不同温度和寄主植物对扶桑绵粉蚧生长发育的影响

为明确温度和寄主对扶桑绵粉蚧Phenacoccus solenopsis生长发育的影响,本文在室内研究了不同温度和不同寄主上该虫的发育历期、发育起点温度、有效积温、成虫性比和存活率,结果表明:18℃-30℃范围内,随着温度升高,扶桑绵粉蚧发育历期逐渐缩短,34℃与30℃下无明显差异。该虫不同虫期发育起点温度均较高,其中2龄雄若虫和雌若虫最高,分别为19.11℃、16.14℃,蛹最低,为12.22℃。有效积温蛹最大,为87.40日·度,1龄若虫次之(77.12日·度),2龄雄若虫最小(26.32日·度)。18℃-30℃时各虫期死亡率随着温度升高而降低,34℃时又有升高。取食4种寄主时扶桑绵粉蚧发育历期有所变化,1龄若虫番茄上显著长于马铃薯;2龄雌雄若虫番茄上显著长于扶桑和马铃薯;3龄雌若虫以烟草和番茄上较长,扶桑和马铃薯上较短;雄蛹、雄成虫历期均无差异;烟草上雌成虫存活时间最长;雌虫整个虫期存活时间最长,为53.77 d,番茄次之(48.65 d),扶桑、马铃薯较短,分别为43.39 d、39.79 d。雄虫整个虫期存活时间烟草明显长于扶桑。不同寄主上扶桑绵粉蚧雌雄虫比率差异较大,以马铃薯上雄虫率最高(37.78%),其次为扶桑(26.67%),烟草上最低(8.01%)。     

不同植物种类及棉花品种对扶桑绵粉蚧生物学影响研究进展

扶桑绵粉蚧Phenacoccus solenopsis是一种多食性入侵害虫,其寄主范围广、适应性强,已入侵多个国家和地区,对农业生产造成了严重危害。本文通过分析不同寄主植物上扶桑绵粉蚧研究,找出相对适宜与不适宜寄主植物,以便指导作物种植,并为培育抗扶桑绵粉蚧作物提供一定参考。本文通过收集分析相关文献,运用数理统计方法,综述和分析了不同寄主植物上扶桑绵粉蚧生长发育、生殖、抗逆等方面研究进展及其差异。发现马铃薯、豚草是极有利于扶桑绵粉蚧繁衍的植物,其次是扶桑与棉花。对10个品种棉花的分析发现,中棉所59对扶桑绵粉蚧具有较强的抗性,而抗虫棉RCH-134不具有抗性。对扶桑绵粉蚧生物学尤其是生长发育、繁殖能力等研究已经比较多,今后与该虫相关的抗虫育种、生物防治、分子生物学等研究可望成为重点。     

蜡蚧轮枝菌对扶桑绵粉蚧的致病性研究

测定了蜡蚧轮枝菌Verticillium lecanii MZ041024菌株对扶桑绵粉蚧Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley的致病性。结果表明蜡蚧轮枝菌MZ041024菌株对扶桑绵粉蚧1龄若虫的致病率为83.72%,致死中浓度LC_(50)为1.49×105个/m L,致死中时间LT50是5.21 d;对2龄若虫的致病率为74.42%,致死中浓度LC_(50)为3.66×10~3个/m L,致死中时间LT50是5.55 d;对3龄若虫的致病率为76.74%,致死中浓度LC_(50)为9.82×104个/m L,致死中时间LT_(50)是5.44d;其对雌成虫的致病率为85.37%,致死中浓度LC_(50)为2.80×10~4个/m L,致死中时间LT_(50)是4.87 d。说明蜡蚧轮枝菌MZ041024菌株对扶桑绵粉蚧有较强的致病性。     

