蟹累枝虫的光镜及电镜观察

利用活体观察、蛋白银染色及电镜技术对蟹累枝虫(Epistylis eriocheiri)的形态学、表膜下纤维及超微结构进行了较为系统的描述,研究发现:(1)光镜下该种群体双叉分支,活体时虫体表膜柔软,完全伸展时呈长筒状;大核马蹄形,呈横位;伸缩泡单个,斜卧口围缘下方。口围缘纤维上连细密的环状纤维,下接两端较为粗壮,中间细长的纵长纤维,构成了连续的表膜下纤维系。(2)电镜下该种表面具沟、嵴、横纹结构,沟嵴相互交错;口围纤毛花瓣状;虫体表膜层呈齿状,具嵴状突起、泡间微管、表膜孔,胞质层包括内含胞器单一的致密原生质层和富含胞器的疏松原生质层。研究对该种的上述特征在虫体的收缩机制及与其他相似种之间的关系等方面进行了讨论。       

小球藻绿钟虫--中国东北淡水生缘毛类纤毛虫的形态学重述

小球藻绿钟虫 (VorticellachlorellataStiller ,194 0 )采自哈尔滨附近水域。本文在活体观察基础上 ,利用蛋白银染色技术对其形态学进行了研究 ,给出了该种染色后的特征。小球藻绿钟虫因其细胞内充满共生小球藻呈鲜绿色而得名。该种自然伸展时呈稳定的矮钟状 ,体长 5 3- 6 3× 4 1- 6 2 μm ;大核“J”型 ,两端明显盘绕 ,纵贯于体内。细胞表面具横纹 ,蛋白银制片后可见从口围唇到反口纤毛环之间有 33- 36条纹 ,从反口纤毛环到帚胚有条纹 15 - 18条 ;第三咽膜 (P3)由三列毛基列组成 ,最内侧一列长度仅是另外两列的一半 ,并显著分离 ;口围盘纤维斜向并呈轮辐式放射状排列 ,纤维末端分叉。通过对本文描述的绿色钟虫—小球藻绿钟虫的研究 ,发现对绿色钟虫的描述与归属问题仍存在一些混淆。本文认同将小球藻绿钟虫与绿钟虫严格分立的观点     

钟形钟虫形态学及表膜下纤维系统的研究

利用活体观察及蛋白银染色技术对钟形钟虫的形态学及表膜下纤维系统进行了研究,分别给出活体及蛋白银制片后标本的鉴别特征及表膜下纤维系统。本种活体鉴定主要特征为虫体呈宽钟状,细胞质不透明,镜下明显银制片后标本的鉴别特征及表膜下纤维系统,本种活体鉴定主要特征为虫体呈宽钟状,细胞质不透明,镜下明显可见有散布的脂滴存在,蛋白银制片特征为口器明显呈横位,第1（P1）和2咽膜（P2）汇合后形成的短咽膜弯曲程度较甚。纵向纤维粗壮而稀疏,40-50条;口围盘纤维网粗壮,呈轮辐状排布,相邻两轮辐外部末端多呈闭合态。第3咽膜（P3）由3排毛基索组成,其靠近P2侧的一列毛基索在P1与P3的汇合处终止,其长度只及另外两条毛基索长度的一半,故由P1和P3汇合后所组成的咽膜共由5排毛基索构成,对以上特征在分类学上的意义进行了讨论。     

灰盔累枝虫形态学及表膜下纤维系的研究

利用活体观察及蛋白银染色技术对灰盔累枝虫(Epistylisgalea)的形态学及表膜下纤维系进行了研究。该种主要鉴别特征为:活体个员的表膜柔软,虫体充分伸展时呈倒长锥形,体长200—300μm,体宽70—90μm;大核“J”字形,呈纵位。单一伸缩泡,直径21—25μm,背位。纵向纤维细密。口围盘纤维呈网状,与纵向纤维直接相连,并在整体上呈兜网状。与本属其他相近种相比,本种第3咽膜(P3)明显要长,其后1/3超出第1咽膜后继续向下呈弧形弯曲。本文对该种上述特征在分类学上的意义及其与相近种类之间的关系进行了讨论。     

