热敏TRPV3通道的门控调节与功能研究进展

TRPV3通道是一种对Ca2+具有较高选择通透能力的非选择性阳离子通道。它是TRPV通道家族的一员,在多种组织中均有分布。TRPV3通道可以被温热温度(31~39℃)及多种化学激动剂所激活,并受到机体内受到多种生理因子的调控。TRPV3通道在维持机体正常生理功能中具有重要作用。研究发现TRPV3通道基因的缺失或异常会导致毛发生长异常或皮肤病的发生,特别是近期发现TRPV3通道的获得性功能突变会导致一种比较罕见的人类遗传性疾病——奥姆斯特德综合征(Olmsted syndrome,OS)。本文从TRPV3通道的分布、功能、调控以及靶向药物开发等方面进行了概述。     

综述与专论：靶向蛋白质降解技术研究进展

靶向蛋白质降解技术可有效克服DNA敲除、RNA干扰等传统药物靶点确认及干扰策略的局限性。近年来,一系列新型靶向蛋白质降解技术不断涌现,在药物研发领域展现出极好的应用前景。本文综述了靶向蛋白质降解技术的最新研究进展,重点介绍各种技术的作用机制、应用情况、技术优势及目前存在问题,以期为药物靶点确认及新药开发提供有力理论及技术支持。     

上皮剪接调节蛋白1的研究进展

上皮剪接调节蛋白1(Epithelial splicing regulatory protein 1,ESRP1)是近年来发现的一种上皮细胞特异性剪接因子,主要通过选择性剪接在转录后水平调节基因的表达,继而影响细胞的功能。研究表明,ESRP1通过调控上皮间质转化、细胞周期进展、氧化还原反应以及脂肪酸代谢等过程,多方面参与肿瘤的发生、发展和对治疗药物的反应。小鼠实验研究表明,ESRP1基因敲除可以导致多种器官发育异常,包括颅面部畸形、皮肤屏障功能受损、肾脏以及耳蜗发育不良等。此外,ESRP1还可以通过调控转录因子的活性以及非编码RNA的生成,提高小鼠成纤维细胞重编程为多能干细胞的效率并维持人胚胎干细胞的多能性。鉴于ESRP1在多个研究领域的重要性,本文对ESRP1常见的下游靶分子、信号通路、以及在生理病理环境下所发挥的功能进行阐述,以期进一步指导基础研究和临床应用。     

抑郁症的成因及其新药治疗研究进展

抑郁症是一种发病率高、危害大的精神疾病,且发病的人群正在急剧增加。抑郁症的成因复杂,其病因机制尚不十分清楚。目前研究的病因主要包括神经递质受体异常、神经退化及内分泌、炎症细胞因子、表观遗传调节和大脑衍生神经营养因子等。随着新病因的揭开,抑郁症治疗的新药及其作用机理研究也取得了较大的进展。研发的新药主要包括:选择性5-羟色胺(5-HT)、去甲肾上腺素(NE)再摄取抑制剂、选择性NE再摄取抑制剂、肾上腺素能和特异性5-HT抗抑郁药、以及新药氯胺酮。本文就抑郁症发病的成因及主要的新药治疗策略进行了综述,为揭示抑郁症致病机制及其新药研发提供了理论依据。     

