巴西固氮螺菌Yu62 nifA基因克隆、测序及功能分析

用TD－PCR法克隆了巴西固氮螺菌（Azospirillun brasilense)Yu62和nifA基因。序列分析表明它与巴西固氮螺菌Sp7的nifA序列高度同源（96．5％）,其编码的产物NifA蛋白与Sp7菌株NifA的氨基酸序列同源性为97．6％。该基因可以完全互补巴西固氮螺菌Sp7 nifA^-突变株的Nif^-表型。研究了NH4^ 和O2对Yu62 nifA基因的表达及NifA活性的影响。结果表明：nifA基因在Yu62菌株中是部分组成型表达的,氨和氧不能完全阻遏其表达,在5mmol/LNH4Cl4与微氧（0.5%O2)条件下表达最高;NifA蛋白在0.4%-0.5%O2时活性最高,氧分压降低和提高都使NifA活性下降,1mmol/L NH4Cl足以抑制NifA的活性。     

肺炎克氏杆菌的nifA基因产物在巴西固氮螺菌中的功效

通过三亲本杂交将质粒pCK3{携带改变了启动子的肺炎克氏杆菌(Klebsiella pneuma-niae)nifA 基因]引入巴西固氮螺菌(Azospirillum brasilense)Yu62菌株中,由此获得的转移接合子巴西固氮螺菌Yu62-4菌株在6．0 mmol/L以上NH+4浓度下,能表现出微弱的固氮酶活性(相当于无NH+4时活性的0．3-0．5％),而野生型Yu62则全部丧失固氮酶活性。固氯酶的丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和铁蛋白的免疫杂交实验表明,转移接合子Yu62-4在高NH+4(50mmol／L)下,虽有铁蛋白合成,但合成量比无NH+4时少得多,而且有一部分铁蛋白未被共价修饰;野生型菌株Yu62在此NH+4浓度下无铁蛋白合成。实验结果表明：外源(来自肺炎克氏杆菌)的基因产物在巴西固氮螺菌Yu62中不能有效地解除NH+4对该菌固氮酶合成的阻遏作用。本文分析了出现这种现象的原因。     

肺炎克氏杆菌NifA对巴西固氮螺菌nifH启动子的转录激活作用

用PR方法克隆了巴西固氮螺菌Yu62 nifH的启动子片段,DNA序列分析表明菌株Yu62与标准菌株sp7之间的DNA序列差异很小。利用启动子探针质粒载体pcBl82,构建了3个不同的nifH：：lacz转录融合质粒,在大肠杆菌中分别测定肺炎克氏杆菌NifA对它们的转录激活作用。结果表明巴西固氮螺菌nifH启动子的转录是依赖于NifA的,缺失了上游激活序列的启动子不能被NifA激活转录,肺炎克氏杆菌NifA对其自身nifH及巴西固氮螺菌nifH启动子的转录激活作用并无很大差异。     

巴西固氮螺菌Yu62的EGFP标记及其在小麦体内的定殖研究

以质粒pEGFP-C1为模板,采用PCR方法特异性扩增增强型绿色荧光蛋白(EGFP)基因全长序列,将其与原核表达载体pVK-100连接,构建成重组载体pVK-EGFP.利用电转化法将重组载体导入巴西固氮螺菌Yu62中,得到EGFP标记菌株.用EGFP标记菌接种小麦'小偃107'种子,室内限菌条件下培养10 d后,用荧光显微镜观测标记菌在小麦体内的定殖规律并观察接菌植株的田间生长状况.结果显示,巴西固氮螺菌Yu62能定殖于小麦根毛区、茎组织的细胞间隙等部位,而且接菌小麦'小偃107'植株在根系发育、株高、分蘖数等方面比对照有较明显的优势.研究表明,巴西固氮螺菌Yu62能够定殖于小麦根茎内,并具有促进植物生长的作用.     