防治扶桑绵粉蚧化学农药的筛选及其防治效果

为寻求防治扶桑绵粉蚧Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley有效化学药剂,在室内测定了9种化学农药对该虫的致死效果,在此基础上,选出4种农药进行了田间防治试验.结果表明,室内条件下三氯杀螨醇、阿维菌素、阿维-氯氰、联苯菊酯4种药剂对成虫的校正死亡率在23.7%～66.7%之间,明显低于对1龄若虫的作用效齐果;高效氯氟氰菊酯、吡虫啉、啶虫脒和毒死蜱4种化学药剂,在田问施药后第5天的防治效果可达到91%以上,其中啶虫脒和毒死蜱的防治效果分别达到95.6%和98.2%.在防治应用中,建议推荐高效氯氟氰菊酯、吡虫啉、啶虫脒、马拉硫磷和毒死蜱5种药剂,同时应注意针对不同的虫态有必要适当调整用药浓度(就除害处理而言)和施药次数,以达到理想的防治效果.     

扶桑绵粉蚧取食为害对棉花萜类化合物释放的影响

在室内条件下采用机械损伤叶片(MW)、外源水杨酸诱导(Me SA)、扶桑绵粉蚧短期(S-MF)及长期为害(L-MF)4种方式处理棉花,对棉花植株释放的萜类化合物进行了定性与定量研究。结果表明,共有5种萜类化合物被定性检出,分别为α蒎烯、β蒎烯、长叶烯、A-柏木烯与雪松烯;扶桑绵粉蚧的取食为害显著提高了棉花α蒎烯、β蒎烯及A-柏木烯的释放量,并且新增加雪松烯与长叶烯的释放;而叶片机械损伤与外源水杨酸诱导处理在一定程度上也提高了α蒎烯、β蒎烯及A-柏木烯的释放量。本研究结果为合理利用虫害诱导植物挥发物进行扶桑绵粉蚧的生物防治提供科学依据。     

扶桑绵粉蚧交配行为及能力的研究

本文对扶桑绵粉蚧的交配行为及交配能力进行观察,以期明确其交配行为和交配能力.研究发现,发现扶桑绵粉蚧雌雄虫均能多次交配,雄虫交配能力大于雌虫.雄虫交配次数为3～10次不等,平均为6.9次,以交配6次所占的比率最大,为26.7％.雌虫的交配次数为1～4次不等,平均为2.3次,以交配2次所占的比率最大,为40.0％.扶桑绵...     

云南扶桑绵粉蚧的发生及防治

扶桑绵粉蚧是一种全球恶性入侵害虫,2008年传入我国,目前已有13个省区报道其为害,2009年在云南省被发现,截至2013年3月,云南省共8个州(市) 10个县(市)已有分布。扶桑绵粉蚧寄主范围广,危害性大,适应性强。同时,云南省花卉、蔬菜调运及进出口贸易频繁,加之气候类型丰富、水热条件优越、自然地理环境复杂多样、动植物资源丰富等优势,有利于扶桑绵粉蚧的入侵、定殖与扩散,易造成较大的经济损失。目前,关于云南省扶桑绵粉蚧的研究仍然缺乏,现就扶桑绵粉蚧在云南的发生现状、潜在风险和防治措施等方面进行概述,以期为该虫的有效防范提供参考。     

龟纹瓢虫对扶桑绵粉蚧的捕食功能反应

为初步探究龟纹瓢虫Propylea japonica对入侵性害虫扶桑绵粉蚧Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley的生物防控能力,本实验在(T=26℃±2℃,R=80%±5%,L∶D=16∶8)条件下进行。将饥饿处理过的各个龄期的龟纹瓢虫分别与扶桑绵粉蚧不同密度的1龄若虫进行组合,在一定的时间内,测定各龄期的龟纹瓢虫对猎物进行的捕食量、捕食率。龟纹瓢虫1龄幼虫、2龄幼虫和成虫对扶桑绵粉蚧1龄若虫的功能反应属Holling-Ⅱ型反应,其捕食者的捕食率随猎物密度的增加而逐渐下降;龟纹瓢虫对猎物的处理时间Th随瓢虫龄期的增大而呈减小趋势。龟纹瓢虫3龄幼虫,4龄幼虫对扶桑绵粉蚧1龄若虫的功能反应属Holling-Ⅲ型反应,其捕食量随虫龄的增大而增加,发现率和最大捕食量也增大,平均处理时间减少。结果表明,龟纹瓢虫对扶桑绵粉蚧具有较强的控制潜能。     

