Hippo信号调控果蝇中肠稳态维持的机制研究

Hippo信号通路是近年来发现在进化上高度保守的肿瘤抑制信号通路,能通过协调细胞增殖与凋亡来控制组织、器官发育的大小,并在干细胞的自我更新及组织稳态维持中发挥着极其重要的作用。Hippo信号通路关键成员的活性异常可以导致包括癌症在内的多种疾病的发生。因此,Hippo信号通路成员的蛋白稳定性调控是Hippo信号通路研究的重点之一。果蝇中的研究表明,Hippo信号通路上游成员Pez的蛋白稳定性受NEDD4(neural precursor cell expressed developmentally down-regulated protein 4)家族泛素连接酶Su(dx)及Kibra的共同调节,进一步的研究揭示了该调控过程的具体分子机制。该调控在维持果蝇中肠干细胞(intestinal stem cell,ISC)稳态平衡中发挥了重要作用。在哺乳动物细胞中的研究则提示该调控机制存在进化上的保守性。这些研究成果不仅加深了我们对Hippo信号通路调控果蝇肠稳态功能的认识,还为我们研究相关肿瘤发生发展的机制和发掘潜在的肿瘤治疗靶点提供了新的思路。     

Hippo信号通路与肝脏稳态调控及疾病发生

肝脏是人体最重要的器官之一,乙肝等病毒性与酒精等非病毒性因素诱发的肝损伤引起肝脏功能衰竭、再生重塑障碍、肝癌等疾病是我国重大社会健康问题,因此,研究肝脏稳态的调控机制对肝病的预防和临床治疗至关重要。Hippo信号通路参与了哺乳动物多种细胞和器官的稳态调控。最近研究表明,Hippo信号通路在肝脏发育、肝细胞命运决定、肝脏再生和癌症发生发展等过程中都发挥了非常重要的作用。因此,Hippo信号通路可成为肝脏相关疾病的治疗提供了新的靶点。本文综述了Hippo信号通路与肝脏稳态调控的相关研究及最新进展,以期为研究肝脏发育和肝脏相关疾病的治疗提供新的思路和策略。     

Sequestosome 1/p62蛋白在癫痫中的作用研究进展

癫痫(epilepsy)是儿童常见的慢性脑疾病,反复的癫痫发作可引起不可逆的脑损伤,给患儿及其家庭带来沉重的负担。临床实践中约有三分之一病例为药物难治性癫痫患者,饱受反复惊厥发作的痛苦,亟需寻找新的治疗干预措施。研究发现,作为自噬关键分子的Sequestosome 1/p62可能通过其多功能结构域参与调节多种信号通路,包括哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白复合物1(mTORC1)信号通路及炎症信号通路。进一步探索p62蛋白在癫痫中的作用及潜在机制具有重要意义。本文就p62蛋白结构及功能进行探讨,并对其在癫痫中的可能作用、相关机制及潜在治疗意义进行综述。     

p62与蛋白降解途径的研究进展

p62是一种多功能泛素结合蛋白,参与泛素蛋白酶体系统(ubiquitin-proteasome system,UPS)和自噬-溶酶体系统两种蛋白降解过程。p62作为一种信号转导途径中的支架和适配子蛋白,其分子结构中的多个功能结构域可与其它蛋白质相互作用,介导多种细胞功能,特别是在细胞的选择性自噬和细胞抗氧化反应中发挥重要作用,因而p62与许多疾病的发病机制密切相关。本文主要综述p62的结构特征及其与UPS和自噬的相互关系,旨在为相关领域的研究提供参考。     

