尼罗红染色法筛选产油酵母及定量检测胞内油脂含量的研究

【目的】建立产油酵母筛选以及胞内油脂含量测定的简便方法。【方法】利用尼罗红与胞内油脂成分结合后在紫外光照射下发出荧光且荧光强弱与油脂含量相关的原理。通过在添加尼罗红的培养基中培养酵母,并观察菌落荧光的方法对385株深海酵母进行产油脂菌株筛选,利用26S rDNA D1/D2区序列分析方法对筛选获得的产油酵母菌株进行鉴定,并以其中的一株高产油脂酵母(2A00015)为试验菌株,建立了一套尼罗红染色快速测定油脂含量的方法。【结果】获得22株产油酵母,其中油脂含量最高可达62.9%,经分子鉴定后显示这22株酵母分别属于(Candida viswanathii)、近平滑假丝酵母(Candidaparapsilosis)、粘质红酵母(Rhodotorula mucilaginosa)、汉逊德巴利酵母(Debaryomyceshansenii)、季也蒙毕赤酵母(Pichia guilliermondii)以及Rhodosporidium paludigenum酵母。尼罗红染色快速测定油脂含量方法的最佳检测条件为:菌悬液OD600小于1.2,尼罗红浓度0.5 mg/L,染色时间5 min,激发波长488 nm,发射波长570 nm。该测定方法得到相对荧光强度与称重法得到油脂含量呈正相关性,R2=0.9637。     

尼罗红荧光优化法快速检测微拟球藻细胞内油脂含量

【目的】利用尼罗红荧光染色法快速检测微拟球藻细胞内的油脂含量。【方法】系统性地调整激发波长与发射波长,确定最佳二甲基亚砜(DMSO)浓度、尼罗红终浓度、染色时间和细胞密度的范围,比较重量法和Triolein标准品的油脂含量分别与荧光强度之间的关系。【结果】分析得出了尼罗红荧光强度与微拟球藻细胞油脂含量的关系,确定优化后染色条件为:二甲基亚砜浓度为5%,尼罗红终浓度为1 mg/L,染色时间为6 min,且细胞密度为(0.5-3.0)×10~6 cells/m L的范围内,激发波长和发射波长分别为515 nm和570 nm。重量法和Triolein标准品的油脂含量分别与尼罗红染色荧光强度之间的关联性,表明尼罗红荧光染色方法可以用来快速准确地检测细胞内的油脂含量,且油脂含量与荧光强度之间正相关,相关系数R~2为0.997 3。尼罗红染色优化后油脂的检测下限达到2μg,大大减少了测定油脂含量所需细胞量。【结论】针对不同种属系统性地确认了荧光激发波长和发射波长,并优化验证得到了最佳尼罗红荧光染色条件,可以快速准确地检测微量微拟球藻细胞内的油脂含量,便于大规模筛选高产油突变藻株。     

荧光法快速检测活菌数的方法研究及应用

【背景】Calcein UltraGreen~(TM)AM是一种新型荧光染料,用于标记和监测活细胞。【目的】基于该荧光染料的荧光特性及其在活细胞内的稳定特性,建立一种荧光定量快速检测活细菌总数的方法,并在实际样品中应用校正。【方法】通过应用荧光染料对细菌进行染色,再进行荧光强度检测,同时以平板计数法作平行对照,建立荧光强度值-活菌数标准曲线。【结果】确定了染色细菌的最佳pH值为8.0。该检测方法仅需固定染色温度,染色时间在20-30min范围即可快速检测。建立了革兰氏阴性菌铜绿假单胞菌NY3、大肠杆菌和革兰氏阳性菌芽孢杆菌、红平红球菌FF、金黄色葡萄球菌和枯草芽孢杆菌的细菌总数与相对荧光强度值标准曲线。当菌悬液OD600值在0.01-0.30范围内时,上述6种细菌与荧光信号强度呈良好的线性关系(R20.99)。【结论】当样品菌悬液浓度范围控制在105-109CFU/mL时,建立的荧光检测方法快速便捷,精密度、重复性、稳定性、回收率和准确度均较好,可应用于微生物实验、固体菌剂发酵、食品卫生与安全、环境检测等领域的活细菌总数现场快速检测。     

