琅琊山虫生真菌物种多样性和季节变化

在皖东琅琊山自然保护区设置的20个样方中共采集672份虫生真菌标本,分属于4科8属20种.优势种依次为球孢白僵菌、粉拟青霉、环链拟青霉、布氏白僵菌和玫烟色拟青霉,其中球孢白僵菌占绝对优势,相对多度高达73.8%.选用物种多度、Shannon-Wiener指数H′和Pielou均匀度E对琅琊山虫生真菌物种多样性和季节分布进行研究发现,虫生真菌数量丰富但物种多样性指数较低;夏季虫生真菌菌株最为丰富,均匀度相对较低,随着气温及降雨量的下降,菌株数量急剧下降,均匀度相对较高;不同季节白僵菌属的数量波动大,但拟青霉属波动较小.     

马尾松内生真菌产油脂菌株的分离、筛选和鉴定

采用组织块法从马尾松(Pinus massoniana Lamb.)根、茎和叶片中分离获得内生真菌,初步筛选出产油脂菌株且对其油脂含量进行了分析;并采用形态学及分子生物学方法对产油脂菌株进行了分类鉴定。结果显示:从马尾松植株中共获得21株内生真菌菌株,其中分离自根、茎和叶片的菌株分别为4株、6株和11株。有14株菌株的菌丝中有油滴;其中,分离自叶片的菌株ZP-1、分离自根的菌株ZP-2和分离自茎的菌株ZP-3的菌丝内油滴较多且油脂含量较高,平均油脂含量分别达到29.12%、25.03%和30.56%,差异极显著(P<0.01)。不同菌株的菌落颜色、菌丝和分生孢子形态特征明显不同,菌株ZP-1、ZP-2和ZP-3的形态分别与拟青霉属(Paecilomyces Bainier)、生赤壳菌属(Bionectria Speg.)和镰刀菌属(Fusarium Link)菌种的形态相似。与GenBank中相关真菌ITS序列的比对以及NJ系统树分析结果显示:菌株ZP-1与拟青霉属、菌株ZP-2与生赤壳菌属、菌株ZP-3与镰刀菌属间的ITS片段序列相似性均达到99%,在各自的NJ系统树上它们也分别聚在一起。初步确定菌株ZP-1、ZP-2和ZP-3分别属于拟青霉属、生赤壳菌属和镰刀菌属。     

PFGE在真菌基因研究中的应用

IPFGE与连锁群从酿酒酵母脉冲电场电泳研究到医学上重要酵母类真菌的分类,人们已逐渐建立了参数随菌种各异的PFGE电泳条件,以适于不同大小染色体的分离,获得了一系列酵母类及丝状真菌,包括四大纲以及非典型真菌的染色体核型及基因组大小（表1）,并利用已知基因探针进行染色体连锁群的定位。1987年,Sndth等l’吩离得到了粟酒裂殖酵母的3条巨大染色体,使PFGE的分辨能力达到Tgmb,极大促进了该菌株的基因图谱工作的进展。紧接着,他们又得到了假丝酵母类具有种特异性的电泳核型,并成为分子流行病学中酵母类致病真菌的分型依据。…     

粉拟青霉种内RAPD多态性分析

对来自不同地理来源和不同寄主的13株粉拟青霉Paecilomyces farinosus和其他3种拟青霉及1株球孢白僵菌进行RAPD分析,从RAPD扩增结果可知粉拟青霉种内具丰富的遗传多样型。RAPD扩增指纹图谱能有效地分辩不同菌株的基因型,可用于监测生防效果的菌株示踪。聚类分析结果表明种间的遗传差异要明显大于种内的差异。菌株间差异是和地理来源相关,而和寄主不相关。     

粟酒裂殖酵母染色体DNA的脉冲电泳分析

采用等高锁状均质电场（CHEF）凝胶电泳技术,对来自中国微生物菌种保藏委员会普通微生物中心的粟酒裂殖酵母（Schizosaccharomycespombe）菌株AS2.214进行染色体DNA分析。CHEF电泳结果显示菌株AS2.214的4条染色体DNA的分子大小分别约为5900kb、3200kb、2500kb和550kb,基因组大小约为12000kb。供试菌株AS2.214第Ⅰ条染色体DNA为5900kb与已研究报道的菌株972h和HM248（5700kb）的基本一致,第Ⅱ条染色体DNA（3200kb）和第皿条染色体DNA（2500kb）,分别较上述2个菌株约小1400kb和1000kb,第Ⅳ条染色体DNA的分子大小与部分非整倍体菌株HM248的极微染色体Ch16DNA相近（500kb）。研究结果表明粟酒裂殖酵母菌株间染色体DNA长度存在显著差异,菌株AS2.214可能是三倍体减数分裂所产生的稳定的部分非整倍体。     