巴西固氮螺菌Yu62在玉米根的定植

将GFPmut2质粒中的gfp基因 (编码绿色荧光蛋白)克隆到载体pVK100中,构建成重组质粒pVK1001.将pVK1001通过电转化方法导入到联合固氮菌巴西固氮螺菌Yu62中,获得GFP标记的巴西固氮螺菌Yu62菌株.用标记菌株接种限菌培养条件下生长的玉米(农大3318)幼苗,在接种后8 d、12 d,用激光共聚焦扫描显微镜进行观测,结果表明巴西固氮螺菌Yu62菌株能定植于玉米根部皮层的薄壁细胞间隙.用扫描电镜和超薄切片电镜观察表明,大多数细菌主要定植于根表,少数菌可进入玉米根组织内.     

巴西固氮螺菌Yu62在玉米根的定植

将GFPmut2质粒中的gfp基因(编码绿色荧光蛋白)克隆到载体pVK100中,构建成重组质粒pVK1001。将pVK1001通过电转化方法导入到联合固氮菌巴西固氮螺菌Yu62中,获得GFP)标记的巴西固氮螺菌Yu62菌株。用标记菌株接种限菌培养条件下生长的玉米(农大3318)幼苗,在接种后8d、12d,用激光共聚焦扫描显微镜进行观测,结果表明巴西固氮螺菌Yu62菌株能定植于玉米根部皮层的薄壁细胞间隙。用扫描电镜和超薄切片电镜观察表明,大多数细菌主要定植于根表,少数菌可进入玉米根组织内。     

肺炎克氏杆菌nifA基因在巴西固氮螺菌固氮基因表达的铵调节中的作用

固氯螺菌(Azospirillum)是一类仅在限铵和微好氧条件下固氮的微生物,它可与许多禾本科作物联合共生⑴,具有较大的应用潜力。铵作为固氮作用的调节信号,在固氮螺菌的实际应用中是首要的限制因素。在固氯螺菌中,铵不但具有与肺炎克氏杆菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae)相似的阻遏固氮酶合成的作用,而且还对已合成的固氮酶进行活性调节⑵。研究表明,其固氮酶翻译后活性调节的机制类似于深红红螺菌(Rhodospirillum rubrum)⑶,即在有铵条件下其固氮酶铁蛋白的一个亚基被共价修饰而丧失活性,这一过程是可逆的。由于铵在固氮螺菌中双水平地调节固氮作用,使得在野生菌株中研究其固氮基因表达水平上的调节较为困难。Zhang等⑷利用区域定位诱变技术获得了巴西固氮螺菌Sp7（A．Brasilense Sp7)的draT-突变株,在该突变株中铵不再影响固氮酶的活性,这为其固氮基因表达调节的研究提供了一个良好的材料。本文将组成型表达的肺炎克氏杆菌nifA基围引入该突变株中,通过分析讨论铵对巴西固氮螺菌固氮基固表达的调节作用方式。     

生物固氮

961447 肺炎克氏杆菌nifA基因在巴西固氮螺菌固氮基因表达的铵调节中的作用[中]/何路红…//生物工程学报.-1995,11(4).-385～388 按三亲交配法将pCK3转入巴西固氮螺菌UB3     

巴西固氮螺菌ntrBC基因的克隆与核苷酸序列分析

以EMBL3为载体,构建了巴西固氮螺菌(Azospirillum brasilense)Yu62的基因文库.以巴西固氮螺菌Yu62中PCR扩增出的450bp DNA 片断作为探针,对该基因文库进行筛选,得到了10个阳性克隆(EA1—EA10),其中含有两种不同类型的克隆,分别以EA4和EA9为代表.对EA4的杂交分析发现目的基因位于2.9kb EcoRI片段上.DNA序列分析结果表明该片段含有完整的ntrC编码区,其编码产物由480个氨基酸组成.分子量为53469;ntrC上游是完整的ntrB编码区,其编码产物由400个氨基酸组成,分子量为43487.对相应的NtrC和NtrB氨基酸序列进行同源性分析,说明巴西固氮螺菌与根瘤菌的亲缘关系较与其它自生固氮菌的更为接近.     

