酶促淀粉利用和遗传工程

淀粉是植物界主要贮存性食物多糖,多见于玉米、小麦、大麦、燕麦、水稻和高粱的籽粒,以及马铃薯、竹芋和木薯的块茎或块根以及西谷椰子的髓部中。淀粉由 D-葡萄糖的直链和支链均聚物组成。直链淀粉含有由1,4-键连接的α-D-吡喃葡萄糖单位组成的多条直链,聚合度为1×10~2～4×10~3。而支链淀粉中,1,4-键连接的α-D-吡喃葡萄糖单位组成的多条短直链(含17～23个葡糖单位),靠1,6-键相互连接起来,形成一个高度分支的结构,聚合度为1×10~4～4×10~7。淀粉的分支程度和直、支链淀粉比例因淀粉来源和时基等而异。大部分淀粉被用于食品业和饮料业,主要是用其水解产物怍为饮料和甜食中的甜味剂及半固体食物如果酱、蛋奶冻、馅饼馅、甜点心中的增稠剂等。淀粉总量中有约百分之一的部     

玉米种子发育过程中直链淀粉积累规律的分析

淀粉是玉米种子的主要组成成分,它包括直链淀粉和支链淀粉。支链淀粉的合成需要淀粉合成酶、分支酶和脱支酶的共同作用,而直链淀粉的合成则是在颗粒结合型淀粉合成酶的作用下进行的。颗粒结合型淀粉合成酶基因的突变造成玉米种子的腊质（糯性）表型。与支链淀粉合成的分子机制的研究相比,目前对玉米种子中直链淀粉合成的分子机制了解相对较少。以野生型黄早4玉米自交系和突变体糯玉米为实验材料,研究了种子不同发育时期直链淀粉的积累规律。通过碘染色的方法,观察了玉米种子发育过程中淀粉积累的形态变化。定量分析表明,从授粉后10d至25d,黄早4种子中直链淀粉的含量逐渐增加,同时颗粒结合型淀粉合成酶（GBSS）的活性逐渐提高;而在糯玉米中,直链淀粉和GBSS活性均未检测到。进而,通过RT-PCR方法,从黄早4种子中分离出编码GBSSI的cDNA片段。在授粉后10d至25d的玉米胚乳中均可检测到GBSSI的表达,而在胚中直到授粉后25d才检测到该基因表达的微弱信号。在糯玉米种子中没有检测到该基因的表达。研究结果表明,在玉米种子发育过程中,GBSSI基因的表达通过控制GBSS的合成,最终控制直链淀粉的合成。研究工作为理解玉米种子中直链淀粉合成的分子机制提供了重要信息。     

水稻胚乳中淀粉合成相关酶活性的变化对支链淀粉精细结构的影响

分析了水稻（Oryza sativa L．）籽粒发育过程淀粉生物合成途径中的关键酶——ADP-葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶、可溶性淀粉合酶、淀粉分支酶以及淀粉脱支酶活性变化,同时研究了淀粉结构形成动态．与野生型晚粳9522相比,转基因晚粳9522中直链淀粉的合成被显著抑制,而总淀粉含量和籽粒终重量没有改变．淀粉生物合成途径中关键酶活性表达时间不一致,存在明显的时段特征,这与淀粉积累动态密切相关．可溶性淀粉合酶活性表达最早,其在灌浆前期驱动淀粉合成起始;而淀粉粒结合态淀粉合酶在胚乳发育的中期活性最大．两水稻实验材料间,除淀粉脱支酶活性变化有所不同外,ADP-葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶和淀粉分支酶活性的变化没有明显差异．并且,支链淀粉的分支模式在水稻籽粒发育过程中变化较大,且与品种有关．以上结果揭示,支链淀粉的合成要先于直链淀粉,并且在控制支链淀粉各分支的形成过程中有不同的酶在起特异的作用．     