桂皮醛激活血管内皮TRPA1防止高糖诱导的氧化应激保护血管内皮功能

目的:探索桂皮醛对高糖诱导的内皮细胞氧化应激的影响及其对相关血管内皮功能损害的作用,初步分析其作用机制。方法:(1)制作高糖(30 m M)致人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVEC)损伤和血管组织损伤模型,并以低糖(5.5 m M)作为对照,高糖干预的HUVECs给予桂皮醛(10μM)或桂皮醛+TRPA1特异性拮抗剂(HC030031,10μM)进行干预,以DHE染色和DAF-2DA染色观察各组细胞超氧阴离子和一氧化氮(NO)水平;western blotting分析核因子E2相关因子2(Nrf2),内皮一氧化氮合酶(eNOS),磷酸化eNOS及P22~(phox)水平。(2)以TRPA1敲除(TRPA1~(-/-))及相应的野生型(Wild type,WT)小鼠分离胸主动脉进行体外培养,设低糖(5.5 m M D-葡萄糖)组、高糖(30 m M D-葡萄糖)组、高糖+桂皮醛(10μM)组,以微血管张力测定仪测定血管内皮依赖性舒张功能和非内皮依赖性舒张功能。结果:(1)桂皮醛可显著减少高糖介导的内皮细胞超氧阴离子的产生,防止NO水平下降,但上述作用可被HC030031所阻断。(2)桂皮醛可显著防止WT小鼠胸主动脉血管内皮依赖性舒张功能减退,但对TRPA1~(-/-)小鼠无上述作用。(3)桂皮醛剂量依赖性地上调Nrf2的表达,还可促进eNOS磷酸化,减少P22~(phox),上述作用均可被HC030031阻断。结论:桂皮醛激活TRPA1通过Nrf2信号通路可改善高糖介导的血管内皮细胞氧化应激水平,防止NO水平下降,改善血管内皮依赖性舒张功能。     

综述:靶向淀粉样蛋白的阿尔茨海默病药物研究进展

淀粉样蛋白级联假说是阐释阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's disease,AD)发病机制的主要学说之一,即脑内过量的β-淀粉样蛋白(β-amyloid,Aβ)是促发AD的核心因素．因此,靶向Aβ形成、聚集和清除等关键环节的药物开发是目前药物研究的热点．但近年来AD新药临床试验屡屡失败,至今尚未得到一种切实有效的治疗药物．淀粉样蛋白级联假说的局限性和痴呆期患者疾病进程的难以逆转,可能是临床试验反复失败的两个主要原因．借助AD早期诊断技术的发展,将药物干预的时间窗口前移,重视痴呆前期病理机制与治疗的研究,可能是研制延缓AD发生和发展有效药物的新途径．     

阿尔茨海默病的发病机制及药物治疗的研究进展

阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's disease,AD)是一种慢性进行性神经变性疾病,早期临床表现为近期记忆力下降,后来逐渐发展为生活不能自理最终死亡。目前,有许多种假说阐述其发病机制,如β-淀粉样蛋白、载脂蛋白E、一些金属元素、炎症因子等,但都不全面,也有人认为其可能与朊蛋白有关。部分药物被用于治疗AD,如美金刚、胆碱酯酶抑制剂等,但疗效均不显著。一些新的治疗理念和方法也逐渐被发现,如脑源性神经生长因子(brain-derived neurotrophic factor,BDNF)以及免疫疗法等,但其远期疗效还需进一步证实,且一些副作用还并未被人们所知晓。本文主要对阿尔茨海默病的发病机制及药物治疗的研究进展进行了综述。     

综述——纳米材料与药物输递：基于肿瘤异常结构的纳米药物设计

肿瘤组织的血液供给在时间和空间上存在的非均质性、血管的高渗性、淋巴排出功能的低效性共同形成肿瘤微环境,阻碍治疗药物有效地运输到肿瘤,从而影响其疗效．与传统药物相比,纳米药物能优先递送到肿瘤,并具有多药载药与靶向运输等功能．但肿瘤中特有生理屏障的存在阻碍了纳米药物以有效浓度均匀地运输到肿瘤组织．一些美国食品药品管理局批准的纳米药物疗效并不显著,可能与这些生理屏障的阻碍有关．本文概述了肿瘤治疗时药物需跨过的生理屏障,并总结了克服这些生理屏障的方法,探讨了纳米药物研发时针对肿瘤异常结构优化药物递送需考虑的因素．     

药物依赖临床治疗的研究新进展

随着吸毒人员的剧增,药物依赖极大的危害着人类健康和社会稳定,已经成为目前严重的社会性问题。心瘾是患者复吸的重要原因,心瘾的戒断是治疗成瘾的关键。供临床医生选择的治疗方法有很多,但是根据成瘾者的病情合理的选择治疗措施是目前临床工作中面临的巨大挑战。本文综述了目前物质依赖的药物治疗的作用机制以及临床疗效、各种手术戒毒的效果以及不良反应、心理行为治疗的原因以及具体措施,药物治疗、手术治疗以及中西医联合治疗的最新进展。     