高雄山虫草无性型细脚拟青霉的核型分析

对高雄山虫草无性型细脚拟青霉的酶解条件、原生质体制备、电泳条件和核型进行了研究。以10mg/mL相同浓度的溶壁酶、纤维素酶和蜗牛酶配成混合酶解液,在30℃、120r/min振荡处理18h菌龄的菌丝2.5h,获得约107个/mL的原生质体悬浮液。浓缩至约108个/mL原生质体悬浮液与1.4%的低熔点琼脂糖等体积混合制胶,50℃蛋白酶K酶解48h,ET液洗3次(每次1h),浸没,4℃保存。以温汉逊氏酵母Hansenula wingei YB-4662-VIA和粟酒裂殖酵母Schizosaccharomyces pombe 972h-染色体DNA作为标准,利用钳位均匀电场脉冲电泳系统电泳,细脚拟青霉染色体组被分离成8条带,利用AlphaEase Fc软件分析,估计其大小在0.43-5.78Mb之间,大小分别为:0.43、2.45、2.55、2.88、3.28、3.94、4.70、5.78Mb,推测细脚拟青霉核型大小约为26.01Mb。     

粉拟青霉种内RAPD多态性分析

对来自不同地理来源和不同寄主的 １３株粉拟青霉Ｐａｅｃｉｌｏｍｙｃｅｓ ｆａｎｉｎｏｓｕｓ和其他３种拟青霉及１株球孢白僵菌进行ＲＡＰＤ分析,从ＲＡＰＤ扩增结果可知粉拟青霉种内具丰富的遗传多样型。ＲＡＰＤ扩增指纹图谱能有效地分辨不同菌株的基因型,可用于监测生防效果的菌株示踪。聚类分析结果表明种间的遗传差异要明显大于种内的差异。菌株间差异是和地理来源相关,而和寄主不相关。     

粉拟青霉种内RAPD多态性分析*

对来自不同地理来源和不同寄主的 １３株粉拟青霉Ｐａｅｃｉｌｏｍｙｃｅｓ ｆａｎｉｎｏｓｕｓ和其他３种拟青霉及１株球孢白僵菌进行ＲＡＰＤ分析,从ＲＡＰＤ扩增结果可知粉拟青霉种内具丰富的遗传多样型。ＲＡＰＤ扩增指纹图谱能有效地分辨不同菌株的基因型,可用于监测生防效果的菌株示踪。聚类分析结果表明种间的遗传差异要明显大于种内的差异。菌株间差异是和地理来源相关,而和寄主不相关。     

镰孢属几种植物病原真菌分子核型的研究*

利用脉冲电场凝胶电泳（ｐｕｌｓｅｄ－ｆｉｅｌｄｇｅｌｅｌｅｃｔｒｏｐｈｏｒｅｓｉｓ,ＰＦＧＥ）,研究了４株串珠镰孢（Ｆｕｓａｒｉｕｍ　ｍｏｎｉｌｉｆｏｒｍｅ）、１株尖镰孢（F．ｏｘｙｓｐｏｒｕｍ）、１株茄镰孢（Ｆ．ｓｏｌａｎｉ）和１株Ｆｕｓａｒｉｕｍｓｐ．的分子核型以及不同地域和寄主来源的串珠镰孢种内菌株间的分子核型差异。以凝胶包埋法（不破除分生孢子细胞壁）制备供试菌株电泳样本,采用３组条件组合进行电泳,分离出供试串珠镰孢完整染色体ＤＮＡ１０～１３条,分子量分布范围０．７Ｍｂ～６．９Ｍｂ,基因组大小为４２．２６Ｍｂ～４７．７５Ｍｂ;尖镰孢８条,分子量分布范围１．２Ｍｂ～６．７Ｍｂ,基因组大小为３２．２５Ｍｂ;茄镰孢６条,分子量分布范围２．４Ｍｂ～６．３Ｍｂ,基因组大小为２５．２Ｍｂ;Ｆｕｓａｒｉｕｍｓｐ．９条,分子量分布范围０．８Ｍｂ～６．８Ｍｂ,基因组大小为３６．４５Ｍｂ。结果表明,供试４种镰孢菌染色体数目、ＤＮＡ分子量及基因组大小都有较大不同,分子核型差异较大。不同来源的串珠镰孢种内菌株间分子核型亦有明显差异。     