PINK1/Parkin介导的线粒体自噬

线粒体自噬（mitochondrial autophagy, or mitophagy）指的是细胞通过自吞噬作用,降解与清除受损线粒体或者多余线粒体,其对整个线粒体网络的功能完整性和细胞存活具有重要作用。线粒体自噬过程受多种途径调控,PINK1/Parkin通路是其中的一条,其异常与多种疾病的发生密切相关,如心血管疾病、肿瘤和帕金森病等。在去极化线粒体中,磷酸酶及张力蛋白同源物(PTEN)诱导的激酶1（PTEN-induced kinase 1,PINK1）作为受损线粒体的分子传感器,触发线粒体自噬的起始信号,并将Parkin募集至线粒体;Parkin作为线粒体自噬信号的“增强子”,通过对线粒体蛋白质进一步泛素化介导自噬信号的扩大;去泛素化酶和PTEN-long蛋白参与调控该过程,并对维持线粒体稳态具有重要作用。本文主要对PINK1与Parkin蛋白质的分子结构和其介导线粒体自噬发生的分子机制,以及参与调控该途径的关键蛋白质进行综述,为进一步研究以线粒体自噬缺陷为特征的疾病治疗提供理论基础。     

Protein kinase Cepsilon: multiple roles in the function of, and signaling mediated by, the cytoskeleton

Recent studies have established essential roles of protein kinase Cepsilon in signaling pathways controlling various functions of microfilaments and intermediate filaments by modulating multiple cytoskeletal proteins. This review summarizes recent progress in our understanding of the roles of protein kinase Cepsilon in the functions and signaling of microfilaments and intermediate filaments, with a focus mainly on cell-matrix and cell-cell interactions, migrations and contraction, in addition to its relevance in the development of several diseases, such as malignant tumors or cardiac disease.     

The role of TRIM25 in the occurrence and development of cancers and inflammatory diseases

The tripartite motif (TRIM) family proteins are a group of proteins involved in different signaling pathways. The changes in the expression regulation, function, and signaling of this protein family are associated with the occurrence and progression of a wide range of disorders. Given the importance of these proteins in pathogenesis, they can be considered as potential therapeutic targets for many diseases. TRIM25, as an E3-ubiquitin ligase, is involved in the development of various diseases and cellular mechanisms, including antiviral innate immunity and cell proliferation. The clinical studies conducted on restricting the function of this protein have reached promising results that can be further evaluated in the future. Here, we review the regulation of TRIM25 and its function in different diseases and signaling pathways, especially the retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I) signaling which prompts many kinds of cancers and inflammatory disorders.     

From autophagy to mitophagy: the roles of P62 in neurodegenerative diseases

P62, also called sequestosome1 (SQSTM1), is the selective cargo receptor for autophagy to degenerate misfolded proteins. It has also been found to assist and connect parkin in pink1/parkin mitophagy pathway. Previous studies showed that p62 was in association with neurodegenerative diseases, and one of the diseases pathogenesis is P62 induced autophagy and mitophagy dysfunction. Autophagy is an important process to eliminate misfolded proteins. Intracellular aggregation including α-synuclein, Huntingtin, tau protein and ß-amyloid (Aß) protein are the misfolded proteins found in PD, HD and AD, respectively. P62 induced autophagy failure significantly accelerates misfolded protein aggregation. Mitophagy is the special autophagy, functions as the selective scavenger towards the impaired mitochondria. Mitochondrial dysfunction was confirmed greatly contribute to the occurrence of neurodegenerative diseases. Through assistance and connection with parkin, P62 is vital for regulating mitophagy, thus, aberrant P62 could influence the balance of mitophagy, and further disturb mitochondrial quality control. Therefore, accumulation of misfolded proteins leads to the aberrant P62 expression, aberrant P62 influence the balance of mitophagy, forming a vicious circle afterwards. In this review, we summarize the observations on the function of P62 relevant to autophagy and mitophagy in neurodegenerative diseases, hoping to give some clear and objective opinions to further study.     

Role of p62 in the regulation of cell death induction

p62 is a multifunctional adaptor protein implicated in various cellular processes. It has been found to regulate selective autophagy, cell survival, cell death, oxidative stress, DNA repair and inflammation, and to play a role in a number of diseases, such as tumourigenesis, Paget’s disease of bone, neurodegenerative disease, diabetes, and obesity. Cell death induction is an important cellular process. The dysregulation of cell death induction is involved in the pathogenesis of various diseases, such as cancer, neurodegeneration diseases, and diabetes. In this review, we discuss the functional role of p62 in inducing cell death in response to multiple stimuli, and we summarize the potential signaling pathways that contribute to this regulation. Given the important role of p62 in regulating cell death, p62 is considered to be a reasonable target for managing cell death dysregulation-related pathogenic conditions. A better understanding of the role of p62 and its related mechanisms in regulating cell death is necessary for the more precise utilization of p62 as a target for treating relevant diseases.     