N-1-Alkyl-2-oxo-2-aryl amides as novel antagonists of the TRPA1 receptor

A series of potent antagonists of the ion channel transient receptor potential A1 (TRPA1) was developed by modifying lead structure 16 that was discovered by high-throughput screening. Based on lead compound 16, a SAR was established, showing a narrow region at the nitro-aromatic R(1) moiety and at the warhead, while the R(2) side had a much wider scope including ureas and carbamates. Compound 16 inhibits Ca(2+)-activated TRPA1 currents reversibly in whole cell patch clamp experiments, indicating that under in vivo conditions, it does not react covalently, despite its potentially electrophilic ketone.     

Activation of transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 by quercetin and its analogs

The agonistic activity of quercetin and its analogs towards the transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) has been experimentally investigated. The human TRPA1 was expressed in HEK293T cells using a tetracycline-inducible system. The activation of TRPA1 was evaluated by a fluo-4 fluorescence assay based on calcium sensing. The results of a structure–activity relationship study led to the selection of six flavonoids, all of which activated the TRPA1 channel in a dose-dependent manner. Notably, the activation of TRPA1 by these flavonoid aglycones was completely inhibited by the co-treatment of the HEK293T cells with the TRPA1-specific antagonist, HC-030031. Several flavonoid glycosides and metabolites were also evaluated, but did not activate the TRPA1 except for methylated quercetin. On the other hand, TRPV1 (vanilloid receptor) did not respond to any of the flavonoids evaluated in this study. Therefore, these data suggest that the flavonoids would be promising ligands for the TRPA1.     

Development of novel azabenzofuran TRPA1 antagonists as in vivo tools

The transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) channel is activated by noxious stimuli including chemical irritants and endogenous inflammatory mediators. Antagonists of this channel are currently being investigated for use as therapeutic agents for treating pain, airway disorders, and itch. A novel azabenzofuran series was developed that demonstrated in vitro inhibition of allyl isothiocyanate (AITC)-induced ⁴⁵Ca²⁺ uptake with nanomolar potencies against both human and rat TRPA1. From this series, compound 10 demonstrated in vivo target coverage in an AITC-induced flinching model in rats while providing unbound plasma concentrations up to 16-fold higher than the TRPA1 rat IC₅₀.     

Discovery of a series of aryl-N-(3-(alkylamino)-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)benzamides as TRPA1 antagonists

We describe the discovery and advancement of a novel series of TRPA1 antagonist having an aryl-N-(3-(alkylamino)-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)benzamide scaffold. The physical and in vitro DMPK profiles are discussed.     

Functional evidence of distinct electrophile-induced activation states of the ion channel TRPA1

Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) is a tetrameric, nonselective cation channel expressed on nociceptive sensory nerves whose activation elicits nocifensive responses (e.g. pain). TRPA1 is activated by electrophiles found in foods and pollution, or produced during inflammation and oxidative stress, via covalent modification of reactive cysteines, but the mechanism underlying electrophilic activation of TRPA1 is poorly understood. Here we studied TRPA1 activation by the irreversible electrophiles iodoacetamide and N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) following transient expression in HEK293 cells. We found that in Ca²⁺ imaging studies C621 is critical for electrophile-induced TRPA1 activation, but the role of C665 in TRPA1 activation is dependent on the size of the electrophile. We identified slower TRPA1 activation in whole-cell recordings compared to studies with intact cells, which is rescued by pipette solution supplementation with the antioxidant glutathione. Single-channel recordings identified two distinct electrophilic-induced TRPA1 activation phases: a partial activation that, in some channels, switched to full activation with continued electrophile exposure. Full activation but not the initial activation was regulated by C665. Fitting of open time distributions suggests that full activation correlated with an additional (and long) exponential component, thus suggesting the phases are manifestations of distinct activation states. Our results suggest that distinct NEM-induced TRPA1 activation states are evoked by sequential modification of C621 then C665.