高效液相色谱-荧光检测法定量检测癌细胞内原卟啉Ⅸ实验研究

为建立定量测定癌细胞内原卟啉Ⅸ含量的高效液相色谱-荧光检测法,采用BDSC18色谱柱;流动相:甲醇、乙腈、乙醇,pH=7.0;激发波长:410nm;发射波长:630nm,细胞密度1×106/mL的癌细胞悬液1mL冻融,离心,取0.3mL加流动相处理,20μL进样,样品在5min检测完毕.原卟啉IX在0.1～2.7μg/L浓度范围内线性良好,最低检出浓度为0.027μg/L.该法测定癌细胞内原卟啉Ⅸ含量方法简单、取样少、灵敏度高、结果准确可靠.     

胞内氧化还原水平对嗜热厌氧乙醇菌 发酵代谢的影响

辅酶NADH/NAD+在细胞内氧化还原反应中起着重要的作用,是细胞生长和能量代谢必不可少的辅因子。调节微生物胞内NADH/NAD+的比率是定向改变微生物代谢,高效获得目标代谢产物的有效手段。嗜热厌氧乙醇菌(Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus)是高温厌氧菌中乙醇产量较高的代表性菌株,本文利用不同氧化还原态的碳源改变T.ethanolicus的胞内NADH/NAD+含量和比例,进而研究了其对细胞生长、代谢产物分布的影响。以不同比例的葡萄糖/甘露醇作为混合碳源发酵,胞内氧化还原水平、细胞的生长特性、代谢产物都发生了不同程度的差异,以葡萄糖作为唯一碳源进行培养时,T.ethanolicus生长良好,乙醇产量为0.79g/L,但胞内NADH/NAD+比值和乙醇/乙酸的比值都比较低,分别为0.47和4.82;随着葡萄糖在混合碳源中比例的下降,NADH/NAD+比值增高,发酵产物中乙醇/乙酸比值也呈现上升的趋势。而以甘露醇作为唯一碳源时,发酵产物中乙醇浓度为0.389g/L,NADH/NAD+比值和乙醇/乙酸的比值分别为1.04和16.0。     

尼罗红荧光法快速检测培养过程中湛江等鞭金藻的中性脂

研究一种快速准确测定微藻中中性脂的方法。湛江等鞭金藻是一种中性脂含量高且具有开发潜力的能源微藻。以湛江等鞭金藻为实验对象,首先优化尼罗红染色的条件。当二甲基亚砜体积分数为2.0%、尼罗红质量浓度为1.00μg/m L、细胞密度为1.0×106个/m L、激发波长为480 nm、检测波长为580 nm时,优化的染色时间为10min。其次测定了背景荧光对检测的影响。结果表明,在不同细胞状态下,背景荧光强度大约是微藻内荧光强度的20%左右,可以忽略。最后比较了尼罗红荧光法和重量法。结果表明,荧光强度与中性脂含量的相关系数R2=0.946 8,虽然两者相关性并不十分高,但作为一种快速测定微藻中中性脂的方法,尼罗红荧光法依然是研究微藻培养过程中中性脂含量变化的有效方法。     

环介导等温扩增技术检测化妆品中铜绿假单胞菌的研究

本文建立了环介导等温扩增技术(Loop-mediated isothermal amplification,LAMP)快速检测化妆品中铜绿假单胞菌的方法。采用铜绿假单胞菌外膜蛋白oprI基因保守序列引物,评价检测铜绿假单胞菌灵敏度和特异性,并与普通PCR相比,检测人工污染样品中的铜绿假单胞菌。结果显示,LAMP检测铜绿假单胞菌的灵敏度为62. 5 pg/μL,而且特异性高,人工污染样品中的检出限为102cfu/m L,比PCR检测灵敏度高10倍。该方法具有灵敏度高、特异性好、操作简便、耗时短,可用于化妆品中铜绿假单胞菌的快速检测。     

