Tbx18通过下调EMT信号分子参与调控心脏发育

转录因子Tbx18(Tbx18)在小鼠胚胎心外膜上皮细胞表达并调控心外膜上皮细胞向心系细胞分化.上皮间充质转化(EMT)过程是器官发育和形成的重要机制.为阐述Tbx18通过调控下游EMT关键信号分子参与心外膜上皮细胞分化和心脏发育,本研究运用Tbx18-Cre/Rosa26R-EYFP双杂合基因敲入小鼠和免疫荧光共聚焦,证实Tbx18+心系细胞和EMT关键信号分子Snail1、Smad、Slug、Twist在发育后期胚鼠心外膜和心外膜下间充质发生共聚焦.同时还发现,Tbx18在胚鼠不同发育阶段的表达模式和Tbx18+心系细胞内上述EMT关键信号分子的表达模式相似.Tbx18和EMT关键信号分子在发育心脏存在相似的时空表达模式,因此,它们之间可能存在相互调控作用.运用Tbx18突变技术揭示了Tbx18突变型胚鼠心脏EMT关键信号分子表达水平均较野生型显著下调,直接证实了上述4个EMT信号分子是Tbx18的可能靶点.理解Tbx18参与心脏发育的下游靶点有助于改善成年心脏损伤后的再生修复.     

骨桥蛋白调控上皮间质转化的研究进展

上皮间质转化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT)是指上皮细胞通过特定程序转化为具有间质细胞表型的生物学过程,被认为是器官纤维化及上皮源性恶性肿瘤发生与转移的启动环节。骨桥蛋白(osteopontin,OPN)为一种表达于体内多种组织及细胞的基质蛋白,目前研究显示OPN参与了组织器官的纤维化、上皮源性恶性肿瘤发生及转移,其作用的分子生物学基础可能与EMT相关。在此本文将对参与OPN调控EMT的相关信号途径进行简述,以期为临床通过调控OPN的表达或含量,改善组织器官纤维化,降低上皮源性恶性肿瘤转移及侵袭力提供分子生物学依据。     

上皮间质转化与干细胞自我更新和分化

上皮间质转化（epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT）是指上皮细胞失去连接和极性转变为间质细胞的过程,这一现象普遍存在于胚胎发育、创伤愈合、器官纤维化以及肿瘤转移。在胚胎早期发育和晚期发育过程,例如着床、原肠运动、心血管发育等事件中有EMT和间质上皮转化（mesenchymal-epithelial transition,MET）的参与。EMT和MET参与调控干细胞表型变化、细胞迁移运动,是细胞差异分化和三维组织构建的重要机制。EMT的重要标志是细胞黏附分子表达由E-钙黏着蛋白(E-cadherin)向N-钙黏着蛋白(N-cadherin)转换。E-钙黏着蛋白通过与β-联蛋白、p120-联蛋白、α-联蛋白联合,影响Wnt、小GTP酶超家族等信号通路活化,调控细胞骨架运动。TGFβ、Notch、Wnt、BMP、FGF等信号通路,Snail、Twist、Zeb等转录因子,联合表观修饰酶,协同参与EMT的启动和调控。体外研究模型表明,E-钙黏着蛋白参与干细胞自我更新;而体细胞重编程可视为MET,重编程因子辅助体细胞获得E 钙黏着蛋白表达。体外研究发现,EMT及相关分子（例如E-钙黏着蛋白、Snail、Twist、Zeb等）参与了早期三胚层分化及晚期特定细胞类型的形成。对EMT机制的研究有助于理解和改善干细胞体外诱导分化效率,促进类器官的构建和诱导。     

Wt1在心脏发育中的作用

Wt1最初被认为是一种抑癌基因,现在发现其在器官形成和病理生理过程中发挥作用,它不仅影响肾脏而且影响心脏的发育。心外膜细胞在经历了上皮-间充质细胞转化后成为心血管前体细胞,之后继续分化为心肌细胞、冠状动脉血管细胞等,该过程在心脏发育中起到重要作用,而Wt1调控了这一重要的转化过程。本综述主要阐述Wt1通过Wnt/β-catenin信号通路和维甲酸信号通路调控EMT,影响心脏发育的机制。充分理解Wt1调控EMT产生心血管前体细胞的过程与分子机制,对于研究正常心脏发育及心脏再生有很大帮助。     

经典WNT信号通路与哺乳动物肺器官发育

肺器官发育是上皮和问充质相互作用的过程,由多条信号通路共同调控。已知经典WNT信号通路对细胞的增殖、凋亡和分化起着重要的调控作用,在小鼠等模式生物上研究发现,它也参与了哺乳动物肺器官发育的调控过程。综述近年来经典WNT信号通路成员在哺乳动物肺器官发育过程中的表达变化、作用功能及表达异常可能诱发的肺部疾病,以期为研究经典WNT信号通路调控人类肺器官发育的分子机制及相关肺部疾病的诊治奠定基础。     