扶桑绵粉蚧Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley

<正>扶桑绵粉蚧,又称:棉花粉蚧,隶属于半翅目Hemiptera、蚧总科Coccoidea、粉蚧科Pseudococcidae、绵粉蚧亚科Phenacoccinae。雌性成虫椭圆形,长3.0～4.2mm,宽2.0～3.1mm;全身覆被白色蜡粉,背部有一系列的黑色背斑,通常头部背面1对和腹部背面3对黑斑明显;触角9节;足发达。雄性成虫体微     

扶桑绵粉蚧及其蜜露对红火蚁的召集作用

为了明确扶桑绵粉蚧Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley及其蜜露对红火蚁Solenopsis invicta Buren的召集作用,利用双向选择诱集装置测定了扶桑绵粉蚧雌成虫及其分泌蜜露对红火蚁工蚁的诱集数量动态。结果表明：（1）蜜露对红火蚁工蚁具有强烈的召集作用,不管扶桑绵粉蚧存在与否,均可在10~20 min出现觅食工蚁的数量高峰,之后随着蜜露量减少,觅食工蚁诱集数量也逐渐降低,明显高于对照;（2）仅有扶桑绵粉蚧雌成虫存在时,红火蚁觅食工蚁数量呈现逐渐增加的趋势,50 min才达到数量高峰,之后无明显下降趋势;（3）对比蜜露和雌成虫对红火蚁工蚁的诱集结果发现,蜜露对红火蚁工蚁的召集作用明显较强,10 min即可出现91.50头的觅食工蚁数量高峰,而雌成虫对红火蚁的诱集量较低,诱集高峰出现在42 min,诱集量仅为39.17头。因此,扶桑绵粉蚧及其蜜露均对红火蚁工蚁具有一定的召集作用,蜜露的召集作用明显较强,而雌成虫的召集作用较为稳定,未随着时间延长出现明显下降。     

杭州地区扶桑绵粉蚧危害调查及系统进化分析

【背景】扶桑绵粉蚧是近年来入侵我国的重要检疫性害虫,在我国多个省份均有发生,造成了严重的经济损失。【方法】于2009—2015年对杭州地区扶桑绵粉蚧的发生危害情况进行了实地调查,同时结合mt DNA COI分子标记方法,对扶桑绵粉蚧进行分子鉴定和系统进化分析。【结果】杭州市余杭区、萧山区和临安市3个地区发现扶桑绵粉蚧分布,共调查到寄主植物38科61属68种,以辣椒、茄子、番茄、南瓜、棉花、芝麻、菊花、苦荬菜、大花马齿苋和五色梅受害最严重。系统进化分析表明,杭州地区的扶桑绵粉蚧未发生明显的遗传分化,与我国其他地区扶桑绵粉蚧mt DNA COI基因相似度为99.4%~100%。【结论与意义】本研究为进一步研究扶桑绵粉蚧的遗传进化、可能的侵入途径以及科学防控提供了理论基础。     

惠州地区扶桑绵粉蚧寄主危害情况及入侵来源

【目的】 弄清扶桑绵粉蚧在惠州地区的发生危害和入侵来源。【方法】 对惠州地区扶桑绵粉蚧发生危害进行系统调查,并对采集的样品开展形态学鉴定、DNA提取和PCR扩增,利用生物信息学软件分析其序列同源性、遗传结构及系统进化关系。【结果】 惠州地区扶桑绵粉蚧危害的寄主植物有15科43种,危害具有重要经济价值的马铃薯和蔬菜等农作物。测出的线粒体COⅠ基因序列有4个单倍型,在GenBank数据库中比对,序列相似度达到100%,种群间遗传距离为0~0.029,其中,惠州种群与美国种群遗传距离较大,与其他种群遗传距离较小。构建的系统发育树显示,扶桑绵粉蚧惠州种群与巴基斯坦种群聚在一支。【结论】 推测惠州地区发生的扶桑绵粉蚧可能来源于巴基斯坦,该结论为惠州马铃薯和蔬菜产区监测该虫的发生和精准防治提供科学依据。     