固氮螺菌的固氮分子调控研究进展

本文对巴西固氮螺菌周氨基因的结构和调控进行综述。其固氮基因的调控可分为两种水平：通过DRAT-DRAG系统的翻译后水平和通过NifA蛋白的转录水平。通过NifA活性进行调控的机理目前尚不明了。     

Modulation of NifA activity by PII in Azospirillum brasilense: evidence for a regulatory role of the NifA N-terminal domain.

Azospirillum brasilense NifA, which is synthesized under all physiological conditions, exists in an active or inactive from depending on the availability of ammonia. The activity also depends on the presence of PII, as NifA is inactive in a glnB mutant. To investigate further the mechanism that regulates NifA activity, several deletions of the nifA coding sequence covering the amino-terminal domain of NifA were constructed. The ability of these truncated NifA proteins to activate the nifH promoter in the absence or presence of ammonia was assayed in A. brasilense wild-type and mutant strains. Our results suggest that the N-terminal domain is not essential for NifA activity. This domain plays an inhibitory role which prevents NifA activity in the presence of ammonia. The truncated proteins were also able to restore nif gene expression to a glnB mutant, suggesting that PII is required to activate NifA by preventing the inhibitory effect of its N-terminal domain under conditions of nitrogen fixation. Low levels of nitrogenase activity in the presence of ammonia were also observed when the truncated gene was introduced into a strain devoid of the ADP-ribosylation control of nitrogenase. We propose a model for the regulation of NifA activity in A. brasilense.     

Regulation of nitrogen fixation in Azospirillum brasilense Sp7: Involvement of nifA, glnA and glnB gene products

The expression of nifA-, niH- and nifB-lacZ fusions was examined in different mutants of Azospirillum brasilense. Mutations in nifA, glnA and glnB severely impaired the expression of nifH- and nifB-lacZ fusions. By contrast, a nifA-lacZ fusion was not affected in a nifA or a glnB background and was only partially impaired in glnA mutants. It is proposed that in A. brasilense, the PII protein and glutamine synthetase are involved in a post-translational modification of NifA.     

A mutant of Azospirillum brasilense Sp7 impaired in flocculation with a modified colonization pattern and superior nitrogen fixation in association with wheat.

We report here significant phenotypic and genetic differences between Azospirillum brasilense Sp7 and spontaneous mutant Sp7-S and their related properties in association with wheat. In contrast to the wild-type strain of Sp7, colonies of Sp7-S stained weakly with Congo red when grown on agar media containing the dye and did not flocculate in the presence of fructose and nitrate. Scanning and transmission electron micrographs showed clearly that the Sp7-S strain lacked surface materials present as a thick layer on the surface of the wild-type Sp7 strain. Different patterns of colonization on wheat roots between Sp7 and Sp7-S, revealed by in situ studies using nifA-lacZ as a reporter gene, were related to a large increase in nitrogenase activity (acetylene reduction) with Sp7-S in association with normal and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid-treated wheat for assays conducted under conditions in which the nitrogenase activity of free-living Azospirillum organisms was inhibited by an excess of oxygen. Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA analysis indicated the close genetic relationship of Sp7-S to several other sources of Sp7, by comparison to other recognized strains of A. brasilense. Genetic complementation of Sp7-S was achieved with a 9.4-kb fragment of DNA cloned from wild-type Sp7, restoring Congo red staining and flocculation.     

巴西固氮螺菌Yu62 draTG基因及其下游区域的定位诱变分析

用卡那霉素盒（Ｋｍ－ｃａｓｓｅｔｔｅ）插入法,对巴西固氮螺菌（Ａｚｏｓｐｉｒｉｌｌｕｍｂｒａｓｉｌｅｎｓｅ）Ｙｕ６２的ｄｒａＴＧ基因及其下游区域进行了诱变,并获得相应的突变株,研究表明ｄｒａＴ变突株的固氮酶活性不再受铵抑制,而ｄｒａＧ突变株在有铵时则丧失固氮酶活性,但当铵耗尽后却不能使像野生型菌株那样恢复活性,ｄｒａＴＧ下游区域突变株ＹＺ４（突变位点距ｄｒａＧ约２ｋｂ）在无氮及限铵条件下,其固氮酶