丹江口库区彭家河旧石器遗址发掘简报

丹江口库区彭家河旧石器遗址位于湖北省丹江口市土台乡彭家河村三组,埋藏于汉水右岸第三级基座阶地的红色黏土层中。2006年11月—2007年1月对该遗址进行抢救性发掘,揭露面积600m2,出土石制品184件,砾石80件。石制品类型包括石器、石核、石片和断块等。石制品总体以大型居多,但也存在少量小型石片和碎屑。古人类选择阶地底部河卵石为原料进行剥片和加工石器;石器以大型为主,手镐和砍砸器是主要类型;古人类多在砾石或石核一端采用锤击法打制石器。石器面貌具有中国南方旧石器主工业的鲜明特点。发掘显示彭家河遗址为原地埋藏,地貌和地层对比显示该遗址形成于中更新世。     

湖北郧县肖沟旧石器时代遗址发掘简报

肖沟遗址位于湖北省郧阳区安阳镇钟家河村,埋藏于丹江口库区汉江左岸第二级堆积阶地,遗址所在地三面环水,北靠低山。2010年10月-12月对该地点进行抢救性发掘,揭露面积近1500 m~2,出土石制品413件。石制品类型包括石器、石核、石片、断块断片和碎块碎片等。古人类利用河流砾石,就地取材加工石制品;硬锤锤击是主要剥片方法;石制品总体以小型居多,石器主要以石片为毛坯,边刮器为主要类型。石制品特点显示石片工业特点。石制品类型以石片类和断块类为主体,石制品拼合率近10%,是一处原地埋藏的古人类遗址。通过与丹江口库区相关旧石器遗址的比较,结合地貌地层特点,推测该遗址形成于旧石器时代晚期。     

百色田东百渡旧石器遗址发掘简报

百渡遗址位于右江南岸,广西田东县附近, 在2002年发掘了700m2, 出土约1500件石制品。石制品类型包括石器、砾石、石锤、石核、石片、断块和碎片; 原料均为砾石, 岩性以砂岩为主; 石核包括单台面、双台面和多台面三种; 打片和加工石器均以锤击法为主, 单面加工; 石器类型有砍砸器、手镐、刮削器。从石制品的特征和组合看, 该遗址既是古人类的石器制造场所, 又是生产、生活的地方。其石制品与百色盆地第4级阶地网纹红土中的石制品有一定的差别, 表现出比较进步的性质。通过地质、地貌和出土遗物的对比分析判断, 遗址的年代可能为中更新世后段。     

丹江口库区双河一号旧石器地点发掘简报

丹江口库区双河一号旧石器地点位于河南省淅川县双河镇,埋藏于丹江左岸第三级阶地棕红色黏土层中。2010年中国科学技术大学科技史与科技考古系受河南省文物局南水北调文物保护办公室委托,对该地点进行了考古发掘,揭露面积400m2,出土石制品225件。石制品类型有石核、石片、石器、断块和裂片等。古人类选择河卵石为原料进行剥片和加工石器,岩性以石英岩为主;硬锤锤击法为剥片的主要技术;石制品总体以中小型居多;石器主要以砾石为毛坯,砍砸器是主要类型;石器多在砾石一端采用锤击法加工而成。石制品特点显示中国南方砾石石器工业的因素,同时石制品组合中出现了片状毛坯加工的尖状器。地貌和地层对比显示该地点形成于中更新世。     

丹江口库区舒家岭旧石器遗址发掘简报

舒家岭旧石器时代遗址位于丹江口库区丹江口市,2012年3~7月间,湖南省文物考古研究所对该遗址进行了抢救性考古发掘,揭露面积2784m2,出土石制品1954件;另采集石制品51件。古人类就地取材,选择河卵石为原料,石制品以大、中型为主。石制品类型包括石器、石核、石片、石锤、断块和备料。石器多以砾石为毛坯,由锤击法加工而成,制作相对粗糙、简单;大部分为正向加工;类型主要为砍砸器、刮削器和手镐。该遗址表现出中国南方旧石器时代主工业的鲜明特点,为研究晚更新世古人类在汉水流域的适应生存、开发过程提供了重要的资料。     