Intrinsically disordered proteins: regulation and disease

Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) are enriched in signaling and regulatory functions because disordered segments permit interaction with several proteins and hence the re-use of the same protein in multiple pathways. Understanding IDP regulation is important because altered expression of IDPs is associated with many diseases. Recent studies show that IDPs are tightly regulated and that dosage-sensitive genes encode proteins with disordered segments. The tight regulation of IDPs may contribute to signaling fidelity by ensuring that IDPs are available in appropriate amounts and not present longer than needed. The altered availability of IDPs may result in sequestration of proteins through non-functional interactions involving disordered segments (i.e., molecular titration), thereby causing an imbalance in signaling pathways. We discuss the regulation of IDPs, address implications for signaling, disease and drug development, and outline directions for future research.     

p62 provides dual cytoprotection against oxidative stress in the retinal pigment epithelium

As a signaling hub, p62/sequestosome plays important roles in cell signaling and degradation of misfolded proteins. p62 has been implicated as an adaptor protein to mediate autophagic clearance of insoluble protein aggregates in age-related diseases, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), which is characterized by dysfunction of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Our previous studies have shown that cigarette smoke (CS) induces oxidative stress and inhibits the proteasome pathway in cultured human RPE cells, suggesting that p62-mediated autophagy may become the major route to remove impaired proteins under such circumstances. In the present studies, we found that all p62 mRNA variants are abundantly expressed and upregulated by CS induced stress in cultured human RPE cells, yet isoform1 is the major translated form. We also show that p62 silencing exacerbated the CS induced accumulation of damaged proteins, both by suppressing autophagy and by inhibiting the Nrf2 antioxidant response, which in turn, increased protein oxidation. These effects of CS and p62 reduction were further confirmed in mice exposed to CS. We found that over-expression of p62 isoform1, but not its S403A mutant, which lacks affinity for ubiquitinated proteins, reduced misfolded proteins, yet simultaneously promoted an Nrf2-mediated antioxidant response. Thus, p62 provides dual, reciprocal enhancing protection to RPE cells from environmental stress induced protein misfolding and aggregation, by facilitating autophagy and the Nrf2 mediated antioxidant response, which might be a potential therapeutic target against AMD.     

An Androgen Receptor-MicroRNA-29a Regulatory Circuitry in Mouse Epididymis

MicroRNAs are involved in a number of cellular processes; thus, their deregulation is usually apt to the occurrence of diverse diseases. Previous studies indicate that abnormally up-regulated miR-29a is associated with several diseases, such as human acute myeloid leukemia and diabetes; therefore, the proper level of miR-29a is critical for homeostasis. Herein, we observed that miR-29a was repressed by androgen/androgen receptor signaling in mouse epididymis by targeting a conserved androgen response element located 8 kb upstream of miR-29b1a loci. It is well known that multiple regulatory programs often form a complicated network. Here, we found that miR-29a reversibly suppressed androgen receptor and its target genes by targeting IGF1 and p53 pathways. miR-29b1a-overexpressing transgenic mice displayed epididymis hypoplasia partially similar to the phenotype of those mice with an impaired androgen-androgen receptor signal system. Taken together, the results demonstrated that there is a regulatory circuitry between the androgen signaling pathway and miR-29a in mouse epididymis that may be vital for epididymal development and functions.     

Signal integration and diversification through the p62 scaffold protein

Signal specificity of multifunctional enzymes is achieved through protein-protein interactions involving specific domains on scaffold proteins. p62 (also known as sequestosome 1) is such a scaffold protein that possesses PB1 and UBA domains, and the TRAF6 binding sequence. Proteins recruited to these domains enable p62 to integrate kinase-activated and ubiquitin-mediated signaling pathways. The biological function of p62 has been studied in diverse systems and processes such as osteoclastogenesis, inflammation, differentiation, neurotrophin biology and obesity. The availability of mice in which p62 has been genetically inactivated is providing new insight into the mechanism and function of p62 at a whole-organism level.