基于宏基因组测序的扶桑绵粉蚧内共生菌多样性研究

[目的] 扶桑绵粉蚧是一种重要的入侵害虫,也被列为我国的检疫性有害生物。内共生菌的群落结构及与扶桑绵粉蚧关系的研究,将为研究扶桑绵粉蚧的入侵生物学和防治提供新的思路和参考。[方法] 利用宏基因组测序技术对室内饲养扶桑绵粉蚧内共生菌的物种组成、丰度和多样性进行了研究。[结果] 共鉴定获得29个门,47个纲,105个目,178个科,245个属,299个种。变形菌门、γ-变形菌纲、肠杆菌目、肠杆菌科、伯克氏菌属、Candidatus分别为各分类阶元的优势种群。共预测了36505个基因,其中77.27%的基因分布在200~499 nt的范围内。基因集KEGG注释表明,扶桑绵粉蚧内共生菌代谢相关基因最多,达384个,占49.48%;环境信息处理基因最少,仅8个,占1.03%;代谢相关基因最多的为氨基酸代谢基因,为64个,占28.19%。基因集COG注释表明,翻译、核糖体结构和生物发生的基因最多,其次为氨基酸转运和代谢基因,分别占27.64%和12.31%。[结论] 初步确定了扶桑绵粉蚧内共生菌菌群的群落结构和优势菌群,并初步分析了这些内共生菌的功能基因情况,为进一步研究内共生菌与扶桑绵粉蚧之间的关系提供了基础,以期从内共生菌的角度为该虫的防控提供新的策略。     

Relative host plant species use by the lantana biological control agent Aconophora compressa (Membracidae) across its native and introduced ranges

Aconophora compressa Walker (Hemiptera: Membracidae) was released in 1995 against the weed lantana in Australia, and is now found on multiple host plant species. The intensity and regularity at which A. compressa uses different host species was quantified in its introduced Australian range and also its native Mexican range. In Australia, host plants fell into three statistically defined categories, as indicated by the relative rates and intensities at which they were used in the field. Fiddlewood (Citharexylum spinosum L.: Verbenaceae) was used much more regularly and at higher densities than any other host sampled, and alone made up the first group. The second group, lantana (Lantana camara L.: Verbenaceae; pink variety) and geisha girl (Duranta erecta L.: Verbenaceae), were used less regularly and at much lower densities than fiddlewood. The third group, Sheena’s gold (another variety of D. erecta), jacaranda (Jacaranda mimosifolia D. Don: Bignoniaceae) and myoporum (Myoporum acuminatum R. Br.: Myoporaceae), were used infrequently and at even lower densities. In Mexico, the insect was found at relatively low densities on all hosts relative to those in Australia. Densities were highest on L. urticifolia, D. erecta and Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth (Bignoniaceae), which were used at similar rates to one another. It was found also on a few other verbenaceous and non-verbenaceous host species but at even lower densities. The relative rate at which Citharexylum spp. and L. urticifolia were used could not be assessed in Mexico because A. compressa was found on only one plant of each species in areas where these host species co-occurred. The low rate at which A. compressa occurred on fiddlewood in Mexico is likely to be an artefact of the short-term nature of the surveys or differences in the suites of Citharexylum and Lantana species available there. These results provide further incentive to insist on structured and quantified surveys of non-target host use in the native range of potential biological control agents prior to host testing studies in quarantine.     