丹江口库区宋湾旧石器地点发掘简报

丹江口库区宋湾旧石器地点位于河南省淅川县盛湾镇宋湾村三组, 埋藏于丹江右岸第三级基座阶地的红色黏土层中。2009年3～4月对该地点进行抢救性发掘, 揭露面积800㎡, 出土石制品353件。石制品包括石器、石核、石片类和断块等。古人类选择阶地底部河卵石为原料进行剥片和加工石器; 硬锤锤击法为剥片的主要技术; 石制品总体以小型和中型居多; 石器主要以石片为毛坯, 刮削器是主要类型; 石器多由古人类在石片的两侧采用锤击法加工而成。石制品特点显示中国南方砾石工业的面貌, 同时石制品组合中出现了小型刮削器和石片等北方石片工业的元素。地貌和地层对比显示该地点形成于中更新世。     

高家镇旧石器遗址1998年出土的石制品

高家镇遗址是三峡地区一处重要的旧石器时代遗址。遗址埋藏于长江右岸第Ⅲ级基座阶地内。1995年和1998年经过两次发掘,揭露面积456m2,出土石制品2500余件,其中1998年在B区发掘出土石制品719件。石制品类型包括石器、石核、石片和断块等。古人类选取河卵石为原料运用锤击法剥片和加工石器;石器以大型为主,毛坯多为石核和完整石片,砍砸器是石器的主要类型;石器加工较简单,多数单向加工。石器工业具有中国南方旧石器时代主工业鲜明特点。地貌和地层对比,显示该遗址可能与冉家路口遗址同时,处于中更新世晚期。     

2020年江西高安上湖旧石器遗址发掘报告

上湖遗址埋藏于锦江右岸第3级阶地顶部的红色黏土堆积中。2020年对上湖遗址B区进行了发掘,发现石制品3030件。石制品类型包括石核、石片、石器、断块、碎屑和未经加工的砾石;原料主要来自附近河滩的砾石,岩性以脉石英为主;石核剥片以锤击法为主,辅以砸击法,缺乏预制程序,盘状石核占有一定比例;石器类型多样,以刮削器为主,另有少量凹缺器、锯齿刃器、尖状器和钻等;石器毛坯以断块和石片为主,修理程度有限。从尺寸来看,上湖遗址石制品组合表现出明显的小型化特征。初步光释光测年结果显示,古人类在该遗址频繁活动的时间始于距今约2.6万年前,处于深海氧同位素2阶段（MIS 2阶段）的早期。上湖遗址的发掘,为认识中国南方地区小型石片石器工业的出现和发展等问题提供了重要材料。     

井水湾旧石器遗址初步研究

井水湾遗址是三峡地区一处重要的旧石器时代遗址。遗址埋藏于长江右岸的第Ⅱ级基座阶地内,在1998—2002年间经历了5次系统发掘,揭露面积2121m2,出土石制品910件,动物化石58件。古人类因地制宜地选取河卵石为原料进行剥片和加工石器;石制品类型包括石器、石核、石片、石锤和断块等;剥片技术为锤击法;石器以大型和中型为主,石器毛坯多为完整石片,砍砸器和刮削器是石器的主要类型;石器加工较简单,多数单向加工,且以正向为主。石器工业具有中国南方旧石器时代主工业鲜明特点。环境分析显示古人类生活在温暖湿润的针叶、阔叶混交林-草原环境条件下。光释光年代测定表明,井水湾遗址使用者生活在距今约8万年前,属旧石器时代中期。     