病原微生物诱导上皮间充质转化的相关研究进展

上皮间充质转化是一种可参与调控胚胎发育、损伤愈合的复杂过程,并在肿瘤形成、发展和转移过程中发挥重要作用。多种诱导因素及转录因子可诱导、促进上皮细胞发生间充质样改变。随着肿瘤与细菌感染相关研究成为热点,细菌与上皮间充质转化的相关研究报道亦逐渐增多。细菌或病毒等病原微生物感染宿主细胞可通过多种不同机制上调参与上皮间充质转化的转录因子表达,减少上皮性标志物Ecadherin、细胞角蛋白等的表达,增强间充质性标志物Vimentin、N-cadherin等的表达,促进细胞迁移和侵袭,诱导上皮间充质转化的发生发展。本文对细菌和病毒等病原微生物诱导上皮间充质转化的相关研究进展作一综述。     

MiRNA对上皮-间质转化的调控作用

上皮-间质转化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT)是胚胎发育、组织分化和器官形成的重要生理过程,也是慢性炎症、器官纤维化和癌症转移等疾病的重要病理过程。近年来发现多种微RNA(microRNA,miRNA)通过靶向EMT相关蛋白,例如E-钙粘蛋白(E-cadherin)、波形蛋白(Vimentin)、Snail、ZEB和Twist等转录因子来调控EMT的发生和发展,这些例子揭示了EMT分子机制的"冰山一角",一个庞大的EMT转录后调控网络正在被发现。本文总结了miRNA对EMT相关蛋白的调控作用,并对miRNA-EMT调控网络的后续研究进行了讨论。     

白藜芦醇抑制上皮肿瘤细胞侵袭和迁移的机制

白藜芦醇是一种多酚类的植物抗毒素,具有多种生物学活性,其中,抗肿瘤作用受到人们越来越多的关注。大量实验表明,白藜芦醇具有靶向抑制癌细胞侵袭和迁移的能力。EMT过程使上皮细胞获得间充质表型,从而促进癌细胞的侵袭和迁移。Micro RNAs可靶向EMT的转录因子以及上皮和间充质标志物来调节EMT过程。MMP-2和MMP-9是细胞外基质的两个重要成分,均参与肿瘤细胞的转移。白藜芦醇通过影响EMT过程、调控micro RNAs家族的表达以及抑制MMPs的蛋白表达和酶活性来影响上皮肿瘤细胞的侵袭和迁移。现对白藜芦醇抑制上皮肿瘤细胞侵袭、迁移的机制进行综述。     

上皮细胞-间充质细胞转换(EMT)在癌症转移、胚胎发育及哺乳动物雌性生殖过程中的作用机制

上皮细胞向间充质细胞转换(epithelial-mesenchymal transition, EMT),是具有极性的上皮细胞转换为具有运动能力的间充质细胞并获得侵袭和迁移能力的过程,它存在于动物多个生理和病理过程中,并涉及复杂的信号通路调节过程,行使多种生理功能．在早期胚胎发育过程中,EMT和MET(间充质细胞向上皮细胞转换)的相互转换,对于器官的形成及发育起至关重要的作用．另外,EMT还可促进肿瘤的转移．在卵巢、子宫以及胎盘等雌性生殖系统中也都涉及到EMT过程的发生．卵巢中发生的EMT有利于排卵后的修复,子宫中早期蜕膜化过程中发生的MET可使胚胎更好地锚定在子宫中,而胎盘形成过程中发生的EMT则有利于母体和胎儿之间进行营养和气体的交换．这些生殖过程中发生的EMT一旦失败,则可能导致相关的生殖疾病．     

Elevation of YAP promotes the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and tumor aggressiveness in colorectal cancer

Tumor metastasis is the leading cause of death in cancer patients. Identifying metastatic biomarkers in tumor cells would help cancer diagnoses and the development of therapeutic targets. Yes-associated protein (YAP) plays an important role in organ development and has gained much attention in tumorigenesis. However, the role of YAP and the underlying mechanism in tumor metastasis of colorectal cancer (CRC) is still unclear. In this study, we generated metastatic 116-LM cells from the HCT116 CRC cell line. We found that the capacity for tumor aggressiveness was elevated in 116-LM cells and identified that YAP and its mRNA level were upregulated in 116-LM cells. Moreover, expression of YAP was found to correlate with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) marker expressions, whereas suppression of YAP decreased EMT marker expressions and impeded tumor migration and invasion. Additionally, upregulation of YAP was identified in colon cancer patients, and it was correlated with EMT gene expressions. Furthermore, we identified LBH589, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, that was capable of inhibiting tumor growth and aggressiveness in both HCT116 and 116-LM cells. LBH589 potentially inhibited YAP and its mRNA expression, accompanied by diminished expressions of YAP downstream genes and EMT markers. Together, YAP plays a crucial role in aggressiveness and metastasis of CRC, and YAP may be an attractive therapeutic target.     