鱼杯体虫(Apiosoma piscicola)的光镜及透射电镜观察

对洪泽湖地区鱼杯体虫(Apiosoma piscicola)的活体、固定染色标本形态及其超微结构进行了较为系统地观察、描述,发现虫体大小在南北地区存在显著差异并就这种现象产生的原因进行了讨论,认为这可能是由于南北地区在气候条件、水体生境等各个方面均存在着很大不同,相同祖先种在进行地域辐射时,对各自生存环境长期适应所产生的结果。在超微结构中对虫体表膜、口围纤毛、口围唇、漏斗、横纤毛带及内部胞器进行了仔细的观察,发现杯体虫体内尤其是口区具有很多细菌和有机颗粒,这就证明了其营养是来自于外界水环境而并非宿主,并从杯体虫食物来源的角度论证了杯体虫是一种体外共生体(ectocommensal)而非体外寄生体(ectoparasite)。另外,还观察到虫体尤其是口围唇部的表膜具有非常明显的褶皱,显示了其口区表膜极强的伸缩能力,这也是虫体在受到刺激或形成游泳体(telotroch或swarmer)时能将整个口围盘缩进体内的原因。       

鱼杯体虫(Apiosoma piscicola)的光镜及透射电镜观察

对洪泽湖地区鱼杯体虫（Apiosoma piscicola）的活体、固定染色标本形态及其超微结构进行了较为系统地观察、描述,发现虫体大小在南北地区存在显著差异并就这种现象产生的原因进行了讨论,认为这可能是由于南北地区在气候条件、水体生境等各个方面均存在着很大不同,相同祖先种在进行地域辐射时,对各自生存环境长期适应所产生的结果。在超微结构中对虫体表膜、口围纤毛、口围唇、漏斗、横纤毛带及内部胞器进行了仔细的观察,发现杯体虫体内尤其是口区具有很多细菌和有机颗粒,这就证明了其营养是来自于外界水环境而并非宿主,并从杯体虫食物来源的角度论证了杯体虫是一种体外共生体（ectocommensa｜）而非体外寄生体（ectoparasite）。另外,还观察到虫体尤其是口围唇部的表膜具有非常明显的褶皱,显示了其口区表膜极强的伸缩能力,这也是虫体在受到刺激或形成游泳体（telotroch或swarmer时能将整个口围盘缩进体内的原因。     

贻贝棘尾虫口器的结构

利用半薄连续切片和超薄切片对贻尾虫口器的显微及亚显微结构进行了观察,澄清了口侧膜和口内膜的立体位置,它们均为纤毛膜,口侧膜发自内唇的边缘,由两排纤毛构成,口内膜发自口围右壁,紧贴口围顶壁向左伸展,由单排纤毛组成,在口内膜的腹侧发现一非纤毛厚膜,暂定名为吞噬辅助膜,它由两层质膜夹一纵行微管束层构成,至口围后部口围带内收之处,此膜再向腹侧延伸出第二个膜,共同构成括号状,至胞口处此膜与口内和口侧膜互相包卷而成一包卷体,共同进入胸咽,经分析认为此膜及其与两纤毛膜形成的包者体,对棘尾虫摄取的大固体食物起重要作用。     

六种淡水纤毛虫形态学研究

借助活体观察和银染法对6种淡水纤毛虫(纵长板壳虫Coleps elongatus、瓜形原膜袋虫Protocyclidiumcitrullus、亨氏累枝虫Epistylis hentscheli、钟形钟虫Vorticella campanula、长柄球吸管虫Metacineta macrocaulis、四分锤吸管虫Tokophrya quadripatita)的形态和纤毛图式进行了详尽研究。本工作首次描述了亨氏累枝虫、四分锤吸管虫、纵长板壳虫的中国种群,同时揭示了亨氏累枝虫长期未知的纤毛图式特征并给出该种类的新定义: 虫体高钟形,活体大小约(100-130) m(60-65) m; 伸缩泡1个,腹位; 大小核各1枚,大核C型; 群体为规则对称二叉分枝; 口区三片小膜均由三列动基列组成,第三小膜由三列等长的动基列组成,其终止处高于第一小膜下端; 虫体前端到反口纤毛环间的银线约71-74条,反口纤毛环到帚胚间的银线约35-47条; 淡水生境。此外,本研究对长柄球吸管虫、钟形钟虫、瓜形原膜袋虫进行了重新描述,补充了显微照片。     

一种游仆虫皮层纤维结构的扫描电镜研究

应用扫描电镜研究了一种游仆虫皮层纤维结构。结果显示,口围带托架由横向组排在一起的小膜托架单元组成,每个小膜托架是由40-50 nm直径的纤维编织成的长方形薄片;波动膜托架是横向平行排列和纵向平行排列两部分共60多股纤维交错编织成的网状结构;额腹横棘毛区表膜下含有纵纤维层、球形纤维层和深部纤维层三层纤维,其纵纤维层在相应于游仆虫皮层脊（或脊和唇）之间的表膜下方被纵沟分成几部分;背面表膜下含有纵纤维,这层纤维下似乎也有球形纤维层。此外,作者也推测了这些皮层纤维结构在游仆虫皮层形态的保持、支持纤毛器和纤毛器运动及形态发生等方面的作用。     

