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变化环境下湿地生态水文格局及过程发生了深刻变化,已对流域、区域乃至我国水安全和生态安全构成威胁。湿地生态水文模型是揭示湿地生态格局与生态过程的水文学机制的有效工具和重要手段。介绍了湿地生态水文模型的概念、内涵、构建方法及分类,回顾了湿地生态水文模型的国内外发展历程,论述了目前湿地生态水文模型研究应用的重点领域:湿地生态水文调控与生态补水、流域湿地生态恢复重建与水资源综合管控和气候变化下湿地生态水文变化评估与应对策略。针对目前研究中存在的问题及薄弱环节,提出未来研究的发展趋势和亟需加强研究的重点方向。 相似文献
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针对水土资源开发利用引发的湿地消退问题,通过研究湿地水分运动与补给规律,分析湿地和径流进退的关系、湿地生境和生物的扩展关系,分析湿地水文连接度下降引起的湿地消退效应.根据湿地水循环原理和湿地生境空间分布规律,建立湿地径流场与生物多样性场的概念,从而提出湿地生态水文结构理论.以维持湿地存在、保障湿地生物多样性为目标,通过湿地径流场与生物多样性场的耦合关系,将湿地划分为中心区和适宜活动区,以维持湿地生态水文结构所需要的水分条件定义为湿地生态需水.湿地生态需水问题的核心为确定湿地生态水文结构,并以湿地中心区和适宜活动区为边界条件,通过地表水地下水转化的水量平衡模型对湿地生态需水量进行分析计算.以维持中心区的水分条件作为最小生态需水;维持适宜活动区的水分条件作为适宜生态需水.湿地生态水文结构更对湿地管理提供生态安全阈值.根据湿地生态水文结构的稳定程度,建立湿地生态安全危机管理机制,进行不同级别的预警管理. 相似文献
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我国正处于快速城市化发展过程中,许多湿地被改造利用成为城市湿地。如何科学评估城市湿地功能及其改变程度,是科学认识城市湿地的重要内容。基于水文地貌法,通过选取区域受城市化影响小、生态系统结构与功能接近于自然湿地的湿地作为参考湿地,利用遥感和GIS的手段以及野外实地调查方法,从湿地水环境功能角度,对南京仙林区域内典型城市湿地的水环境特征与功能进行评估。结果表明:(1)城市湿地水环境功能明显降低,其蓄水功能、净水功能、水文调节功能明显低于参考湿地;(2)受城市化景观复杂性影响,城市湿地水环境功能的改变程度呈现个性化特征,纪家边、采月湖和西湖西这3个湿地可以作为城市化过程中湿地改造的典范。这一结论可为城市化区域内湿地的合理开发利用以及湿地的保护、恢复提供科学依据。 相似文献
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盐城滨海湿地生态功能的空间差异对该区的保护/开发具有重要的指导意义,水文地貌分类为生态功能的评价提供了良好的前提条件。根据盐城滨海湿地2006-2007年Alos遥感影像数据制作湿地景观图,同时通过DEM和水文水动力条件图,借助Arcgis9.2的空间分析功能确定水文地貌单元(HGMU)。在此基础上,利用实地调查数据和湿地景观数据对不同水文地貌单元的湿地生态功能进行评价。结果表明:(1)盐城海滨湿地包括7类水文地貌单元(HGMU),不同HGMU生态系统类型差异较大;(2)同种HGMU生态功能基本处于同一等级,不同HGMU的生态功能差异明显;(3)盐城海滨湿地不同HGMU单元生态功能由大到小排序为:淡水双向-冲积区(河口)、海水天双向-泥粉砂带、海水月双向-泥滩带、海水年双向-草滩带、淡水单向-冲积区、淡水单向-海积区和淡水单向-冲积海积区。其中,河口湿地、淤泥质滩涂和草滩带湿地在维护盐城海滨湿地生态功能中具有重要地位。 相似文献
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以我国重要湿地生态区--松辽流域为对象,对其主要湿地的生态水文结构及生态需水进行分析计算.通过分析湿地水面面积变化与水文连接度的关系确定湿地中心区;通过分析保持生物完整性的生物场最小范围确定适宜活动区.通过典型研究与对水文地区规律分析,建立无资料地区生态水文结构分析计算经验公式.以湿地生态水文结构(中心区、适宜活动区)为边界条件,进行地表地下水转化的水量平衡模型分析,获得湿地生态需水.经过大量分析研究论证,总体而言,松辽流域湿地中心区水深占湿地多年平均水深接近2/3,中心区面积占湿地多年平均水面面积40%左右,这对控制湿地萎缩及湿地安全管理是一个重要指标.通过松辽流域湿地近几年的补水实践分析,发现计算结果基本合理,研究成果可为湿地的规划管理和安全保障提供科学依据. 相似文献
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利用MODIS影像数据集提取了2000-2010年间的洞庭湖水面面积。结合城陵矶水位数据分析了10月-翌年5月洞庭湖水体湿地和洲滩湿地的面积变化。研究结果表明,洞庭湖水体湿地呈现明显减小的趋势。2010年2月、10月、12月较2000年2月、10月、12月相比,分别有29.98%、26.76%和9.02%水体湿地转化为洲滩湿地。城陵矶在24-26 m水位涨落的时序变化较大,使东洞庭湖草滩湿地提前出露。推迟淹没,洲滩湿地裸露时间延长,亦将导致低海拔的草滩湿地向芦苇滩湿地的演变。洞庭湖湿地面积的变化是三口、四水来水减少、降雨减少等多方因素共同作用的结果,而三峡在9-10月间蓄水,将进一步加重湿地洲滩化的趋势 相似文献
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作为地球上最为重要的生态系统类型之一,湿地与森林、海洋并称为地球三大生态系统。但是,近年来湿地生态系统退化速度远大于其他类型生态系统,开展湿地退化的定量评估分析研究对于湿地生态系统的保护和恢复具有重要意义。选择北京城市湿地为研究对象,利用卫星遥感数据分别提取得到1991年和2007年的湿地面积,基于湿地水量平衡理论和湿地水文方程方法,定量评估分析了导致湿地退化的原因和不同驱动因子的贡献率。结果表明:(1)与1991年相比,2007年北京湿地减少约6275.31 hm2,约占1991年北京湿地总面积的24.46%。显著退化区域主要发生在野鸭湖湿地和密云水库湿地,分别减少了约1377.69 hm2和4654.50 hm2。(2)引起湿地退化的自然驱动因子中,以降水减少、入境地表水减少和蒸发量增加为主,驱动湿地退化的贡献率分别为39.22%、14.05%和11.85%。引起湿地退化的人为驱动因子中,以城市扩展为主,驱动湿地退化的贡献率为3.42%,而技术进步所采取的节水措施等有利于湿地保护,贡献率为25.55%。 相似文献
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模型基本单元空间尺度的确定是大尺度生态水文模型应用的前提, 也是提高模型模拟精度的关键。该文以长江流域岷江上游的杂谷脑河上游流域为例, 通过设置最小流域面积阈值, 构建不同的水文响应单元划分方案, 探讨生态水文模型WASSI-C响应单元的最佳空间响应尺度。结果表明: 模型响应单元空间尺度的变化对模型精度有显著影响, 模拟效果存在随响应单元划分面积阈值增加先提高再稳定的趋势, 面积阈值小于85 km2时, 模型的模拟效果较好。此外, 面积阈值小于85 km2时, 模型模拟的水、碳循环变量验证的拟合相关性系数和效率系数均趋于稳定, 因此可以将模型水文响应单元流域划分的面积阈值确定为85 km2。基于这一尺度的模拟与验证研究, 分析了WASSI-C模型中关键变量设置对模拟结果的影响。 相似文献