改良β-极限糊精法测定α-淀粉酶活力

α-淀粉酶随机作用于直链淀粉与支链淀粉的α-14葡萄糖苷键。可水解支链淀粉α-1-6键分枝点内部的α-1-4葡萄糖苷键。形成寡聚糖。又称为内淀粉酶。β-淀粉酶作用于直链淀粉与支链淀粉的α-1-4葡萄糖苷键。从外链末端的非还原端逐次切断。产生麦芽糖。可将直链淀粉完全水解。但对支链淀粉水解至α-16分枝点时即停止作用。又称外淀粉酶。     

淀粉分支酶和去分支酶编码基因的功能

淀粉分支酶(SBE)和淀粉去分支酶(DBE)是直接参与淀粉生物合成的5类酶中的2类分支点形成支链淀粉,后者水解葡萄糖苷链中α(1-6)糖苷键.文章概述了已克隆的编码SBE和DBE同种型编码基因及其在体内外的表达特征,并提出DBE多聚体酶的结构和功能将成为淀粉粒起始形成研究中的起点,SBEⅠ和SBEⅡ表达调控是支链淀粉分子改良的途径的看法.     

碘使淀粉液变色的原理是什么？

答：淀粉以淀粉粒的形式储存在植物的根、茎、种子和果实等器官中。在酸的作用下淀粉的最终水解产物是葡萄糖。用热水溶解淀粉时,可溶的部分为直链淀粉,不溶的部分为支链淀粉。不同植物淀粉中直链淀粉和支链淀粉所含比例不同,如玉米淀粉中含直链淀粉的比例为27％,土豆淀粉中直链淀粉的含量为30％：豆类淀粉全为直链淀粉,糯米淀粉则全为支链淀粉。     

玉米直链淀粉生物合成多基因转化载体构建

淀粉分支酶基因sbe是影响玉米直链淀粉含量的主要因素,淀粉分支酶分为3种即sbeI、sbeIIa和sbeIIb,其中sbeIIb对直链淀粉含量影响效应最大,抑制玉米淀粉分支酶sbeIIb基因的表达可减少支链淀粉的含量,从而达到提高直链淀粉的目的;ADP-葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(AGPase)是直链淀粉合成的关键酶,通过提高AGP表达量同样可提高玉米直链淀粉含量。以此为目的分别克隆了sbeIIb一段375bp高度保守区,玉米SBE基因一段175bp内含子,AGP完整开放阅读框,大麦胚乳特异启动子和ADPG基因终止子。构建了sbeIIb基因正、反义的hpRNA发夹结构,将该发夹结构与上述基因分别连接到pCAM-BIA3301上;构建得到包含sbeIIb基因干扰结构与AGP基因过表达的pCAMB-RSA多基因胚乳特异表达载体。为此,pCAMB-RSA载体的成功构建将为高直链淀粉玉米的培育奠定基础。     

由α-淀粉酶催化的淀粉降解的产物究竟是什么?

我国现用的植物生理学教材中有些加入了植物碳水化合物代谢的内客,其中有关α-淀粉酶催化淀粉水解的内容在不同的教材中有不同的表述。潘瑞炽、董愚得合编的《植物生理学》上册(1979年高等学校试用教材)第161页和1983年该书第二版第152页:α-淀粉酶可作用于直链淀粉和支链淀粉,……α-淀粉酶可任意断裂螺旋构型的α-1,4-苷键,割裂出含6—7个葡萄糖单位组成的短链。由于这种酶的作用位置是在淀粉分子之内,故亦称为内淀粉酶(endoamylase)。α-淀粉酶不能水解α-1,6-苷键,故作用于支链淀粉时,就会余下1,6结合的分支部分。α-淀粉酶分解直链淀粉和支链淀粉所产     