红色伪角毛虫的形态学重描述及与相近种的比较(纤毛门,腹毛目)

利用活体观察、蛋白银染色技术对1种海水腹毛目纤毛虫-红色伪角毛虫Pseudokeronopsis rubra的青岛种群之活体形态和纤毛图式做了研究.其特征如下:虫体呈长带状,尾钝圆,身体柔软,高度可曲;皮层颗粒棕黄色,主要呈玫瑰花形分布,其余散布;表膜下具另1种无色、双面凹形颗粒.口围带小膜数为48～55;左、右缘棘毛各1列,中腹棘毛排成典型的锯齿状并延伸至横棘毛附近;额棘毛无明确分化,呈冠状排布并与中腹棘毛列相连续;口棘毛1根,额前棘毛2根;背触毛4列.大核90～140枚.伸缩泡位于体后左侧1/3处.经比较表明,尽管纤毛图式高度相似,P.rubra仍可以很容易地依据体色、伸缩泡的位置、皮层颗粒的大小、颜色、排布等活体特征与相近种区分.说明活体观察在纤毛虫种类鉴定中具有十分重要的作用.     

Distribution of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,S, Zn,Fe, Mn and Cu in groundnut

Summary Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in summer groundnut crop was higher than in kharif while Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents were higher in summer crop. Kernel's N, P and Zn; Leaflet's Ca and Mn; Stem's K and Fe; Root's S and Cu and Petiole's Mg contents were highest. Shell's N, P, K, Mg, S, Zn and Cu; Kernel's Ca, Fe and Mn contents were the least. N, P, K, S, Zn and Cu concentrations decreased linearly as the crop grew. Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations did not display any distinct pattern. Ca concentration was positively correlated with pod yield in both the seasons.     

Simultaneous measurement of the trace elements Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum and their reference ranges by ICP-MS

The goal of this article was to establish reference ranges of the concentration of trace elements in human serum and to compare these results with those reported by other authors. We describe the sample preparation and measurement conditions that allow the rapid, precise, and accurate determination of Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum samples (n=110) by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Accuracy and precision were determined by analyzing three reconstituted reference serum samples by comparison with other methods and by the standard addition procedure. The advantages of the ICP-MS method include short time of analysis of the elements mentioned, low detection limit, high precision, and high accuracy. Disadventages include a high risk of contamination due to the presence of some of the elements of interest in the environment, the relatively delicate sample handling, and the high cost of the equipment.     

Reference values for the concentrations of As,Cd, Co,Cr, Cu,Fe, I,Hg, Mn,Mo, Ni,Pb, Se,and Zn in selected human tissues and body fluids

This report attempts to formulate reference ranges of elemental concentrations for 15 trace elements in selected human tissues and body fluids. A set of samples consisting of whole blood, blood serum, urine, milk, liver, and hair were chosen and considered for 15 elements of biological significance: As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, F, Fe, I, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn. The results represent wholly or partially data received from 40 countries of the global regions of Africa, Asia, Europe, North, South, and Central America, Australia, and New Zealand. This survey, even if qualitative, has been useful in demonstrating certain trends of trace-element scenarios around the world. It is of course recognized that both diet and environment exert a strong influence on the distribution pattern of several elements, such as As, Cd, Mn, Pb, Se, and Zn. A limited comparison of the available information on soil status of different countries reflected some interesting associations for elements, such as Mn and Zn. Importantly, this study revealed that only a few countries were in a position to identify a reasonable amount of data on samples requested for this project. Regretably, for a number of countries, any dependable data for even such essential elements as Cu, Fe, and Zn were not available. In view of the nutritional importance of many elements, the time is ripe for concerted efforts by intergovernmental agencies to initiate investigations or commission task forces/projects to generate reliable reference data for selected global regions, which sadly lack data of any kind at present.     