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The composition and complex interrelationships among the components of a Sahelian wetland community in Nigeria are described. The hydrology of the wetland is perceived to be the major determinant of the ecological integrity of the area. Ongoing ecological changes started by periodic meteorological droughts and sustained by the effects of large-scale hydro-agricultural projects are described along with their impacts on wildlife habitats and other valuable wetland resources. Establishing national wetland policies that recognize present and potential future values of various wetland types is recommended as an important step toward sustainable conservation of wetland resources in countries of the Sahel. 相似文献
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The development of a hydrologic foundation, essential for advancing our understanding of flow‐ecology relationships, was developed using the high‐resolution physics‐based distributed rainfall–runoff model Vflo in a semi‐arid region. We compared the accuracy and bias associated with flow metrics that were generated using Vflo, gauge data, and drainage area ratios at both a daily and monthly time step in the Canadian River basin, USA. First, we calibrated and applied bias correction to the Vflo model to simulate streamflow at ungauged catchment locations. Next, flow metrics were calculated using simulated and observed data from stream gauge locations. We found discharge predictions using Vflo were more accurate than drainage area ratios. General correspondence between predicted discharge and the gauge data was apparent; however, flow metrics calculated using the Vflo output did not accurately represent flow variability. Results from the Vflo model showed systematic discharge over‐predictions in the upper basin and isolated over‐predictions in the lower basin, likely due to hail events and sparse rainfall data across the large catchment. Goodness‐of‐fit statistics (Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency, root‐mean square error, and the coefficient of variation) indicated the drainage area ratio and Vflo were more accurate at a monthly rather than daily time step, even after quantile mapping. This finding limits the number of streamflow metrics available to develop ecological models, but more importantly, the coarser resolution may hinder our understanding of ecological processes that occur at a submonthly time step. Our approach provides a framework for selecting flow metrics that best represent hydrologic patterns across a large semi‐arid catchment with the necessary accuracy to address the ecological questions of interest. 相似文献
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The response of aquatic macroinvertebrate communities to flow permanence within limestone springs and headwater streams was examined across the English Peak District. At the regional scale, macroinvertebrate communities of perennial and intermittent springs displayed significant differences in the number of taxa, macroinvertebrate community abundance, diversity indices (Shannon and Simpson indices) and the Berger–Parker dominance index at intermediate discharge. However, no significant difference was recorded between intermittent and perennial sites