铁对产铁载体的沼泽红假单胞菌光合色素与铁载体合成的影响

【目的】探求铁对1株能产生铁载体的不产氧光合细菌(Anoxygenic Phototrophic Bacteria,APB)光合色素和铁载体合成的影响。【方法】通用CAS法检测铁载体产生,Arnow、Csaky和Shenker法检测铁载体类型;吸收光谱法和HPLC法分析光合色素的组分和含量。【结果】Rhodopseudomonas palustris CQV97能够产生异羟肟酸型铁载体,未添加FeCl3时,铁载体含量最高,铁载体的产生与生长并非关联型。随FeCl3浓度升高,菌体生长潜伏期缩短,生长速率、最终生物量以及细菌叶绿素(Bacteriochlorophyll,BChl)a和类胡萝卜素(Carotenoid,Car)含量均提高,而检测到的游离铁载体含量降低;菌体积累的BChl a的组成和相对含量未见明显变化,但主要的Car组分由Spirilloxanthin转化为Rhodopin,菌体中积累Car组分的平均共轭体系降低,Car组成的改变与色素提取液的Car特征性光谱蓝移现象相吻合。【结论】首次报道APB能够产生铁载体,CQV97菌株能够产生异羟肟酸型铁载体。阐明了铁对CQV97生长、铁载体产生和光合色素合成的影响规律,这些研究结果为深入开展APB铁载体分离纯化以及生物功能研究奠定了基础。     

四株碱性环境真菌铁载体活性筛选

【目的】铁载体(Siderophore)是由微生物产生的一类低分子量金属离子螯合物。在生物医药、环境修复、健康食品等领域均具有广泛应用前景。文献调查显示,针对碱性环境真核微生物铁载体研究尚无相关报道。从中筛选高活性铁载体真菌具有重要意义。【方法】采用铬天青S显色法对分离于云南省碱性湖泊-程海和个旧大屯碱性尾矿土壤的99株真菌进行筛选;利用"分光光度法"对菌株产铁载体能力和铁载体类型进行考察;采用固相萃取(SPE)手段对菌株铁载体富集效果进行考察;根据菌体形态电镜观察和ITS基因系统发育树构建,对菌株进行生物学鉴定。【结果】通过初筛和复筛,确定菌株FEDT-866、FEDT-145、FECH-998和FECH-595均为铁载体高产菌株;所产铁载体类型主要为异羟肟酸型和羧酸型。除菌株FEDT-866外,铁载体活性产物适合采用固相萃取(SPE)方法进行富集。经生物学鉴定,菌株FEDT-866和FECH-998属于曲霉属,分别与Aspergillus tubigensis和A.nomius相似性较高;菌株FECH-595和FEDT-145属于青霉属,分别与Penicillium svalbardense和P.chrysogenum相似性较高。【结论】P.chrysogenum是1种常见的产铁载体真菌。而A.tubigensis、A.nomius及P.svalbardense菌株尚无产铁载体相关报道,可作为铁载体研究良好材料。     

一株细菌儿茶酚型铁载体分泌的影响因素研究

采用两种新的高分辨率的薄层层析（TLC）方法对一株土壤细菌S1在3种不同培养基上产生的儿茶酚型铁载体进行了分析。结果表明：不同培养基对铁载体的产生影响较大,在3种不同的培养基上菌株S1产生不同的儿茶酚铁载体,其中仅在1种培养基上S1能够分泌2,3-二羟基苯甲酸（2,3-DHBA）。同时,还分析了Al^3＋对S1分泌的儿茶酚型铁载体总量的影响,结果表明：Al^3＋能显著刺激铁载体的分泌,并且能抵消一定浓度范围内的Fe^2＋对铁载体分泌的抑制作用,KMB培养液中产生的4种儿茶酚铁载体中有3种和Al^3＋有较强的螯合力．     

