波形蛋白与肿瘤关系的研究进展

波形蛋白是中间纤维蛋白的一种,参与细胞骨架与胞膜的形成。研究发现,波形蛋白在多种上皮癌中大量表达,如前列腺癌、乳腺癌及胃肠道肿瘤等,且参与这些肿瘤的发生发展过程,但是目前其具体作用机制尚不清楚。临床研究发现,波形蛋白能够作为肿瘤诊断与治疗的标志物,探讨波形蛋白分子机制研究及在肿瘤发生发展过程中的作用十分重要。本文主要就波形蛋白在几种肿瘤中的表达及其对肿瘤细胞增殖、迁移的作用进行综述。     

IL-18基因转染对大鼠C6胶质瘤细胞生长特性的影响

探讨IL-18基因转染对大鼠C6胶质瘤细胞生长特性的影响。用MTT法和流式细胞术检测C6／IL-18细胞和C6细胞的增殖特性和细胞周期分布。免疫细胞化学检测C6／IL-18细胞和C6细胞的增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)、波形蛋白表达。结果显示,与C6细胞相比C6／IL-18细胞的增殖能力降低,G0/G1期细胞增多而G2／M期细胞减少;PCNA、波形蛋白表达降低。研究表明,IL-18基因具有抑制C6胶质瘤细胞增殖、降低其恶性程度的作用。     

氢分子对宫颈癌细胞HeLa的影响

氢分子对多种疾病具有良好的治疗或改善效果,并且使用简便无副作用,多项实验结果也证明氢分子对肿瘤的防治具有良好的效果。从细胞增殖、细胞成瘤、细胞活性、细胞周期和凋亡、细胞转移侵袭等方面研究了氢分子对宫颈癌细胞HeLa的作用效果,结果显示：克隆球实验中,加入氢分子后,HeLa细胞集落数显著降低,集落的直径也明显减小。平板克隆形成中,加入氢分子后,细胞克隆的数量和直径均显著降低。细胞活性实验显示,氢分子对HeLa细胞活性具有明显抑制效果,对细胞内中间丝波形蛋白的表达具有一定的抑制作用。此外,氢分子对HeLa细胞周期的影响显著,且具有促凋亡的作用和抑制细胞迁移与浸润的效果。研究结果表明,氢分子抑制了细胞波形蛋白的表达,降低了HeLa细胞的增殖速率,同时抑制了细胞侵袭及迁移的能力,为氢分子对宫颈癌的防治提供了一定的实验基础。     

Vimentin在肿瘤转移中的作用及药物研究进展

波形蛋白(vimentin)是存在于间充质细胞中的一种中间丝蛋白,近些年研究显示vimentin与肿瘤发生、转移密切相关。波形蛋白调节细胞骨架蛋白、细胞粘附分子等蛋白间的相互作用,参与肿瘤细胞和肿瘤相关内皮细胞、巨噬细胞的粘附、迁移、侵袭和细胞信号转导。其高度动态的聚合解聚间的平衡和其复杂的磷酸化形式可能是vimentin参与肿瘤转移过程及细胞-细胞间相互作用的调节机制。Vimentin在肿瘤中的功能提示,其可能是抗肿瘤转移治疗药物研究的新靶点。     

调节性T细胞与胶质瘤的免疫治疗

调节性T细胞（regulatory T cell,Treg）是一群具有抑制其它免疫细胞功能的起负性调控的细胞群. Treg细胞能抑制多种免疫细胞,如CD4+T和CD8+T淋巴细胞、NK细胞、B淋巴细胞以及树突状细胞的活化和增殖,是体内维持免疫系统稳定,防止出现自身免疫性疾病重要因素.最新研究表明,Treg细胞在肿瘤免疫逃逸中也发挥重要作用. 肿瘤细胞通过扩增或招募Treg细胞,抑制机体对肿瘤的免疫作用,由此可知,Treg细胞在肿瘤的发生和发展过程中发挥重要作用. 因此,抑制Treg细胞的活性和数量是包括胶质瘤在内的肿瘤免疫治疗有效的方式.     