at high discharge or when all sampling occasions were pooled. At the catchment scale, the number of taxa, community abundance and Bray–Curtis similarity coefficients within the River Lathkill differed significantly between intermittent springs and other habitats. At both the regional and catchment scale the macroinvertebrate communities of intermittent springs were characterised by a small number of taxa displaying life cycle adaptations to intermittent aquatic habitats, particularly Trichoptera. 相似文献
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The ecological limits of hydrologic alteration (ELOHA): a new framework for developing regional environmental flow standards 总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13
N. LEROY POFF BRIAN D. RICHTER ANGELA H. ARTHINGTON STUART E. BUNN ROBERT J. NAIMAN ELOISE KENDY MIKE ACREMAN COLIN APSE BRIAN P. BLEDSOE MARY C. FREEMAN JAMES HENRIKSEN ROBERT B. JACOBSON JONATHAN G. KENNEN DAVID M. MERRITT JAY H. O'KEEFFE JULIAN D. OLDEN KEVIN ROGERS REBECCA E. THARME ANDREW WARNER 《Freshwater Biology》2010,55(1):147-170
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The Orlando Easterly Wetland (OEW), located near Christmas, Florida, USA, is among the longer-lived treatment wetlands in the United States. It was established in the late 1980s to reduce nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations from tertiary treated wastewater bound for the St. Johns River. A goal of 0.07 mg/l total phosphorus concentration has been set by the regulating agency (St. Johns River Water Management District). In order to understand and define the operating conditions for which this target could be met, a systematic study of historic phosphorus uptake was performed using a traditional first-order model. Phosphorus uptake performance is shown to correlate well with hydraulic performance for two parallel upstream cells. The first-order model is enhanced with predictive capabilities that acknowledge the correlation between the phosphorus uptake rate constant and the hydraulic loading rate observed in the system. Inherent limitations with the first-order modeling approach are addressed and uncertainty in model performance is used to bound predictions. 相似文献
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滨海湿地是海陆交界的生态过渡带,是自然界生物多样性最丰富的生态系统之一。湿地植物作为湿地生态系统重要的组成部分,研究其碳、氮、磷生态化学计量特征是了解植物生长状况与适应策略的有效途径。以江苏盐城滨海湿地为研究区,采集互花米草(Spartina alterifora)、芦苇(Phragmites australis)、白茅(Imperata cylindrica)、柽柳(Tamarix chinensis)、盐地碱蓬(Suaeda salsa)共5种优势湿地植物样本及冠层高光谱数据,对植物的碳、氮、磷生态化学计量特征进行高光谱反演研究。结果表示白茅、柽柳与芦苇的最佳反演模型为随机森林(RF)模型,对互花米草反演效果最好的是偏最小二乘(PLSR)模型,而对盐地碱蓬反演精度最高的是BP神经网络(BPNN)模型。研究表明利用高光谱数据可以实现湿地植物碳、氮、磷生态化学计量特征的准确反演,不同模型对于不同湿地植物的反演存在差异,RF模型的反演稳定性最强,是反演湿地植物生态化学计量特征的较优模型。 相似文献
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Structure and Dynamics of a Benthic Invertebrate Community in an Intertidal Area of the Tagus Estuary, Western Portugal: A Six Year Data Series 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Gilda Silva José Lino Costa Pedro Raposo de Almeida Maria José Costa 《Hydrobiologia》2006,572(1):115-128