三峡地区枣子坪旧石器遗址

枣子坪旧石器遗址埋藏于三峡地区长江右岸的第Ⅱ级基座阶地内。2000和2002年经历了两次抢救性发掘,揭露面积1000m2,出土石制品101件。石制品类型包括石器、石核、石片、石锤和断块等。古人类选取河卵石为原料进行剥片和加工石器;石器以中型为主,毛坯多为完整石片,刮削器是石器的主要类型;石器加工较简单,多数单向加工,且以正向为主。石器工业具有中国南方旧石器时代主工业鲜明特点,同时蕴含了向长宽等比小型化发展的趋势。地貌和地层对比显示,该遗址可能与井水湾遗址同时,属旧石器时代中期。     

Ectogenesis and the case against the right to the death of the foetus

Ectogenesis, or the use of an artificial womb to allow a foetus to develop, will likely become a reality within a few decades, and could significantly affect the abortion debate. We first examine the implications for Judith Jarvis Thomson’s violinist analogy, which argues for a woman’s right to withdraw life support from the foetus and so terminate her pregnancy, even if the foetus is granted full moral status. We show that on Thomson’s reasoning, there is no right to the death of the foetus, and abortion is not permissible if ectogenesis is available, provided it is safe and inexpensive. This raises the question of whether there are persuasive reasons for the right to the death of the foetus that could be exercised in the context of ectogenesis. Eric Mathison and Jeremy Davis have examined several arguments for this right, doubting that it exists, while Joona Räsänen has recently criticized their reasoning. We respond to Räsänen’s analysis, concluding that his arguments are unsuccessful, and that there is no right to the death of the foetus in these circumstances.     

On the diversity of the Cladocera in the tropics

The mythical concept of an impoverished tropical cladoceran fauna is refuted. On a planetary scale, around half of the cladoceran species presently known occur exclusively in the tropics-subtropics, often with considerable restriction to particular geographical subzones. On a regional (political) scale, the situation is often unclear because of the continued fragmentary nature of studies, and because political units are not a good basis for biogeographical comparisons. At the finest level of resolution (lake-perlake comparisons), there appears to be an upper limit of c. 50 cladoceran species per individual lake. No significant difference between lakes in the temperate zone and in the tropics could be established here. Daphnia is largely absent from the tropics, but is replaced by more Sidids, Moinids, and Bosminids, such that the average cladoceran community in the limnetic zone of a tropical lake is not characterized by less species but rather by lower population densities. This, in turn, is considered a consequence of higher prevalent predation levels in the tropics.     

Tubular networks in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human,the monkey,the cat and the dog

Summary A tubular network was found in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human, the monkey (Macaca mulatta), the cat and the dog. These tubules are arranged in close groups in the vicinity of the synaptic lamellae and the invaginated dendrites. According to the form, diameter, density of the tubules and to the consistence of the network formed by them one can distinguish at these places an initial type (type I), a transitory (type II) and a vesicular one (type III). In the the type III branching, bizarre forms are frequent. The diameter of all the tubules reaches 500–600 Å, their density and walls being the same as in the synaptic vesicles.Similar networks also occur in the axons of the visual receptor cells of the monkey.

---

Zusammenfassung In den Endigungen der Photorezeptorzellen von Mensch, Affe (Macaca mulatta), Katze und Hund kommen aus Tubuli bestehende Komplexe vor. Organellenartig in geschlossenen Gruppen angeordnet, liegen sie in Nähe der synaptischen Lamellen und der invaginierten Dendriten. An diesen Stellen kann man nach Form, Durchmesser, Dichte und Konsistenz der von den Tubuli gebildeten Komplexe drei Typen unterscheiden: 1. einen initialen (Typus I), 2. einen Übergangstypus (Typus II) und 3. einen vesiculären Typus (Typus III). In letzterem kommen häufig verzweigte, bizarre Formen vor. Der Durchmesser sämtlicher Tubuli erreicht 500–600 Å. Ihre Dichte und ihre Wand gleicht denen der synaptischen Vesikel.Ähnliche Komplexe fanden wir auch in den Axonen der Photorezeptorzellen vom Affen.