The role of EMT in renal fibrosis

It is clear that the well-described phenomenon of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays a pivotal role in embryonic development, wound healing, tissue regeneration, organ fibrosis and cancer progression. EMTs have been classified into three subtypes based on the functional consequences and biomarker context in which they are encountered. This review will highlight findings on type II EMT as a direct contributor to the kidney myofibroblast population in the development of renal fibrosis, specifically in diabetic nephropathy, the signalling molecules and the pathways involved in type II EMT and changes in the expression of specific miRNA with the EMT process. These findings have provided new insights into the activation and development of EMT during disease processes and may lead to possible therapeutic interventions to suppress EMTs and potentially reverse organ fibrosis.     

Hippo信号通路在肺发育、再生和疾病中的功能

哺乳动物肺对于血液与外部环境之间的气体交换至关重要。而肺相关的疾病是现代人死亡的主要原因之一。肺的发育、再生和相关疾病的研究对临床治疗具有重要的指导作用。研究发现,Hippo信号通路参与细胞增殖与分化的调控、器官大小的控制,以及机械力的感应和传递。Hippo信号通路中的核心转录调控分子YAP/TAZ在肺部的多种细胞中均有表达,其表达及定位的变化在肺发育与再生中发挥着重要的调控作用。本文主要介绍了Hippo信号通路在肺生长发育中的功能及其与肺纤维化、肺癌的关系,并从肺泡力学和肺泡相关免疫两个角度对Hippo信号通路潜在的功能进行了展望。     

A new role for the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition

Tumor metastasis is not only a sign of disease severity but also a major factor causing treatment failure and cancer-related death. Therefore, studies on the molecular mechanisms of tumor metastasis are critical for the development of treatments and for the improvement of survival. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an orderly, polygenic biological process that plays an important role in tumor cell invasion, metastasis and chemoresistance. The complex, multi-step process of EMT involves multiple regulatory mechanisms. Specifically, the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway can affect the EMT in a variety of ways to influence tumor aggressiveness. A better understanding of the regulatory mechanisms related to the EMT can provide a theoretical basis for the early prediction of tumor progression as well as targeted therapy.     

A multiscale computational model of YAP signaling in epithelial fingering behavior

In epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), cells organized into sheets break away and become motile mesenchymal cells. EMT plays a crucial role in wound healing, embryonic development, and cancer metastasis. Intracellular signaling in response to mechanical, topographic, or chemical stimuli can promote EMT. We present a multiscale model for EMT downstream of the protein YAP, which suppresses the cell-cell adhesion protein E-cadherin and activates the GTPase Rac1 that enhances cell migration. We first propose an ordinary differential equation (ODE) model for intracellular YAP/Rac1/E-cadherin interactions. The ODE model dynamics are bistable, accounting for both motile loose cells and adherent slower cells. We incorporate this model into a cellular Potts model simulation of two-dimensional wound healing using the open-source platform Morpheus. We show that, under suitable stimuli representing topographic cues, the sheet exhibits finger-like projections and EMT. Morphological differences and quantitative differences in YAP levels as well as variations in cell speed across the sheet are consistent with previous experimental observations of epithelial sheets grown on topographic features in vitro. The simulation is also consistent with experiments that knock down or overexpress YAP, inhibit Rac1, or block E-cadherin.     

Dynamic Sialylation in Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β)-induced Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a fundamental process in embryonic development and organ formation. Aberrant regulation of EMT often leads to tumor progression. Changes in cell surface sialylation have recently been implicated in mediating EMT. Herein we report the visualization of dynamic changes of sialylation and glycoproteomic analysis of newly synthesized sialylated proteins in EMT by metabolic labeling of sialylated glycans with azides, followed by click labeling with fluorophores or affinity tags. We discovered that sialylation was down-regulated during EMT but then reverted and up-regulated in the mesenchymal state after EMT, accompanied by mRNA expression level changes of genes involved in the sialic acid biosynthesis. Quantitative proteomic analysis identified a list of sialylated proteins whose biosynthesis was dynamically regulated during EMT. Sialylation of cell surface adherent receptor integrin β₄ was found to be down-regulated, which may regulate integrin functions during EMT. Furthermore, a global sialylation inhibitor was used to probe the functional role of sialylation during EMT. We found that inhibition of sialylation promoted EMT. Taken together, our findings suggest the important role of sialylation in regulating EMT and imply its possible function in related pathophysiological events, such as cancer metastasis.