固氮类芽孢杆菌YUPP-5中环糊精糖基转移酶基因的克隆与功能分析

从魔芋根际分离的固氮类芽孢杆菌Paenibacillus azotofixans YUPP-5对多种β-1,4糖苷键连接的多糖具有水解作用。通过构建该菌的fosmid文库,克隆到2 157 bp的基因片段,编码环糊精糖基转移酶。大肠杆菌中表达此酶,能降解葡甘聚糖、羧甲基纤维素钠盐、几丁质、木聚糖等多种β-1,4糖苷键连接的多糖,同时该酶还能以葡甘聚糖为底物生成β-1,4糖苷键连接的环糊精,而文献报道这种酶仅能利用α-1,4糖苷键连接的淀粉为底物生成环糊精;并展示了环糊精糖基转移酶的一些新功能。     

禾谷类作物胚乳的淀粉合成

禾谷类作物胚乳拥有独特的淀粉合成途径,需要多种特异性同工酶的参与,这些酶在禾谷类其他组织或非禾谷类作物中是不存在的。近来明确了单个淀粉同工酶的功能,这有助于我们更深入地了解禾谷类淀粉直链、支链的合成与分布。在对禾谷类淀粉合成进行遗传分析的基础上,提出了脱分支酶作用模型。以水稻全基因组序列草图为背景,本文首次全面分析了禾谷类作物的淀粉合成。     

Some recent observations on the retrogradation of amylose

Starch is the major storage polysaccharide of higher plants where it occurs as water insoluble granules. Two component polymers may be extracted from the starch granules, namely amylose and amylopectin. Both polymers are based on chains on α-1,4-linked d-glucose. However, whereas amylose is an essentially linear polymer, amylopectin is highly branched with branches linked at the 6-position.     

Towards a better understanding of the metabolic system for amylopectin biosynthesis in plants: rice endosperm as a model tissue

Starch is made up of amylose (linear alpha-1,4-polyglucans) and amylopectin (alpha-1,6-branched polyglucans). Amylopectin has a distinct fine structure called multiple cluster structure and is synthesized by multiple subunits or isoforms of four classes of enzymes: ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase, soluble starch synthase (SS), starch branching enzyme (BE), and starch debranching enzyme (DBE). In the present paper, based on analyses of mutants and transgenic lines of rice in which each enzyme activity is affected, the contribution of the individual isoform to the fine structure of amylopectin in rice endosperm is evaluated, and a new model referred to as the "two-step branching and improper branch clearing model" is proposed to explain how amylopectin is synthesized. The model emphasizes that two sets of reactions, alpha-1,6-branch formation and the subsequent alpha-1,4-chain elongation, are catalyzed by distinct BE and SS isoforms, respectively, are fundamental to the construction of the cluster structure. The model also assesses the role of DBE, namely isoamylase or in addition pullulanase, to remove unnecessary alpha-1,6-glucosidic linkages that are occasionally formed at improper positions apart from two densely branched regions of the cluster.     

马铃薯gbss、ssⅡ和ss Ⅲ基因片段的融合及其RNAi载体的构建

颗粒结合淀粉合成酶（GBSS）与可溶性淀粉合成酶（SSS）是淀粉合成的关键酶,其活性大小直接影响着淀粉的直链淀粉/支链淀粉比例、淀粉链长及结构等,进而影响着其品质。利用blast及分子生物学软件DNAStar对gbss、ssⅡ和ss Ⅲ基因的cDNA序列同源性进行分析比较,选用gbss的261bp（1～261）,ssⅢ的244bp（2164～2407）,ssⅡ的281bp（161～441）的cDNA片段,并应用重叠PCR法将其拼接成一融合基因gbs3s2,构建了以CaMV 35S启动子驱动的含有"正向gbs3s2融合片段-pdk内含子-反向gbs3s2融合片段"ihRNAi的植物表达载体,为培育糊化温度低的马铃薯品系奠定基础。     

Enzymatic synthesis of amylose

Amylose is a linear polymer of α-1,4-linked glucose and is expected to be used in various industries as a functional biomaterial. However, pure amylose is currently not available for industrial purposes, since the separation of natural amylose from amylopectin is difficult. It is known that amylose has been synthesized using various enzymes. Glucan phosphorylase, together with its substrate, glucose-1-phosphate, is the most suitable system for the production of amylose since the molecular size of amylose can be controlled precisely. However, the problem with this system is that glucose-1-phosphate is too expensive for industrial purposes. This review summarizes our work on the enzymatic synthesis of essentially linear amylose, together with recent progress in the production of synthetic amylose using sucrose or cellobiose through the combined actions of phosphorylases.     