镰孢属几种植物病原真菌分子核型的研究

利用脉冲电场凝胶电泳（ｐｕｌｓｅｄ－ｆｉｅｌｄｇｅｌｅｌｅｃｔｒｏｐｈｏｒｅｓｉｓ,ＰＦＧＥ）,研究了４株串珠镰孢（Ｆｕｓａｒｉｕｍ　ｍｏｎｉｌｉｆｏｒｍｅ）、１株尖镰孢（F．ｏｘｙｓｐｏｒｕｍ）、１株茄镰孢（Ｆ．ｓｏｌａｎｉ）和１株Ｆｕｓａｒｉｕｍｓｐ．的分子核型以及不同地域和寄主来源的串珠镰孢种内菌株间的分子核型差异。以凝胶包埋法（不破除分生孢子细胞壁）制备供试菌株电泳样本,采用３组条件组合进行电泳,分离出供试串珠镰孢完整染色体ＤＮＡ１０～１３条,分子量分布范围０．７Ｍｂ～６．９Ｍｂ,基因组大小为４２．２６Ｍｂ～４７．７５Ｍｂ;尖镰孢８条,分子量分布范围１．２Ｍｂ～６．７Ｍｂ,基因组大小为３２．２５Ｍｂ;茄镰孢６条,分子量分布范围２．４Ｍｂ～６．３Ｍｂ,基因组大小为２５．２Ｍｂ;Ｆｕｓａｒｉｕｍｓｐ．９条,分子量分布范围０．８Ｍｂ～６．８Ｍｂ,基因组大小为３６．４５Ｍｂ。结果表明,供试４种镰孢菌染色体数目、ＤＮＡ分子量及基因组大小都有较大不同,分子核型差异较大。不同来源的串珠镰孢种内菌株间分子核型亦有明显差异。     

Electrophoretic karyotyping of the entomogenous fungus Paecilomyces fumosoroseus

Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis was used to compare the electrophoretic karyotypes of isolates of Paecilomyces fumosoroseus. Electrophoretic karyotypes of P. fumosoroseus exhibit a high degree of similarity among the isolates. However, hybridization data indicated that similar sized chromosomes among the isolates did not always bear the same genetic information.     

Electrophoretic Karyotypes of Candida Yeasts Recurrently Isolated from Single Patients

Candida strains were isolated repeatedly from single patients during recurrent episodes of Candida infection in a hospital, and their electrophoretic karyotypes were analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis using CHEF system. When only C. albicans (in 6 patients) or C. glabrata (in 1 patient) were recurrently isolated, their karyotypes from each patient were almost identical to one another, suggesting that they carried single type of the yeast. When multiple species were recovered from single patients (6 cases), the karyotypes of the most frequently recovered yeast species were almost identical with respect to each patient. The electrophoretic karyotype analysis has been proved to be useful for epidemiological studies because the method can tell not only the species identification but also the differences among the strains of the same species.     

表型相似的热带假丝酵母和麦芽糖假丝酵母在脉冲电泳核型上的差异

热带假丝酵母Ｃａｎｄｉｄａ ｔｒｏｐｉｃａｌｉｓ （Ｃａｓｔｅｌｌａｎｉ ）Ｂｅｒｋｈｏｕｔ和麦芽糖假丝酵母Ｃ． ｍａｌｔｏｓａＫｏｍａｇａｔａ, Ｎａｋａｓｅ ＆ Ｋａｔｓｕｙａ是两种可利用烃类作为碳和能量来源的酵母菌,前者还是一种条件致病菌,可引起系统感染。这两种假丝酵母菌在形态和生理生化性状上非常相似,用常规分类方法不易准确地鉴别。本研究对Ｃ． Ｔｒｏｐｉｃａｌｉｓ和Ｃ ｍａｌｔｏｓａ的模式菌株以及中国普通微生物菌种保藏中心（ＣＧＭＣＣ）保藏的归于这两个种名下的其它菌株进行了脉冲电泳核型比较分析。发现这两个表型相似的种具有明显不同的染色体ＤＮＡ分子带型,而同一种内的不同菌株却具有相同或相似的分子核型。Ｃ．Ｔｒｏｐｉｃａｌｉｓ的特异染色体ＤＮＡ分子带谱为２条８．５—１．２ Ｍｂ的带, ４条２．３－３．４ Ｍｂ的带。 Ｃ ｍａｌｔｏｓａ的特异带谱为： ３～４条分子量在１．１－１．３Ｍｂ范围内的带, １条约为２．２Ｍｂ的带以及２－３条大小为３．２－３．５Ｍｂ的带。 Ｃ ｔｒｏｐｉｃａｌｉｓ与Ｃ ｍａｌｔｏｓａ在染色体ＤＮＡ分子带型上的差异与二者在可溶性淀粉的同化能力和４０℃下的生长能力上的差异具有明显的相关性…     