     

Assessing the Physiological State of the Fucoids from the Barents Sea Littoral by the End of the Polar Night

Methods of amperometry and potentiometric titration were used to follow dark respiration (DR) and apparent photosynthesis (AP) in the fucoids Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jol, Fucus vesiculosus L., and F. serratus L. from the Barents Sea littoral by the end of the 40-day-long polar night. The macroalgae were shown to manifest species-specific low rates of photosynthesis and respiration. However, in spite of their low photosynthetic status due to the effects of subzero temperature and prolonged low or zero illumination, the macroalgae have been able to restore DR and AP to the initial level already by the day 9; the ability to restore AP depended on the level of illumination. The study of the changes in the carbonate–bicarbonate system in the light and darkness demonstrated that the macroalgae grown in darkness, in contrast to those grown in twilight, could absorb bicarbonate in darkness; however, they lost this capacity after two-day-long illumination at an irradiance of 7 mol/(m² s). Bicarbonate uptake in darkness and the capacity to restore the systems of photosynthesis and respiration in fucoid cells are discussed in the context of algal energy metabolism under the polar night conditions.     

Arranging the elements of the potassium channel: the T1 domain occludes the cytoplasmic face of the channel

The voltage-gated potassium channel is currently one of the few membrane proteins where functional roles have been mapped onto specific segments of sequence. Although high-resolution structures of the transmembrane portions of three bacterial potassium channels, the tetramerization domain and the cytoplasmic ball are available, their relative spatial arrangement in mammalian channels remains a matter of ongoing debate. Cryo-electron microscopic images of the six transmembrane voltage-gated Kv channel have been reconstructed at up to 18 Å resolution, revealing that the T1 domain tetramerizes and is suspended below the transmembrane segments. However, the resolution of these images is insufficient to reveal the location of the third piece of the puzzle, the inactivating ball domain. We have used the aberrant interactions observed in a series of chimæric channels to establish that an assembled T1 domain restricts access to the cytoplasmic face of the channel, suggesting that the N-terminal ball and chain may be confined in the space between the T1 domain and the transmembrane portion of the channel.     

Observations on the permeability of the choriocapillaris of the eye

Summary The choriocapillaris is a fenestrated capillary bed located posterior to the retinal pigment epithelium. It serves as the main source of supply to the photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, and other cells of the outer retina. The permeability of these capillaries to intravenously injected ferritin (MW — approx. 480,000; mol. diam. 11 nm) was examined in the mouse, rabbit, and guinea pig, each of which is characterized by a different type of retinal vascularization. In all three species, the bulk of the ferritin remained in the capillary lumina, where it appeared to be blocked at the level of the diaphragmed fenestrae. Some ferritin was present in endothelial cell vacuoles. The results confirm previous work on the rat choriocapillaris and indicate that the barrier function of the choriocapillary endothelium is present even among species in which the retinal circulation differs significantly.Supported by NIH grant EY03418     

Separation of the pineal vesicle from the wall of the third ventricle during the post-hatching development of the chicken

Summary According to light- and electron-microscopic observations the pineal organ of the 3-day-old chicken consists of a prominent end vesicle and a tapering parenchymal stalk. During this stage the pineal lumen is in open communication with the third ventricle. However, in the 40-day-old chicken, which still possesses a well-developed end vesicle, the proximal portion of the pineal stalk displays regressive changes leading to local fragmentation. At this stage the pineal stalk is reduced, and the pineal lumen is missing. In 1-year-old chickens the parenchyma of the proximal portion of the stalk is further diminished, and in 3-year-old domestic fowl is completely displaced by bundles of collagenous fibers, only some nerve fibers being present. This post-hatching pineal development may reflect the sequence of changes leading from pineal sense organs to pineal glands.This work was supported by a grant-in-aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Japan