一株细菌儿茶酚型铁载体分泌的影响因素研究*

采用两种新的高分辨率的薄层层析(TLC)方法对一株土壤细菌S1在3种不同培养基上产生的儿茶酚型铁载体进行了分析。结果表明:不同培养基对铁载体的产生影响较大,在3种不同的培养基上菌株S1产生不同的儿茶酚铁载体,其中仅在1种培养基上S1能够分泌2,3-二羟基苯甲酸(2,3-DHBA)。同时,还分析了A l³⁺对S1分泌的儿茶酚型铁载体总量的影响,结果表明:Al³⁺能显著刺激铁载体的分泌,并且能抵消一定浓度范围内的Fe²⁺对铁载体分泌的抑制作用,     

一株花生根际铁载体产生菌的分离鉴定及耐药性分析

目的：从花生根际筛选铁载体产生能力较强的菌株,对其进行鉴定及耐药性分析。方法：用梯度稀释法从花生根际中分离出细菌,在刃天青（CAS）检测平板上依显色圈的大小从中筛选出一株铁载体产生能力较强的菌,并对其进行生理生化鉴定和16S rDNA序列分析,用抗生素梯度平板检测其对9种常见抗生素的抗性。结果：筛选出一株产铁载体的菌株D15,13项生理生化指标除甲基红试验呈阳性外,其他均与恶臭假单胞菌相同;其16S rDNA与恶臭假单胞菌的同源性为100%;该菌对氨苄青霉素、氯霉素、利福平、红霉素、新霉素、链霉素、四环素都有不同程度的的抗性,对卡那霉素和庆大霉素表现较强的敏感性。结论：获得铁载体产生菌D15,经鉴定为恶臭假单胞菌,该菌耐药性符合用转座子诱变法研究铁载体合成的相关基因的条件。     

伯克霍尔德菌HQB-1抑制香蕉枯萎病菌的活性化合物分离鉴定

【背景】伯克霍尔德菌HQB-1对香蕉枯萎病菌(Fusariumoxysporumf.sp.cubenseTropical Race 4,Foc TR4)具有良好的防治效果。【目的】从菌株HQB-1发酵液中分离活性化合物并通过超高效液相联用质谱进行检测,获得该菌株具有良好生防作用的单体化合物。【方法】以HQB-1为目标菌株,大批量发酵并进行发酵液分离、提纯,通过超高效液相联用质谱法与核磁共振波谱法鉴定活性化合物。【结果】HQB-1菌株发酵液中的蛋白对Foc TR4无抑制作用;HQB-1菌株产生儿茶酚型铁载体,而不产生异羟肟酸型铁载体;对HQB-1菌株发酵液离心、浓缩、干燥,获得乙酸乙酯浸膏(粗提物),经过大孔树脂柱的充分吸附,在30%、60%及无水甲醇的洗脱下获得组分1-3,对Foc TR4的抑菌率分别为10.06%、27.82%和51.40%;选择抑菌率最大的组分3过硅胶柱层析,获得黄绿色晶体。该化合物在365 nm波长下具有最大吸收峰,将核磁共振图谱与SciFinder和SDBS信息数据库进行图谱比对,将该抑菌活性化合物鉴定为吩嗪-1-羧酸(Phenazine-1-Carboxylic Acid,PCA)。PCA对Foc TR4的最小抑菌浓度最低,仅为1.563μg/mL,说明PCA对Foc TR4的抑制效果较强。【结论】从HQB-1菌株中分离得到活性化合物PCA,PCA的发现为香蕉枯萎病的生物防治奠定了良好的理论基础。     

一株产铁载体内生细菌对尖孢镰刀菌的拮抗作用

通过改良蔗糖-天冬氨酸培养基筛选到一株产铁载体的内生细菌HS-4,测定了该菌在不同铁离子浓度下对棉花枯萎病致病菌尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)的抑菌效果,并结合形态、生理生化、16S rDNA序列同源性和系统发育分析对菌株进行鉴定.结果表明:内生细菌HS-4在MSA培养基中产生荧光型铁载体,其铁载体相对含量为80%.该铁载体在低铁条件下对F.oxysporum具有抑制作用.内生细菌HS-4初步鉴定为萎缩芽孢杆菌(Ba-cillus atrophaeus).     