The role of host species, age and defensive behaviour on ovipositional decisions in a solitary specialist and gregarious generalist parasitoid (Cotesia species)

The main objective of this study was to determine the extent to which host acceptance behaviour as related to host species, age, and defensive behaviour might explain the differences in host use that exist between two congeneric and sympatric species of parasitic wasps. Cotesia glomerata (L.) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is gregarious and generalist on several species of Pieridae, whereas C. rubecula (Marshall) is solitary and specific to Pieris rapae (L.). Cotesia species differed in their responses to host species (P. brassicae (L.), P. napi (L.) and P. rapae) and developmental stage (early and late 1st, 2nd and 3rd instars). In no-choice tests, host acceptance by C. rubecula was higher for p. rapae and females did not distinguish among the 6 host ages. In contrast, when foraging for P. brassicae and P. napi, C. rubecula females more readily attacked early first instar. Cotesia glomerata showed a higher degree of behavioural plasticity towards acceptance of Pieris host species and host age than did C. rubecula. Cotesia glomerata females parasitized the three Pieris species and showed higher acceptance of first and second instars over third instar. Oviposition success was also influenced by host defensive behaviour. The frequency and the effectiveness of defensive behaviour rose with increasing age of the host, P. brassicae being the most aggressive Pieris species. Furthermore, the mean duration of C. glomerata oviposition was significantly reduced by the defensive reactions of P. brassicae, which would likely affect parasitoid fitness as oviposition time is positively correlated to clutch size in C. glomerata. Acceptance frequencies corresponded well to field reports of Pieris-Cotesia associations and to patterns of parasitoid larval performance, suggesting that the acceptance phase might be used as a reliable indicator of Cotesia host-specificity.     

草履蚧不同寄主和地理种群遗传分化的RAPD分析

应用随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)技术对草履蚧保定、石家庄、邯郸16个不同寄主地理种群遗传多样性和种群分化进行研究,结果显示4个RAPD引物共扩增出41个多态性位点,多态位点比率为100%。遗传距离指数在0.701—0.4360,平均为0.2395。其中以邯郸枫杨和邯郸垂丝海棠为寄主的草履蚧种群遗传距离最小(0.0701);以石家庄紫叶李和邯郸木槿为寄主的种群遗传距离最大(0.4360)。遗传一致度系数在0.6466—0.9290。说明草履蚧不同种群遗传多样性丰富并存在遗传差异。聚类分析结果表明草履蚧种群遗传多样性同时受到寄主和地理因素的双重影响,且不同寄主草履蚧种群已产生明显的遗传分化。     

Ceratitis capitata: Effect of host fruit size on the number of eggs per clutch

A laboratory strain of Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) was presented with grapes, plums, apples and peaches for oviposition. Fruit diameter was highly correlated with the number of eggs/oviposition. Clutch size was 3.9±0.3 for grapes (20 mm) compared with 14.0±0.7 for apples (70 mm). When Parafilm^®-enveloped whole peeled fruits and smaller spheres of fruit flesh were offered, fruit size proved more important than fruit type in determining egg clutch sizes. Ovipositions that required the puncture of fruit skin gave larger clutches than ovipositions through Parafilm or into punctured fruit.

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Zusammenfassung Einem Laboratoriumsstamm von Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) wurden Trauben, Pflaumen, Aepfel und Pfirsiche zur Eiablage vorgelegt. Der Fruchtdurchmesser war stark korreliert mit der Eizahl pro Eiablage. Die Grösse der Eihaufen war 3,9±0,3 bei Trauben (20 mm) und 14,0±0,7 bei Aepfeln (70 mm). Wenn geschälte und mit Parafilm^® eingehüllte ganze Früchte und Fruchtscheiben vorgelegt wurden, war die Fruchtgrösse wichtiger als der Fruchttyp für die Grösse der Eiablage. Eiablagen, bei denen die Fruchthaut durchbohrt werden musste, waren grösser als Eiablagen durch Parafilm oder in perforierte Früchte.