Crystal structure, detonation performance, and thermal stability of a new polynitro cage compound: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonanitro-2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonaazaheptacyclo [5.5.1.13, 11. 15, 9] pentadecane

A new polynitro cage compound 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonanitro-2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonaazaheptcyclo [5.5.1.1(3,11).1(5,9)] pentadecane (NNNAHP) was designed in the present work. Its molecular structure was optimized at the B3LYP/6-31 G(d,p) level of density functional theory (DFT) and crystal structure was predicted using the Compass and Dreiding force fields and refined by DFT GGA-RPBE method. The obtained crystal structure of NNNAHP belongs to the P-1 space group and the lattice parameters are a = 9.99 ?, b = 10.78 ?, c = 9.99 ?, α = 90.01°, β = 120.01°, γ = 90.00°, and Z = 2, respectively. Based on the optimized crystal structure, the band gap, density of state, thermodynamic properties, infrared spectrum, strain energy, detonation characteristics, and thermal stability were predicted. Calculation results show that NNNAHP has detonation properties close to those of CL-20 and is a high energy density compound with moderate stability.     

Monovalent Cation Permeation through the Connexin40 Gap Junction Channel : Cs,Rb, K,Na, Li,TEA, TMA,TBA, and Effects of Anions Br,Cl, F,Acetate, Aspartate,Glutamate, and NO3

The unitary conductances and permeability sequences of the rat connexin40 (rCx40) gap junction channels to seven monovalent cations and anions were studied in rCx40-transfected neuroblastoma 2A (N2A) cell pairs using the dual whole cell recording technique. Chloride salt cation substitutions (115 mM principal salt) resulted in the following junctional maximal single channel current-voltage relationship slope conductances (γ_j in pS): CsCl (153), RbCl (148), KCl (142), NaCl (115), LiCl (86), TMACl (71), TEACl (63). Reversible block of the rCx40 channel was observed with TBA. Potassium anion salt γ_j are: Kglutamate (160), Kacetate (160), Kaspartate (158), KNO₃ (157), KF (148), KCl (142), and KBr (132). Ion selectivity was verified by measuring reversal potentials for current in rCx40 gap junction channels with asymmetric salt solutions in the two electrodes and using the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation to calculate relative permeabilities. The permeabilities relative to Li⁺ are: Cs⁺ (1.38), Rb⁺ (1.32), K⁺ (1.31), Na⁺ (1.16), TMA⁺ (0.53), TEA⁺ (0.45), TBA⁺ (0.03), Cl⁻ (0.19), glutamate⁻ (0.04), and NO₃− (0.14), assuming that the monovalent anions permeate the channel by forming ion pairs with permeant monovalent cations within the pore thereby causing proportionate decreases in the channel conductance. This hypothesis can account for why the predicted increasing conductances with increasing ion mobilities in an essentially aqueous channel were not observed for anions in the rCx40 channel. The rCx40 effective channel radius is estimated to be 6.6 Å from a theoretical fit of the relationship of relative permeability and cation radius.     

Relations of the Al,B, Ba,Br, Ca,Cl, Cu,Fe, K,Li, Mg,Mn, Na,P, S,Si, Sr,and Zn mass fractions to morphometric parameters in pediatric and nonhyperplastic young adult prostate glands

The variation with age of the 18 trace element mass fractions and some histological characteristics of intact prostate glands of 50 subjects aged 0–30 years was investigated by instrumental neutron activation analysis, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, and a quantitative morphometric analysis. Mean values ± standard error of the mean (M ± SΕΜ) for the mass fractions (in milligrams per kilogram wet tissue) of these trace elements in pre-puberty were: Al 28.5 ± 9.0, B 0.40 ± 0.11, Ba 1.48 ± 0.44, Br 10.5 ± 1.5, Ca 241 ± 30, Cl 3,203 ± 278, Cu 3.51 ± 0.89, Fe 33.7 ± 4.1, K 2,364 ± 145, Li 0.020 ± 0.004, Mg 153 ± 23, Mn 0.46 ± 0.06, Na 2,286 ± 130, P 1,391 ± 100, S 1,698 ± 132, Si 62 ± 11, Sr 0.38 ± 0.08, and Zn 27.6 ± 2.3. During puberty and postpuberty, when there is a significant increase in circulating androgens, the mean values were: Al 7.2 ± 1.4, B 0.21 ± 0.05, Ba 0.25 ± 0.06, Br 5.8 ± 1.0, Ca 433 ± 81, Cl 2,314 ± 201, Cu 1.77 ± 0.13, Fe 20.9 ± 1.6, K 2,585 ± 118, Li 0.0088 ± 0.0014, Mg 232 ± 27, Mn 0.34 ± 0.04, Na 1,875 ± 107, P 1,403 ± 98, S 1,673 ± 73, Si 22.2 ± 3.1, Sr 0.22 ± 0.03, and Zn 93.3 ± 8.9. Mean values (M ± SΕΜ) of percent volumes (%) of the stroma, epithelium and lumen in the prostate before puberty were 73.4 ± 2.6, 20.4 ± 1.7, and 4.45 ± 0.94, respectively, versus 46.5 ± 2.5, 38.5 ± 1.9, and 14.9 ± 1.2 during puberty and postpuberty. This work’s results confirm that the Zn mass fraction in prostate tissue is an androgen-dependent parameter. For the first time it has been demonstrated that the glandular lumen is a main pool of Ca, Mg, and Zn accumulation and that the stroma is a main pool of Al, B, Ba, Br, Cl, Cu, Fe, Mn, Na, and Si accumulation in the normal human prostate, for the age range 0–30 years. It was concluded that the Ca, Mg, and Zn binds tightly within the prostatic fluid, because the volume of glandular lumen reflects the volume of prostatic fluid.     