植物淀粉合成的调控酶

淀粉是植物中最普通的碳水化合物,是人类最主要的食品来源与重要的工业原料。植物淀粉的生物合成主要涉及了4种酶—ADPG焦磷酸化酶、淀粉合成酶、淀粉分支酶和淀粉去分支酶,它们在淀粉的生物合成中发挥着不同作用。近年来,随着基因工程技术的迅速发展及与这些酶有关的众多突变体的发现,使人们对这些酶的结构、特性、功能及表达调控等方面的研究取得了重要进展。并且,人们已开始利用基因工程技术调控植物淀粉的数量与特性,取得了一定成效。在此,文章介绍了调控植物淀粉合成关键酶的生化特性、基因调控及利用基因工程改良植物淀粉等方面所取得进展。     

Two Forms of Glucoamylase from Mucor rouxianus

Both of the two forms of glucoamylase (glucoamylases I and II) from the wheat bran culture of Mucor rouxianus hydrolyzed amylopectin, amylose, glycogen, soluble starch, maltotriose, and maltose, but did not act on isomaltose and isomaltotriose. Phenyl α-maltoside was hydrolyzed into glucose and phenyl α-glucoside by both glucoamylases. Maltose was hydrolyzed about one-fifth as rapidly as amylopectin. Both enzymes produced glucose from amylopectin, amylose, glycogen, soluble starch in the yields of almost complete hydrolysis. They hydrolyzed amylose with the inversion of configuration, producing the β-anomer of glucose. Glucoamylase II hydrolyzed raw starch at 3-fold higher rate than glucoamylase I. The former hydrolyzed rice starch almost completely into glucose, whereas the latter hydrolyzed it incompletely (nearly 50%).     

A critical role for disproportionating enzyme in starch breakdown is revealed by a knock-out mutation in Arabidopsis

Disproportionating enzyme (D-enzyme) is a plastidial alpha-1,4-glucanotransferase but its role in starch metabolism is unclear. Using a reverse genetics approach we have isolated a mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana in which the gene encoding this enzyme (DPE1) is disrupted by a T-DNA insertion. While D-enzyme activity is eliminated in the homozygous dpe1-1 mutant, changes in activities of other enzymes of starch metabolism are relatively small. During the diurnal cycle, the amount of leaf starch is higher in dpe1-1 than in wild type and the amylose to amylopectin ratio is increased, but amylopectin structure is unaltered. The amounts of starch synthesised and degraded are lower in dpe1-1 than in wild type. However, the lower amount of starch synthesised and the higher proportion of amylose are both eliminated when plants are completely de-starched by a period of prolonged darkness prior to the light period. During starch degradation, a large accumulation of malto-oligosaccharides occurs in dpe1-1 but not in wild type. These data show that D-enzyme is required for malto-oligosaccharide metabolism during starch degradation. The slower rate of starch degradation in dpe1-1 suggests that malto-oligosaccharides affect an enzyme that attacks the starch granule, or that D-enzyme itself can act directly on starch. The effects on starch synthesis and composition in dpe1-1 under normal diurnal conditions are probably a consequence of metabolism at the start of the light period, of the high levels of malto-oligosaccharides generated during the dark period. We conclude that the primary function of D-enzyme is in starch degradation.     

Purification and Properties of α-Glucosidase and Glucoamylase from Lentinus edodes (Berk.) Sing.