一株棉花根际铁载体产生菌E19的分离鉴定

目的：从棉花根际细菌中筛选出铁载体产生能力较强的菌株并对其进行鉴定。方法：用梯度稀释法从棉花根际中分离出细菌,再通过在CAS检测平板上显色圈的大小从中筛选出铁载体产生能力较强的菌株,并对其进行生理生化鉴定和16S rDNA序列分析。结果：筛选出一株铁载体产生能力较强的菌株E19,13项生理生化指标除甲基红试验呈阳性外,其它均与恶臭假单胞菌相同。其16S rDNA与恶臭假单胞菌（Pseudomonas putida）的同源性为100％。     

黑麦草根际铁载体产生菌WN-H3的分离鉴定及其产铁载体培养条件的优化

从黑麦草(Lolium perenne L.)根际土壤中分离得到28份菌株,采用刃天青(chrome azural S,CAS)平板检测法定性、定量筛选出1株产铁载体能力较强的细菌WN-H3,经过菌落形态、生理生化特征、16S r DNA序列同源性和系统发育分析,初步判断为一株弗村假单胞菌(Pseudomonas vranovensis)。在摇瓶水平上采用单因子法分别研究了铁载体合成菌株WN-H3的碳、氮源利用效果及培养温度、摇床转速、培养基初始p H值等因素对菌株生长及铁载体合成能力的影响,最终优化得到铁载体产生菌的最佳发酵条件:蔗糖10 g/L,酵母浸出粉5 g/L,Na Cl 5 g/L,温度28℃,转速180 r/min,p H7.5,该条件下培养48 h后菌株WN-H3产生的铁载体活性su值可达80.4%。实验表明,优化后的培养条件更利于铁载体产生菌的生长和铁载体合成。     

黑麦草根际产铁载体细菌HMGY6B的筛选鉴定及对病原菌的拮抗作用

【目的】从石灰性土壤中分离筛选出铁载体合成能力强、抗病效果好的菌株。【方法】采用刃天青(Chrome azural S,CAS)平板检测法,定性、定量筛选产铁载体能力较强的菌株,通过菌株形态、生理生化特征、16S r RNA基因序列相似性和系统发育分析,鉴定细菌类型,然后采用平板对峙法研究菌株与病原菌的拮抗作用。【结果】从多年生黑麦草根际土壤中分离得到一株产铁载体能力很强的菌株HMGY6B,经鉴定,该菌属假单胞菌属Pseudomonas菌株,其产生的儿茶酚型铁载体对黄瓜灰霉病(Botrytis cinerea)有显著的拮抗作用,在低铁条件下(0.16、2、5、10μmol/L FeCl_3)对黄瓜灰霉病的生长抑制率高达91.2%,但在富铁条件下(50μmol/L FeCl_3)降为30.2%,100μmol/L FeCl_3抑制率仅为5.5%。【结论】菌株HMGY6B可用于今后复合型抗病生物菌肥的开发研制。     

High efficiency poplar transformation

With the completion of the poplar tree genome database, Populus species have become one of the most useful model systems for the study of woody plant biology. Populus tremuloides (quaking aspen) is the most wide-spread tree species in North America, and its rapid growth generates the most abundant wood-based biomass out of any other plant species. To study such beneficial traits, there is a need for easier and more efficient transformation procedures that will allow the study of large numbers of tree genes. We have developed transformation procedures that are suitable for high-throughput format transformations using either Agrobacterium tumefaciens to produce transformed trees or Agrobacterium rhizogenes to generate hairy roots. Our method uses Agrobacterium inoculated aspen seedling hypocotyls followed by direct thidiazuron (TDZ)-mediated shoot regeneration on selective media. Transformation was verified through β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene expression in all tree tissues, PCR amplification of appropriate vector products from isolated genomic DNA, and northern hybridization of incorporated and expressed transgenes. The hairy root protocol follows the same inoculation procedures and was tested using GUS reporter gene integration and antibiotic selection. The benefit of these procedures is that they are simple and efficient, requiring no maintenance of starting materials and allowing fully formed transgenic trees (or hairy roots) to be generated in only 3–4 months, rather than the 6–12 months required by more traditional methods. Likewise, the fact that the protocols are amenable to high-throughput formats makes them better suited for large-scale functional genomics studies in poplars.     