干细胞、肿瘤干细胞与肿瘤

干细胞是一种具有自我更新、无限增殖和多向分化能力的细胞.而多数肿瘤是由不同增殖潜能的不均一性细胞构成.随着对干细胞的研究不断深入,使人们对肿瘤的发生机制重新进行了审视,并在造血系统、脑、肺、乳腺等部位肿瘤中发现极少量的具有与干细胞非常类似生物学特性的细胞,称之为肿瘤干细胞,它们很可能是肿瘤细胞的起源.肿瘤干细胞的提出.使得靶向性杀伤肿瘤干细胞从而使根治肿瘤和防止肿瘤复发和转移成为可能.所以研究肿瘤干细胞的起源及其与肿瘤的发生关系,成为当前研究和治疗肿瘤领域的新热点.本文就肿瘤干细胞的存在证据、干细胞与肿瘤干细胞的异同点及它们与肿瘤发生之间的关系作简要的综述.     

NFBD1的生物学作用

NFBD1足一个参与DNA损伤应答的重要分子,在DNA损伤关卡、DNA损伤修复、细胞生长增殖及肿瘤发生中均有作用.研究NFBD1功能及其作用机制对生物医学基础知识的拓展以及肿瘤的防治将产生重要影响.     

地高辛对结直肠癌细胞株体外生长的影响

该文研究了地高辛(digoxin)对结直肠癌HT29、SW480和SW620细胞株增殖、迁移和侵袭能力以及上皮–间质转换(epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT)的影响。采用MTT检测不同浓度地高辛分别作用于HT29、SW480和SW620细胞株24、48、72 h后的细胞增殖。采用划痕实验测量细胞的迁移率。采用Transwell侵袭实验测定细胞侵袭能力。采用Western blot测定相关上皮–间质转换标志物E-钙黏蛋白(E-cadherin)、N-钙黏蛋白(N-cadherin)、SNAIL、Slug和波形蛋白(vimentin)以及VEGF蛋白质水平。RT-PCR检测地高辛干预细胞后VEGF mRNA水平。结果发现,地高辛能有效抑制HT29和SW480细胞的增殖,且具有浓度和时间依赖性,但对SW620细胞无显著抑制作用。地高辛能够抑制HT29和SW480细胞的迁移和侵袭能力,但对SW620细胞无显著作用。EMT标志物检测结果发现,与对照组相比,HT29和SW480细胞E-钙黏蛋白水平显著升高,N-钙黏蛋白、SNAIL、Slug、波形蛋白水平显著降低,SW620细胞E-钙黏蛋白水平显著升高,Slug蛋白质水平显著降低,但VEGF水平在SW620细胞无明显改变而在HT29和SW480细胞中显著降低。与对照组相比,地高辛干预HT29细胞后,细胞中VEGF mRNA水平明显降低,而SW620细胞无显著变化。结果提示,地高辛能够抑制结直肠癌细胞的增殖,抑制其EMT的发展,对治疗结直肠未转移癌具有更好的潜力。     

水苏碱调节CXCL12/CXCR4轴对子宫内膜癌细胞增殖、迁移和侵袭的影响

该研究主要探讨水苏碱(STA)对子宫内膜癌(EC)细胞增殖、侵袭和迁移的影响以及对CXCL12/CXCR4轴的调节机制。将EC细胞分为对照组(Control组)、CXCL12/CXCR4抑制剂组(AMD 3100组)、STA-L组(STA-L)、STA-H组(STA-H)、STA-H+CXCL12组。采用CCK-8检测细胞增殖情况;克隆形成实验检测细胞克隆能力;流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡情况; Transwell实验检测细胞的迁移和侵袭能力; Western blot检测细胞中上皮钙黏蛋白(E-cadherin)、波形蛋白(Vimentin)、CXCL12、CXCR4蛋白的表达情况;建立小鼠EC移植瘤模型并观察各组小鼠的肿瘤生长情况。结果发现与Control组相比, AMD 3100组和STA处理组细胞增殖活性、克隆数量、迁移和侵袭数以及Vimentin、CXCL12、CXCR4蛋白表达水平降低,细胞凋亡率和E-cadherin蛋白表达水平升高(P<0.05);与STA-H组相比, STA-H+CXCL12组细胞的增殖活性、克隆数量、迁移和侵袭数以及Vimentin、CXCL12、C...     

肿瘤细胞Hedgehog信号通路及其抑制剂

越来越多的证据显示, 肿瘤的发生、生长、转移、复发以及耐药等均与肿瘤干细胞密切相关.Hedgehog (Hh)信号通路调节胚胎发育和成体许多组织器官干细胞的自我更新与增殖.然而, 那些在正常发育过程中受到Hh信号通路调节的组织器官, 在该信号通路异常时常常发生肿瘤.这些肿瘤包括肝癌、神经胶质瘤、基底细胞癌、横纹肌肉瘤、胰腺癌、小细胞肺癌、胃癌、结肠癌、前列腺癌、黑色素瘤和多发性骨髓瘤等.介绍了近年来Hh信号通路在肿瘤发生和发展过程中的机制、在维持肿瘤干细胞自我更新方面的作用, 以及该通路的特异性抑制剂, 以显示其在肿瘤治疗中潜在的重要意义.最后, 提出了今后肿瘤干细胞Hh通路研究的重点和新思路.     