The Effect of Age and Gender on Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Sr, V, and Zn Contents in Rib Bone of Healthy Humans

The effect of age and gender on major, minor, and trace element contents in the intact rib bone of 80 relatively healthy 15–55-year-old women and men was investigated. Contents or upper limit of contents of 16 chemical elements in the rib bone were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Mean values (M?±?SΕΜ) for the mass fraction of Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Na, P, S, Sr, and Zn (milligram per kilogram of dry bone) were as follows: 2.54?±?0.16, 171,400?±?4,050, 1.35?±?0.22, 140?±?11, 1,874?±?71, 0.049?±?0.011, 2,139?±?38, 5,378?±?88, 75,140?±?1,660, 1,881?±?51, 291?±?20, and 92.8?±?1.5, respectively. The upper limits of contents of Al, B, Mn, and V were <7.20, <0.65, <0.36, and <0.03, respectively. Statistically significant tendency for the Ca, Mg, and P content to decrease with age was found in the human rib bone, regardless of gender. The mass fraction of Fe in the male rib bone increases with age. It was shown that higher Ca, Mg, Na, P, and Sr mass fractions as well as lower Fe content were typical of female ribs as compared to those in male ribs.     

Competitive inhibition and selectivity enhancement by Ca in the uptake of inorganic elements (Be, Na, Mg, K, Ca, Sc, Mn, Co, Zn, Se, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Ce, Pm, Gd, Hf) by carrot (Daucus carota cv. U.S. harumakigosun)

We investigated the uptake of inorganic elements (Be, Na, Mg, K, Ca, Sc, Mn, Co, Zn, Se, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Ce, Pm, Gd, and Hf) and the effect of Ca on their uptake in carrots (Daucus carota cv. U.S. harumakigosun) by the radioactive multitracer technique. The experimental results suggested that Na, Mg, K, and Rb competed for the functional groups outside the cells in roots with Ca but not for the transporter-binding sites on the plasma membrrane of the root cortex cells. In contrast, Y, Ce, Pm, and Gd competed with Ca for the transporters on the plasma membrane. The selectivity, which was defined as the value obtained by dividing the concentration ratio of an elemental pair, K/Na, Rb/Na, Be/Sr, and Mg/Sr, in the presence of 0.2 and 2 ppm Ca by that of the corresponding elemental pair in the absence of Ca in the solution was estimated. The selectivity of K and Rb in roots was increased in the presence of Ca. The selectivity of Be in roots was not affected, whereas the selectivity of Mg was increased by Ca. These observations suggest that the presence of Ca in the uptake solution enhances the selectivity in the uptake of metabolically important elements against unwanted elements.     

Reliability of Analyses of Hg,Fe, Ca,K, P,pH, Alkalinity,Conductivity, Hardness and Colour from Lakes

The aim of this report has been to present results concerning analytical quality controls of Hg analysis of fish and sediment, analyses of Fe, Ca, total-P, K, pH, alkalinity, conductivity, colour and hardness (Ca + Mg) of lake water samples. Despite the fact that these are standard parameters in many regular water control programs, there are major differences in the reliability with which these parameters can be determined. The focus here is on an overall inter-laboratory comparison between the parameters. Six laboratories have been involved in the analysis. Selected results: pH gives the lowest (average) relative standard deviation (error), about 2 %; conductivity gives an error of about 5–7 %; alkalinity yields an average error of as much as 13–25 %, which is the largest among the parameters studied here; colour also gives a high error, 9–15 %; hardness gives a relative standard deviation of about 6–7 %. Of the other parameters (i. e., Hg, Fe, Ca and P), Hg gives the best reliability and Fe and P the lowest. To have knowledge of the reliability of the analytical data is of paramount importance in most control programs and research projects.