基于聚合酶螺旋反应技术快速检测铜绿假单胞菌

【背景】铜绿假单胞菌是一种重要的水源和食源性致病菌,可引起急性肠道炎、脑膜炎、败血症和皮肤炎症等疾病。加强铜绿假单胞菌的快速检测,对保障食品安全具有重要的意义。【目的】建立聚合酶螺旋反应(Polymerasespiralreaction,PSR)方法快速检测铜绿假单胞菌。【方法】针对铜绿假单胞菌外毒素A调控基因——ETA基因(toxA)设计引物,通过引入加速引物、优化反应条件和筛选颜色指示剂,建立快速检测铜绿假单胞菌的PSR方法,并研究方法的特异性、敏感性和可靠性。【结果】建立的方法在等温65°C条件下,40 min内可完成PSR反应,且可通过钙黄绿素和羟基萘酚蓝直接判读结果。方法特异性强、灵敏度高,最低检出限分别为20 CFU/mL细菌和1.011 5 pg/μL基因组DNA。可视化PSR方法检测包装饮用水来源的分离菌株与传统生化方法检测结果一致。【结论】研究建立的可视化PSR方法为铜绿假单胞菌DNA快速检测提供了一种可行的有效手段。     

发光细菌JMU07的分离鉴定及其在生物毒性测定的初步研究

从乌贼表皮通过分离纯化得到一株发光细菌JMU07。该菌的菌落形态呈典型细菌菌落特征;显微镜下观察其为球杆状菌,革兰氏染色阴性。用荧光分光光度计测定其发光波长在420-650 nm之间,最大发光波长为477 nm。16S rDNA法测序,构建系统进化树,初步鉴定发光细菌JMU07为鳆发光杆菌(Photobacterium leiog-nathi)。生长发光曲线测定表明,发光细菌JMU07发光强度最高出现在对数中后期,相比明亮发光杆菌,JMU07具有发光强度高,持续发光时间长的特点。根据国标GB/T15441-1995研究HgCl2浓度与发光细菌JMU07发光强度抑制率的关系得到:HgCl2浓度与发光细菌JMU07发光强度抑制呈良好线性关系;JMU07 EC50为0.11 mg/L,略低于明亮发光杆菌的0.14 mg/L,表明JMU07对HgCl2的毒性更敏感。因此新分离得到的发光细菌JMU07有希望用于环境检测、食品卫生与安全等领域综合毒性的快速检测。     

大鼠结肠平滑肌细胞的钙库操纵性通道

目的:探讨大鼠结肠平滑肌细胞是否存在钙库操纵性通道(SOC)。方法:荧光探针Fura-2/AM标记细胞内游离Ca2+后,用荧光分光光度计检测毒胡萝卜素(thapsigargin)和咖啡因(caffeine)耗竭胞内钙库后激活的SOC通道对酶解分离的大鼠结肠平滑肌细胞[Ca2+]i的影响。结果:在无Ca2+缓冲液中,thapsigargin(1μmol/L)以及caf-feine(10 mmol/L)分别使[Ca2+]i由静息时(68.32±3.43)nmol/L升高至(240.85±12.65)nmol/L(、481.25±34.77)nmol/L,继之,向细胞外液中引入两种浓度的Ca2+(1.5 mmol/L和3.0 mmol/L),导致[Ca2+]i进一步升高,分别为(457.55±19.80)nmol/L、(1005.93±54.62)nmol/L;(643.88±34.65)nmol/L、(920.16±43.25)nmol/L。且上述升高效应对维拉帕米(verapamil,5μmol/L)以及KCl引起的细胞膜去极化不敏感,但可被La3+(1 mmol/L)抑制。结论:在酶解分离的大鼠结肠平滑肌细胞上,存在胞内钙库耗竭激活的SOC通道,为支持在电兴奋性细胞上存在库容性Ca2+内流提供了实验和理论依据。     

Study on the effect of thiamine on the metabolism of yeast by intrinsic fluorescence.

Thiamine in living human bodies exists mainly as diphosphate, which works as a co-enzyme of the sugar metabolism system (active vitamin B1). Thiamine deficiency brings many clinically significant problems, such as dysphoria, quadriplegia and dyspepsia. Intrinsic fluorescence has an advantage over the extrinsic fluorescence of an unperturbed environment during investigation, especially in complex systems such as biological cells and tissues. Cellular fluorescence provides a sensitive index of the functional state of a living cell (1). Different amounts of thiamine were added to culture medium and the fluorescence of tryptophan and NADH from yeast was determined. When the thiamine concentration was greater than 0-0.16 microg/mL, the intensity of tryptophan fluorescence increased linearly, whereas the NADH fluorescence decreased. When the thiamine concentration was above 0.24 microg/mL, the fluorescence of tryptophan and NADH was almost unchanged. We concluded that low thiamine concentration in culture medium had a large effect on the growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and possible reasons are discussed.     

