动物地磁导航机制研究进展

地磁场是地球重要的物理场,它不仅能保护地球生物免受太阳风及其他宇宙射线的伤害,阻挡地球生命赖以生存的大气圈和水圈被剥蚀,为地球生物提供一个温和的生存进化环境,而且其强度、偏角和倾角能为动物迁徙提供定位导航参考。目前,行为学研究已经发现许多鸟类、爬行类、两栖类、哺乳类等动物都能够利用地磁场导航。动物感知地磁场的磁感受器(magnetoreceptor)、磁信息的感知机制和信号传递通路一直是动物地磁导航研究的焦点和难点,但目前对它们的了解并不十分清楚。基于国内外学者最近的研究成果,本文首先介绍三种主要的磁感知机制及其相应的证据:电磁感应、基于光受体的磁感知及基于磁铁矿纳米颗粒的磁感知。其次,总结鸟类基于光受体和磁铁矿纳米颗粒的磁感知神经通路和相应的磁信息响应脑区:(1)眼睛视网膜上光依赖的磁感受器——隐花色素通过视觉通路与大脑联系获取准确方向信息;(2)上喙或内耳中的磁铁矿纳米颗粒磁感受器,通过三叉神经或内耳听壶传入神经将感知的磁场强度信息传至脑干前庭区域,获得"导航图"信息。最后,简要总结近年来哺乳动物地磁导航的研究进展,并指出动物地磁导航研究当前亟待解决的几个重要科学问题。     

生物磁感应机制的研究进展

生物磁感应指的是生物感知磁场的强度与方向,并做出相应响应的能力。自发现迁徙的鸟类可以感应地磁场已过去了半个多世纪,期间的研究发现,几乎所有的动物门类都可以找到能感磁的动物。可相关的磁感应机制仍未被阐明。目前,有两种主流的磁感应假说,分别是基于磁铁矿颗粒和隐花色素的化学自由基对。本文简述了对生物感磁现象的主线研究,并总结了重要的磁感应机制的研究进展。希望本文可以促进磁生物学各交叉学科的交流与发展,为早日攻克这一难题做出贡献。     

为什么喜马拉雅山上会有海洋生物化石

为什么喜马拉雅山上会出现海洋生物化石,恐怕很少有人知道这些现象同地球磁场或地球磁学有什么关系。海洋上测得的地磁场和海底岩石磁性为什么会强弱起伏,甚至海底岩石也随深度而改变方向呢?现代地球磁学的研究表明,地磁场是随时间和空间改变的。从地球内部喷出高温的岩浆在地面冷却时便受到地磁场的磁化作用而留下剩磁,岩石剩磁的方向便反映了它们冷却形成岩石时的地磁场方向,好像磁录音录像带一样记录下当时地磁场的情况。因此从陆地和海洋的岩石磁性的变化,便可了解不同地质时代、不同大陆和海洋的演变和分布情况,由此证实了大陆漂移、海…     

磁处理对红壤酶活性和牧草（苏丹草）幼苗生长的影响

磁生物效应即外加磁场或磁处理对生物的影响,是生物磁学的重要组成部分,也是土壤磁学和环境磁学中正在开拓的领域[1]。60年代以来,随着现代磁学和分子、量子生物学的迅猛发展,同时也是为了工农业生产、医药卫生、环境保护等发展的需要,磁生物效应的研究不断扩大和深入,磁生物效应机制的探讨和研究由宏观走向微观,由单纯的物理和化学效应观察走向生物生理和生化的研究。当前,磁生物效应研究逐渐向各学科渗透,一方面为磁处理技术在各科学领域的应用提供理论依据和技术参数,另一方面从不同的角度来揭示磁生物效应的微观机制。本文着重研究了磁…     

生物磁学在鸟类定向研究中的进展

地球上广泛存在的地磁场能够为导航提供可靠的信息,因此很多鸟类在迁徙和归巢过程中都使用地磁信息来保证航行方向的正确,在迁徙的鸟类中已经发现有18种是利用地磁罗盘进行定向和导航的。本文从鸟类使用的磁罗盘、航行地图以及磁感应机制等几方面阐述了目前在鸟类生物磁学方面的研究进展。     

我们生活在磁的世界里——“阿波罗”登月如何研究月球磁场宇宙磁现象的研究和应用(连载之三)