A predictive model, incorporating macroinvertebrate and environmental data, similar to that developed for Australian rivers (AUSRIVAS) and British rivers (RIVPACS) was constructed using a dataset collected from 23 reference (least altered) wetlands on the Swan Coastal Plain, Western Australia, sampled in summer and spring, 1989 and spring, 1990. Four main groups of reference wetlands were identified by UPGMA classification (using the Bray–Curtis dissimilarity measure). Distinguishing environmental variables identified by Stepwise Multiple Discriminant Function Analysis were: calcium, colour (gilvin), latitude, longitude, sodium and organic carbon. Observed to expected ratios of taxa with a >50% chance of occurrence (OE50) derived from the model for a suite of 23 test wetlands sampled in spring, 1997, were significantly correlated with pH and the depth of the sampling sites. Greater discrimination between the test wetlands was provided by the OE50 ratios than either raw richness (number of families) or a biotic index (SWAMPS). Results obtained for a subset of 11 test wetlands sampled with both a rapid bioassessment protocol (incorporating field picking of 200 invertebrates collected in 2 min sweeps from selected habitats) and a semi-quantitative protocol (incorporating laboratory picking of all invertebrates collected in sweeps along 10 m transects at randomly allocated sites) were not significantly different, indicating that the former could be used to reduce the time and costs associated with macroinvertebrate-based wetland monitoring programs. In addition to providing an objective method of assessing wetland condition, predictive modelling provides a list of taxa expected to occur under reference conditions, which can be used as a target in wetland restoration programs. The probable impediment to widespread adoption of predictive modelling for wetland bioassessment is the need to produce models tailored to specific geographic regions and specific climatic conditions. This may incur significant costs in countries, such as Australia, which span a wide range of climatic zones. 相似文献
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河流湿地是非常重要的湿地类型,其中河流湿地土壤能够有效维持河流湿地生态系统的稳定性。土壤碳氮磷是支撑湿地土壤质量和植被生长的关键营养元素,利用高光谱遥感数据对其进行估算对实现湿地土壤养分信息的快速和准确检测具有重要意义。土壤粒径作为土壤最重要的属性之一,对土壤样本的光谱反射率有着重要影响,并且是影响土壤结构、阳离子交换能力、植物养分可用性等的重要因素。以陕西黄河湿地省级自然保护区为研究区,于2022年 8-9 月采集477份湿地表层土壤样本,经过室内过筛处理后得到1.0 mm、0.3 mm、0.2 mm、0.1 mm四种不同粒径的土壤样本。基于原始光谱数据及一阶微分转换光谱数据对土壤碳、氮、磷含量建立不同粒径的偏最小二乘回归、随机森林、高斯过程回归3种预测模型,比较建模R2以及RMSR选择最优模型,并筛选敏感波段构建模型进行评价。研究结果显示: (1) 光谱反射率数值随土壤粒径的减小而增大,0.1 mm粒径的预测模型相比于其他粒径始终有着更好的精度; (2) 基于一阶微分光谱建立的土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷含量估算模型均具有更高的精度; (3) 基于敏感波段建立的偏最小二乘回归模型,建模R2范围0.62-0.98,验证R2范围0.36-0.94,相比其他模型具有更优秀更稳定的反演效果。研究结果表明通过控制土壤粒径建立土壤碳、氮、磷含量的估算模型是可行的,选择合适的粒径大小能够提高反演模型估算精度。而偏最小二乘回归作为具有较高精度的反演模型可以帮助提高模型的稳定性和预测能力,从而更准确地估算土壤中的碳、氮、磷含量。研究结果为基于高光谱遥感的不同粒径处理的湿地表层土壤碳、氮、磷定量反演提供坚实的理论支撑与技术支持。 相似文献
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随着2022年《互花米草防治专项行动计划(2022-2025年)》发布,黄河三角洲湿地互花米草清理工作迅速展开。通过对比模拟的自然发展情景下与互花米草大规模清理后的真实情景下黄河三角洲湿地利用及景观格局指数,分析清理工作生态效益及湿地未来潜在风险。基于时序Sentinel-1 SAR影像和随机森林分类器获取了2020-2023年黄河三角洲湿地利用/覆盖变化结果;针对短期湿地模拟预测驱动力因素缺乏定量化设定的问题,构建了一种联合随机森林与CA-Markov模型的湿地模拟预测方法,实现2023年湿地自然发展情景下更精准的模拟预测;最后计算了2023年湿地在模拟和真实情景下的景观格局指数。结果表明:1)2023年互花米草清理工作效果显著,其面积锐减至5.53km2,与2022年相比减少了55.36km2,为芦苇等本土植被释放了生存空间;2)与自然发展情景相比,互花米草“围栏”不复存在,本土植被连通性上升,芦苇分布更加琐碎且面积比自然发展情景下增加了16.37km2,湿地的优势植被类型已逐渐向芦苇转变;3)由于互花米草对新生滩涂的入侵能力强于其它本土植被以及沿岸受海浪冲击等问题,互花米草清除后的黄河三角洲湿地面临互花米草复萌、二次蔓延及海岸线侵蚀的新风险。 相似文献