An α-glucosidase and a glucoamylase have been isolated from fruit bodies of Lentinus edodes (Berk.) Sing., by a procedure including fractionation with ammonium sulfate, DEAE-cellulose column chromatography, and preparative gel electrofocusing. Both of them were homogeneous on gel electrofocusing and ultracentrifugation. The molecular weight of α-glucosidase and glucoamylase was 51,000 and 55,000, respectively. The α-glucosidase hydrolyzed maltose, maltotriose, phenyl α-maltoside, amylose, and soluble starch, but did not act on sucrose. The glucoamylase hydrolyzed maltose, maltotriose, phenyl α-maltoside, soluble starch, amylose, amylopectin, and glycogen, glucose being the sole product formed in the digests of these substrates. Both enzymes hydrolyzed phenyl a-maltoside into glucose and phenyl α-glucoside. The glucoamylase hydrolyzed soluble starch, amylose, amylopectin, and glycogen, converting them almost completely into glucose. It was found that β-glucose was liberated from amylose by the action of glucoamylase, while α-glucose was produced by the α-glucosidase.

Maltotriose was the main α-glucosyltransfer product formed from maltose by the α-glucosidase.     

玉米灌浆期水分差异供应对籽粒淀粉积累及其酶活性的影响

利用普通玉米(Zay mays)‘掖单22’和高油玉米‘高油115’,研究了灌浆期水分差异供应对籽粒淀粉及其组分积累、相关酶活性动态变化的影响。结果表明,两种类型玉米淀粉积累和酶活性动态变化趋势基本一致,但对水分的反应有差异。缺水提高了‘掖单22’籽粒中淀粉、支链淀粉含量,而直链淀粉含量下降,‘高油115’则是籽粒中的淀粉含量、支链淀粉和直链淀粉含量提高;充分供水使淀粉及其组分产量提高;叶片中蔗糖合成酶(SS)、磷酸蔗糖合成酶(SPS)活性随水分供应水平而提高,尤其在授粉后10~30 d增幅更加明显。充分供水明显提高籽粒中腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(ADPG-PPase)、尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(UDPG-PPase)、可溶性淀粉合成酶(SSS)和淀粉粒结合淀粉合成酶(GBSS)活性,缺水使籽粒中酶活性下降较早且迅速;SPS、ADPG-PPase、SSS酶活性对缺水反应比较敏感。     

The priming of amylose synthesis in Arabidopsis leaves

We investigated the mechanism of amylose synthesis in Arabidopsis leaves using (14)C-labeling techniques. First, we tested the hypothesis that short malto-oligosaccharides (MOS) may act as primers for granule-bound starch synthase I. We found increased amylose synthesis in isolated starch granules supplied with ADP[(14)C]glucose (ADP[(14)C]Glc) and MOS compared with granules supplied with ADP[(14)C]Glc but no MOS. Furthermore, using a MOS-accumulating mutant (dpe1), we found that more amylose was synthesized than in the wild type, correlating with the amount of MOS in vivo. When wild-type and mutant plants were tested in conditions where both lines had similar MOS contents, no difference in amylose synthesis was observed. We also tested the hypothesis that branches of amylopectin might serve as the primers for granule-bound starch synthase I. In this model, elongated branches of amylopectin are subsequently cleaved to form amylose. We conducted pulse-chase experiments, supplying a pulse of ADP[(14)C]Glc to isolated starch granules or (14)CO(2) to intact plants, followed by a chase period in unlabeled substrate. We detected no transfer of label from the amylopectin fraction to the amylose fraction of starch either in isolated starch granules or in intact leaves, despite varying the time course of the experiments and using a mutant line (sex4) in which high-amylose starch is synthesized. We therefore find no evidence for amylopectin-primed amylose synthesis in Arabidopsis. We propose that MOS are the primers for amylose synthesis in Arabidopsis leaves.