Conformational dependence of intracellular NADH on metabolic state revealed by associated fluorescence anisotropy

Global analysis of fluorescence and associated anisotropy decays of intrinsic tissue fluorescence offers a sensitive and non-invasive probe of the metabolically critical free/enzyme-bound states of intracellular NADH in neural tissue. Using this technique, we demonstrate that the response of NADH to the metabolic transition from normoxia to hypoxia is more complex than a simple increase in NADH concentration. The concentration of free NADH, and that of an enzyme bound form with a relatively low lifetime, increases preferentially over that of other enzyme bound NADH species. Concomitantly, the intracellular viscosity is reduced, likely due to the osmotic swelling of mitochondria. These conformation and environmental changes effectively decrease the tissue fluorescence average lifetime, causing the usual total fluorescence increase measurements to significantly underestimate the calculated concentration increase. This new discrimination of changes in NADH concentration, conformation, and environment provides the foundation for quantitative functional imaging of neural energy metabolism.     

A versatile colony assay based on NADH fluorescence

Direct visualization of the activity of enzymes expressed by bacterial colonies attached to a solid support, often referred to as “filter assay”, is a powerful strategy for the identification of new or improved biocatalysts. In this work we demonstrate the usefulness of NAD⁺/NADH coupled enzymatic reactions as visualization tool in such experimental setups. Dehydrogenases, capable of oxidizing or reducing the reaction product released from the bacterial colony were supplemented to the screening solution, together with the screening substrate and a sufficient amount of NAD⁺ or NADH, respectively. We also examined the screening of directly NAD⁺/NADH coupled reactions. The release or consumption of NADH in the area of colonies was monitored on behalf of its fluorescence at 450 nm. Excitation was achieved by standard “black-light” UV tubes (340–360 nm). The visible fluorescence signal was recorded using a CCD-camera. We got excellent results for the screening of threonine aldolases and esterases and were able to show the principle utility for amidase, nitrilase, nitrile hydratase, hydroxynitrile lyase and benzaldehyde dehydrogenase active colonies.     

SiO2/SnO2/Sb2O5 microporous ceramic material for immobilization of Meldola's blue: application as an electrochemical sensor for NADH

The mixed oxide SiO(2)/SnO(2), containing 25 wt% of SnO(2), determined by X-ray fluorescence, was prepared by the sol-gel method and the porous matrix obtained was then grafted with Sb (V), resulting the solid designated as (SiSnSb). XPS indicated 0.7% of Sb atoms on the surface. Sb grafted on the surface contains Br?nsted acid centers (SbOH groups) that can immobilize Meldola's blue (MB(+)) cationic dye onto the surface by an ion exchange reaction, resulting the solid designated as (SiSnSb/MB). In the present case a surface concentration of MB(+)=2.5×10(-11) mol cm(2) on the surface was obtained. A homogeneous mixture of the SiSnSb/MB with ultra pure graphite (99.99%) was pressed in disk format and used to fabricate a working electrode that displayed an excellent specific electrocatalytic response to NADH oxidation, with a formal potential of -0.05 V at pH 7.3. The electrochemical properties of the resulting electrode were investigated thoroughly with cyclic voltammetric and chronoamperometry techniques. The proposed sensor showed a good linear response range for NADH concentrations between 8×10(-5) and 9.0×10(-4) mol L(-1), with a detection limit of 1.5×10(-7) mol L(-1). The presence of dopamine and ascorbic acid did not show any interference in the detection of NADH on this modified electrode surface.     