Modeling and computer simulations of tumor growth and tumor response to radiotherapy

A model of tumor growth and tumor response to radiation is introduced in which each tumor cell is taken into account individually. Each cell is assigned a set of radiobiological parameters, and the status of each cell is checked in discrete intervals. Tumor proliferation is governed by the cell cycle times of tumor cells, the growth fraction, the apoptotic capacity of the tumor, and the degree of tumor angiogenesis. The response of tumor cells to radiation is determined by the radiosensitivities and the oxygenation status. Computer simulation is performed on a 3D rigid cubic lattice, starting out from a single tumor cell. Random processes are simulated by Monte Carlo methods. Short cell cycle time, high growth fraction, and tumor angiogenesis all increase tumor proliferation rates. Accelerated time-dose patterns result in lower total doses needed for tumor control, but the extent of dose reduction depends on the kinetics and the radiosensitivities of tumor cells. Tumor angiogenesis alters fully oxygenated and hypoxic fractions within the tumor and subsequently affects the radiation response. It is demonstrated for selected radiobiological parameters that the simulation tools are suitable to quantitatively assess the total doses needed for tumor control. Using the simulation tools, it is feasible to simulate time-dependent effects during fractionated radiotherapy and to compare different time-dose patterns in terms of their tumor control.     

肿瘤的免疫治疗

肿瘤抗原是肿瘤细胞使其具有免疫原性,能被免疫系统识别的标志物质.肿瘤抗原的发现是肿瘤疫苗发展的基础.肿瘤疫苗至今已有许多重大发展.同时,随着对肿瘤抗原的新认识,肿瘤疫苗的研究进入了新的阶段.     

综述——基于纳米材料的生物检测与医学诊断技术：循环肿瘤细胞富集和检测的纳米技术

循环肿瘤细胞(CTC)是肿瘤转移过程中在血液循环系统中存活的肿瘤细胞,该细胞的生成被认为是肿瘤发生转移的必要前提．CTC的存在与否及数量多少是肿瘤预后判断、疗效监控和肿瘤转移评估的一个重要检测指标．近年来,纳米材料、纳米结构表面以及可操控微量液体的微流控技术广泛应用于CTC的富集和检测,本文对CTC富集、检测纳米技术的最新进展进行综述,希望能够为肿瘤的诊断和治疗提供帮助．     

The role of the tumor microenvironment in tumor cell intravasation and dissemination

Metastasis, a process that requires tumor cell dissemination followed by tumor growth, is the primary cause of death in cancer patients. An essential step of tumor cell dissemination is intravasation, a process by which tumor cells cross the blood vessel endothelium and disseminate to distant sites. Studying this process is of utmost importance given that intravasation in the primary tumor, as well as the secondary and tertiary metastases, is the key step in the systemic spread of tumor cells, and that this process continues even after removal of the primary tumor. High-resolution intravital imaging of the tumor microenvironment of breast carcinoma has revealed that tumor cell intravasation exclusively occurs at doorways, termed “Tumor MicroEnvironment of Metastasis” (TMEM), composed of three different cell types: a Tie2^high/VEGF^high perivascular macrophage, a Mena overexpressing tumor cell, and an endothelial cell, all in direct contact. In this review article, we discuss the interactions between these cell types, the subsequent signaling events which lead to tumor cell intravasation, and the role of invadopodia in supporting tumor cell invasion and dissemination. We end our review by discussing how the knowledge acquired from the use of intravital imaging is now leading to new clinical trials targeting tumor cell dissemination and preventing metastatic progression.     