Electrophoretic Karyotypes of Fusarium spp.

Migheli, Q., Berio, T., and Gullino, M. L. 1993. Electrophoretic karyotypes of Fusarium spp. Experimental Mycology 17, 329-337. The electrophoretic karyotype of 17 antagonistic and pathogenic strains of Fusarium spp. has been established by using contour-clamped homogeneous electric field gel electrophoresis. Intact chromosomal DNA was prepared from fungal protoplasts with standard procedures. Up to 11 distinct chromosomal bands were resolved after 184 h of migration at 50 V. Polymorphic karyotypes were observed in different species of Fusarium, formae speciales of F. oxysporum , and races of F. oxysporum f.sp. dianthi. Using the Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosomes as size standards, the size of the Fusarium genome was estimated to range from approximately 18.1 to 51.5 Mb. The suitability of electrophoretic karyotyping as a tool for strain characterization, as well as some applications in hybridization analysis of Fusarium spp., is discussed.     

Phylogeny of mitosporic entomopathogenic fungi: is the genus Paecilomyces polyphyletic?

We analyzed sequences of the divergent domain at the 5' end of the large subunit rRNA gene from the mitosporic entomopathogenic fungi Paecilomyces sp., Paecilomyces fumosoroseus, Paecilomyces farinosus, Paecilomyces lilacinus, Verticillium lecanii, Verticillium psalliotae, Beauveria bassiana, Aschersonia sp., Aschersonia placenta, ascomycetous Cordyceps sp., and Cordyceps militaris. Phylogenetic analysis showed P. fumosorseus as the best characterized out of the analyzed species with the B. bassiana clade as its sister group. Two of the P. farinosus isolates were invariably placed within the Verticillium cluster, which also contained C. militaris. The only analyzed P. lilacinus isolate appeared on the root of the hyphomycetous fungi and was characterized as the most distinct from all the hyphomycetous fungi tested. Polyphyly of the genus Paecilomyces was well supported by the Kishino-Hasegawa test. In all trees based on the small subunit rRNA gene sequences obtained from the GenBank, V. lecanii, V. psalliotae, P. fumosoroseus, P. tenuipes and B. bassiana form, together with that of C. militaris, the best supported cluster in the tree. The rest of Cordyceps spp. constitute a distinct clade. Phylogenetic relationships derived from both tested DNA regions show polyphyly of the genus Paecilomyces and close relationships among entomopathogenic species of the genera Verticillium, Paecilomyces, and Beauveria.     

Electrophoretic karyotype polymorphism of sibling species of the Paramecium aurelia complex

Variability of karyotypes is one of the main mechanisms of speciation in organisms. Electrophoretic karyotypes of the macronucleus (MAC) obtained by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis were compared for 86 strains of all 15 sibling species of the Paramecium aurelia complex in order to determine if karyotype differences corresponded to biological species boundaries. Because the electrophoretic karyotype of the MAC reflects indirectly the frequency and distribution of fragmentation sites in the micronuclear (MIC) chromosomes, any change in MAC electrophoretic karyotype may be a marker of certain chromosomal mutations in the MIC. Thirteen main variants of electrophoretic MAC karyotypes were observed in this species complex. Ten of them appeared to correspond to biological species, while the three other variants characterized several species each. Intraspecific polymorphism was observed for several species: in some cases a certain variant of MAC karyotype was specific for all strains from the same part of the world. Distribution of the MAC karyotype variants along molecular phylogenetic trees of the P. aurelia complex shows that isolation of each species or group of species of this complex was accompanied by divergence in the molecular organization of the genome.