过量表达NADH氧化酶加速光滑球拟酵母合成丙酮酸

[目的]进一步提高光滑球拟酵母(Torulopsis glabrata)发酵生产丙酮酸的生产强度.[方法]将来源于乳酸乳球菌(Lactococcus lactis)中编码形成水的NADH氧化酶noxE基因过量表达于丙酮酸工业生产菌株T. glabrata CCTCC M202019中,获得了一株NADH氧化酶活性为34.8 U/mg蛋白的重组菌T. glabrata-PDnoxE.[结果]与出发菌株T. glabrata CCTCC M202019相比,细胞浓度、葡萄糖消耗速率和丙酮酸生产强度分别提高了168%、44.9%和12%,发酵进行到36 h葡萄糖消耗完毕.补加50 g/L葡萄糖继续发酵20 h,则使丙酮酸浓度提高到67.2 g/L.葡萄糖消耗速度和丙酮酸生产强度增加的原因在于形成水的NADH氧化酶过量表达,导致NADH和ATP含量分别降低了18.1%和15.8%.而NAD<' 增加了11.1%.[结论]增加细胞内NAD<' 含量能有效地提高酵母细胞葡萄糖的代谢速度及目标代谢产物的生产强度.     

Effects of continuous-wave, pulsed, and sinusoidal-amplitude-modulated microwaves on brain energy metabolism

A comparison of the effects of continuous-wave, sinusoidal-amplitude-modulated, and pulsed square-wave-modulated 591-MHz microwave exposures on brain energy metabolism was made in male Sprague-Dawley rats (175-225 g). Brain NADH fluorescence, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentration, and creatine phosphate (CP) concentration were determined as a function of modulation frequency. Brain temperatures of animals were maintained between -0.1 and -0.4 degrees C from the preexposure temperature when subjected to as much as 20 mW/cm2 (average power) CW, pulsed, or sinusoidal-amplitude modulated 591-MHz radiation for 5 min. Sinusoidal-amplitude-modulated exposures at 16-24 Hz showed a trend toward preferential modulation frequency response in inducing an increase in brain NADH fluorescence. The pulse-modulated and sinusoidal-amplitude-modulated (16 Hz) microwaves were not significantly different from CW exposures in inducing increased brain NADH fluorescence and decreased ATP and CP concentrations. When the pulse-modulation frequency was decreased from 500 to 250 pulses per second the average incident power density threshold for inducing an increase in brain NADH fluorescence increased by a factor of 4--ie, from about 0.45 to about 1.85 mW/cm2. Since brain temperature did not increase, the microwave-induced increase in brain NADH and decrease in ATP and CP concentrations was not due to hyperthermia. This suggests a direct interaction mechanism and is consistent with the hypothesis of microwave inhibition of mitochondrial electron transport chain function of ATP production.     

NADH fluorescence lifetime analysis of the effect of magnesium ions on ALDH2

Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) catalyzes oxidation of toxic aldehydes to carboxylic acids. Physiologic levels of Mg(2+) ions influence ALDH2 activity in part by increasing NADH binding affinity. Traditional fluorescence measurements monitor the blue shift of the NADH fluorescence spectrum to study ALDH2-NADH interactions. By using time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy, we have resolved the fluorescent lifetimes (τ) of free NADH (τ=0.4 ns) and bound NADH (τ=6.0 ns). We used this technique to investigate the effects of Mg(2+) on the ALDH2-NADH binding characteristics and enzyme catalysis. From the resolved free and bound NADH fluorescence signatures, the K(D) for NADH with ALDH2 ranged from 468 μM to 12 μM for Mg(2+) ion concentrations of 20 to 6000 μM, respectively. The rate constant for dissociation of the enzyme-NADH complex ranged from 0.4s(-1) (6000 μM Mg(2+)) to 8.3s(-1) (0 μM Mg(2+)) as determined by addition of excess NAD(+) to prevent re-association of NADH and resolving the real-time NADH fluorescence signal. The apparent NADH association/re-association rate constants were approximately 0.04 μM(-1)s(-1) over the entire Mg(2+) ion concentration range and demonstrate that Mg(2+) ions slow the release of NADH from the enzyme rather than promoting its re-association. We applied NADH fluorescence lifetime analysis to the study of NADH binding during enzyme catalysis. Our fluorescence lifetime analysis confirmed complex behavior of the enzyme activity as a function of Mg(2+) concentration. Importantly, we observed no pre-steady state burst of NADH formation. Furthermore, we observed distinct fluorescence signatures from multiple ALDH2-NADH complexes corresponding to free NADH, enzyme-bound NADH, and, potentially, an abortive NADH-enzyme-propanal complex (τ=11.2 ns).     