肿瘤微环境中相关细胞的研究进展

肿瘤的微环境对肿瘤的发生,发展具有重要的意义。实体瘤中除肿瘤细胞外存在大量的非肿瘤细胞,如肿瘤间质细胞、成纤维细胞、血管内皮细胞、免疫细胞、脂肪细胞等等,这一系列的细胞与肿瘤细胞相互作用,通过一系列的因子分泌而促使肿瘤的进一步的恶化,目前传统的抗肿瘤药物研究往往局限于肿瘤细胞本身而忽略了肿瘤周围的细胞作用,使得肿瘤久治不愈。将来的药物开发应该围绕肿瘤细胞为主体的同时,兼顾微环境中的其他细胞,多靶点治疗肿瘤,真正实现肿瘤的治愈。     

代谢组学在肿瘤药物靶点筛选中的应用进展

肿瘤是一种多因素参与造成机体各系统功能平衡紊乱的代谢性疾病,代谢重编程是恶性肿瘤的重要特征之一.研究"代谢指纹图谱"的代谢组学,通过揭示肿瘤或药物引起的宿主内源性代谢物的变化,为肿瘤药物靶点的筛选提供了可能.但目前对代谢组在肿瘤药物靶点筛选中的整体性综述并不多见,因此,本文在介绍了代谢组学筛选肿瘤药物靶点的流程的基础上...     

Systems Analysis of a Mouse Xenograft Model Reveals Annexin A1 as a Regulator of Gene Expression in Tumor Stroma

Annexin A1 is a multi functional molecule which is involved in inflammation, innate and adaptive immune systems, tumor progression and metastasis. We have previously showed the impaired tumor growth, metastasis, angiogenesis and wound healing in annexin A1 knockout mice. While tumor is a piece of heterogeneous mass including not only malignant tumor cells but also the stroma, the importance of the tumor stroma for tumor progression and metastasis is becoming increasingly clear. The tumor stroma is comprised by various components including extracellular matrix and non-malignant cells in the tumor, such as endothelial cells, fibroblasts, immune cells, inflammatory cells. Based on our previous finding of pro-angiogenic functions for annexin A1 in vascular endothelial cell sprouting, wound healing, tumor growth and metastasis, and the previously known properties for annexin A1 in immune cells and inflammation, this study hypothesized that annexin A1 is a key functional player in tumor development, linking the various components in tumor stroma by its actions in endothelial cells and immune cells. Using systems analysis programs commercially available, this paper further compared the gene expression between tumors from annexin A1 wild type mice and annexin A1 knockout mice and found a list of genes that significantly changed in the tumor stroma that lacked annexin A1. This revealed annexin A1 to be an effective regulator in tumor stroma and suggested a mechanism that annexin A1 affects tumor development and metastasis through interaction with the various components in the microenvironment surrounding the tumor cells.     

肿瘤微环境中相关细胞的研究进展

肿瘤的微环境对肿瘤的发生,发展具有重要的意义。实体瘤中除肿瘤细胞外存在大量的非肿瘤细胞,如肿瘤闻质细胞、成纤维细胞、血管内皮细胞、免疫细胞、脂肪细胞等等,这一系列的细胞与肿瘤细胞相互作用,通过一系列的因子分泌而促使肿瘤的进一步的恶化,目前传统的抗肿瘤药物研究往往局限于肿瘤细胞本身而忽略了肿瘤周围的细胞作用,使得肿瘤久治不愈。将来的药物开发应该围绕肿瘤细胞为主体的同时,兼顾微环境中的其他细胞,多靶点治疗肿瘤,真正实现肿瘤的治愈。     

Vascular galectins: Regulators of tumor progression and targets for cancer therapy

Galectins are a family of carbohydrate binding proteins with a broad range of cytokine and growth factor-like functions in multiple steps of cancer progression. They contribute to tumor cell transformation, promote tumor angiogenesis, hamper the anti-tumor immune response, and facilitate tumor metastasis. Consequently, galectins are considered as multifunctional targets for cancer therapy. Interestingly, many of the functions related to tumor progression can be linked to galectins expressed by endothelial cells in the tumor vascular bed. Since the tumor vasculature is an easily accessible target for cancer therapy, understanding how galectins in the tumor endothelium influence cancer progression is important for the translational development of galectin-targeting therapies.     

Understanding the role of stromal fibroblasts in cancer progression

The major cellular components of tumor microenvironment, referred to as the cancer stroma, are composed of cancer-associated fibroblasts that support tumor epithelial growth, invasion and therapeutic resistance. Thus when we speak of developing therapies that address tumor heterogeneity it is not only a matter of different mutations within the tumor epithelia. While individual mutations in the stromal compartment are controversial, the heterogeneity in fibroblastic population in a single tumor is not up for debate. Cooperative interaction among heterotypic fibroblasts and tumor cells contribute to cancer progression. Therefore to tackle solid tumors, we need to understand its complex microenvironment. Here we review some seminal developments in the field of tumor microenvironment, mainly focusing on cancer-associated fibroblast.