长期的科学研究指出,地球上生命现象的出现及各种生物和人类的进化与生存都是离不开太阳的。实际上太阳也是人类观测研究最早和最多的天体。从磁的方面看,太阳表面的各种现象和活动都同太阳的磁场有关,因此把太阳表面的活动称为太阳磁活动。从对太阳的长期观测研究已经知道：太阳表面普遍存在着跟地球磁场强度相近的约万分之一特的磁通密度;太阳黑子存在更强的磁场,约为太阳表面磁场的几百倍到几千倍,正是由于太阳黑子的强磁场作用才使其温度降低,因而亮度变暗,成为黑子。太阳的一些强烈磁活动还对太阳系空间和包括地球在内的太阳系…     

浅谈磁场对生物的影响

浅谈磁场对生物的影响王义诠（天津市第三十八中学３００２２２）地球是一个磁化球体,周围存在着相当强的磁场,它就是地磁场。国际地磁和超高层大气物理学协会主席托洛托斯卡雅曾说过：“地磁场作为一个十分重要的环境因素影响着地球上的人类和生物。”地磁场是地球上的...     

磁场的治疗作用

宇宙中所有的物体,包括生物与非生物都是带有磁性的物体。从微小的物质基本粒子电子、中子、质子到地球、月球等物体均带有不同程度的磁性、宇宙中有不带电的物质,可是没有不带磁的物质,所以磁广泛的存在于宇宙之中。地球的磁场只有0.3～0.5奥斯特,这种磁场虽然很弱,但却能对人类活动产生很大影响,然而人们对它的存在不易觉察,但是当我们应用大于地球磁场数百倍到数千倍的磁场强度来治疗疾病时,作用就十分明显了。磁场能改善血液循环,改变神经的兴奋性,促使致病物质分解和转化,从而达到止痛效果。具体来说,磁疗的镇痛作用是多方面的,如磁疗…     

磁选育浸矿菌种新方法的研究——磁泳分离菌种

世界无处不有磁,磁场对整个世界产生着重大的影响。本文通过大量镜检工作,观察到从酸性矿坑水中初步分离培养得到的部分细菌对外加磁场均有微弱的趋磁性。基于菌种的这种特性,设计了磁泳装置用不同的磁场梯度分离细菌,磁泳分离的方法可以初步分离出近磁、远磁茼,这两个菌群的生理特性有着很大的差异,主要体现在其对亚铁氧化和对金属高于的浸出上,远磁菌亚铁氧化活性比近磁菌高将近50％,远磁菌对铜离子的浸出效果也比近磁茼好。近磁菌在强磁性矿物培养基中生长情况较好,而远磁茼在弱磁性矿物培养基中生长情况较好。而且,在近磁茼的纯培养茼体中分离到磁性颗粒。实验结果证明。采用磁泳用于分离体内舍有磁性颗粒的细菌是可行并且有效的,这一分离技术和工艺的结合也将大大促进我国生物冶金的步伐。     

磁的应用

磁是物质的磁性和空间的磁场;磁是普通存在的,各种磁现象广泛存在于人间,地下和天上;磁的现象和磁的应用十分广泛,随处可见。一切生物具有磁性,在生命活动中会产生微弱的磁场,而且也会受外界磁场的影响;磁石作为药物或药物的一种成分,其应用已有两千多年的历史,而且现代的一些中药也还有应用。生物磁现象既有生物自身产生的磁场和生物的磁性,又有外加磁场和环境磁场对生物的影响。生物磁学和生物磁技术的研究成果,已在国防、工业、农业、医学、环境保护等许多部门得到应用。电磁火箭和电磁炮的研究是在国防工业中的应用;磁作用…     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

The mechanism of hatching of eggs of Haemonchus contortus

Fluid collected from hatching eggs of Haemonchus contortus contained a lipase which hydrolysed 2-naphthyl laurate (about 0·7 μmol naphthol freed /h/10⁶ eggs). The fluid also hydrolysed l-leucinamide (about 2·3 μmol leucine freed/h/10⁶ eggs). The fluid when added to normal or heated eggs caused ‘hatching’. ‘Hatching’ also occurred in exsheathing fluid from infective juveniles and in a preparation of pancreatic lipase containing leucine aminopeptidase. A purified mammalian leucine aminopeptidase in combination with several different lipases did not attack egg shells.The ‘spontaneous’ hatching of eggs of H. contortus was strongly inhibited by 1,10-phenanthroline, 10^?3M, and this inhibition was reversed by Zn²⁺. However, the inhibition of ‘hatching’ of eggs in externally applied hatching fluid, or the hydrolysis of leucinamide in hatching fluid was generally less marked.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.