Bioluminescent flow sensors: L-lactate dehydrogenase activity determination in serum

The catalytic activity of serum L -lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), was determined by monitoring the NADH produced by LDH with bacterial bioluminescent enzymes immobilized on a nylon coil. The LDH reaction of L -lactate with NAD took place in a flow-through mixing coil that preceded the bioluminescent detector coil. The response was linear from 1 to 5000 U/l at 37°C and from 3 to 2000 U/l at 25°C. The intra- and inter-assay reproducibility (CV%) were less than 10% and recovery range was 92% to 110%. The results agreed well with those obtained with a spectrophotometric method.     

The binding of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide to citrate synthase of Escherichia coli K12.

Citrate synthase from Escherichia coli enhances the fluorescence of its allosteric inhibitor, NADH, and shifts the peak of emission of the coenzyme from 457 to 428 nm. These effects have been used to measure the binding of NADH to this enzyme under various conditions. The dissociation constant for the NADH-citrate synthase complex is about 0.28 muM at pH 6.2, but increases toward alkaline pH as if binding depends on protonation of a group with a pKa of about 7.05. Over the pH range 6.2-8.7, the number of binding sites decreases from about 0.65 to about 0.25 per citrate synthase subunit. The midpoint of this transition is at about pH 7.7, and it may be one reflection of the partial depolymerization of the enzyme which is known to occur in this pH range. A gel filtration method has been used to verify that the fluorescence enhancement technique accurately reveals all of the NADH molecules bound to the enzyme in the concentration range of interest. NAD+ and NADP+ were weak competitive inhibitors of NADH binding at pH 7.8 (Ki values greater than 1 mM), but stronger inhibition was shown by 5'-AMP and 3'-AMP, with Ki values of 83 +/- 5 and 65 +/- 4 muM, respectively. Acetyl-CoA, one of the substrates, and KCl, an activator, also inhibit the binding in a weakly cooperative manner. All of these effects are consistent with kinetic observations on this system. We interpret our results in terms of two types of binding site for nucleotides on citrate synthase: an active site which binds acetyl-CoA, the substrate, or its analogue 3'-AMP; and an allosteric site which binds NADH or its analogue 5'-AMP and has a lesser affinity for other nicotinamide adenine dinucloetides. When the active site is occupied, we propose that NADH cannot bind to the allosteric site, but 5'-AMP can; conversely, when NADH is the in the allosteric site, the active site cannot be occupied. In addition to these two classes of sites, there must be points for interaction with KCl and other salts. Oxaloacetate, the second substrate, and alpha-ketoglutarate, an inhibitor whose mode of action is believed to be allosteric, have no effect on NADH binding to citrate synthase at pH 7.8. When NADH is bound to citrate synthase, it quenches the intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence of the enzyme. The amount of quenching is proportional to the amount of NADH bound, at least up to a binding ratio of 0.50 NADH per enzyme subunit. This amount of binding leads to the quenching of 53 +/- 5% of the enzyme fluorescence, which means that one NADH molecule can quench all the intrinsic fluorescence of the subunit to which it binds.     

Measurement and regulation of the culture reduction state in Clostridium acetobutylicum

With a constant glucose feed concentration, the change in the continuous culture dillution rate resulted in an altered fermentation profile and the cellular NADH content. The cultures growing at high dillution rates demonstrated an oxidative metabolism low NADH and butanol concentrations. The low specific NADH flourescence (F/X) at high butanol production rates suggested that a rapid regeneration of NADH to NAD is essential for a high solventogenic culture activity. The culture florescence and butanol concentration remained constant in the solventogenic dilution rate range of D = 0.05-0.2 h(-1) with an inverse relationship between the specific flourescence (F/X) and the specific butanol production rate, q(B). Flourometric NADH observations were confirmed by enzymatic NADH determination. The stiochiometric "Fermentation Equation" was used to check the experimental data consistency and to investigate the role of the available biosynthetic and reduction energy on the culture metabolic activities under different growth conditions. The butanol concentration in the broth was stabilized in a fed-batch process when the culture NADH fluorescence was being controlled through the addition of fresh medium.