Sequence Comparison of Plant Ornithine Decarboxylases Reveals High Homology and Lack of Introns

We have designed and constructed four oligonucleotides corresponding to the most conserved regions of ornithine decarboxylases (ODC; EC 4.1.1.17) of plant origin. These oligonucleotides were used for the amplification of homologous fragments from several plants (Zea mays, Capsicum annuum, Sorghum bicolor, Phaseolus vulgaris, Carica papaya and Daucus carota). The amplified fragments were cloned and sequenced, revealing high homology to other ODCs. Peptide sequences coded by these fragments were compared by Clustal analyses. These analyses identified the location of the conserved sequences corresponding to the binding sites of substrate and cofactor. Data demonstrated that the plant ODCs fragments lacked intron sequences and were extremely homologous (over 80 %), constituting a compact group separated from other eukaryotic ODCs. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

High regenerative nature ofMentha arvensis internodes

Media and incubation conditions have been defined for highly efficient regeneration of shoots from internode explants of slow and fast growing cultivars ofMentha arvensis. Internodal segments excised from thein vitro raised shoots were inoculated on the MS medium supplemented with combinations of 5 concentrations of l-napthalene acetic acid (NAA) and 3 concentrations of 6-benzyl amino purine (BAP). The media containing 2 μg ml⁻¹ NAA, 10 Μg ml⁻¹ BAP and 1 μg ml⁻¹ NAA, 5 μg ml⁻¹ BAP proved best for shoot regeneration and growth responses on cv Himalaya and cv Kalka explants, respectively. In 12 weeks time, on average one explant of cv Himalaya produced about 200 shoots and that of cv Kalka produced about 180 shoots. The Himalaya explants required higher concentrations of NAA and BAP for high efficiency proliferation as compared to the Kalka explants. The experiments demonstrated that internodal tissue inMentha arvensis can be induced to obtain direct shoot regenerants with high efficiency. The analysis of the RAPD profiles of 100 regenerated plantlets each of cv Himalaya and Kalka showed more than 99.9% homogeneity in bands with respect to the parents.     

Effect of High Temperature on Protein Expression in Strawberry Plants

Strawberry plants (Fragaria×ananassa Duch.) cvs. Nyoho and Toyonoka were exposed to temperatures of 20, 33, and 42 °C for 4 h, and protein patterns in leaves and flowers was analyzed by 2-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting. In leaves and flowers of both cultivars, the content of most proteins decreased, but a few new proteins appeared in response to heat stress. These heat shock proteins (Hsps) were detected in the range of 19 – 29 kDa in leaves, and 16 – 26 kDa in flowers. The intensity of a 43 kDa protein spot increased in response to heat stress in Nyoho flowers, but not in Toyonoka flowers. The peaHsp17.7 antibody recognized one band at approximately 26 kDa in leaves, and two bands at approximately 16 and 17 kDa in flowers of both cultivars. These results show that the effects of heat stress on Hsp synthesis in strawberry plants differ between plant organs and between cultivars.     

High tree alpha-diversity in Amazonian Ecuador

In a 1 ha square plot of terra firme forest at 260 m elevation in Amazonian Ecuador, all trees with diameter at breast height (dbh) 5 cm were studied. There were 1561 individuals, 473 species, 187 genera and 54 families. Of these, 693 individuals, 307 species, 138 genera and 46 families had a dbh 10 cm. This is the highest number of tree species ever recorded for a tropical rain forest sample of this size. In both dbh classes, the most species-rich families were: Fabaceae sensu lato (including Mimosaceae and Caesalpiniaceae), Lauraceae and Sapotaceae; the most species-rich genera, were Pouteria, Inga and Protium. The vertical space was partitioned among species: 166 species were found only in the 5–10 dbh cm class and were mostly sub-canopy treelets, and 307 species with dbh 10 cm were mostly large canopy trees.     

High efficiency Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer to flax

Summary Using an Agrobacterium tumefaciens binary vector (pAL4404, pBI131), we have demonstrated the transfer of the -glucuronidase gene into the flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) cultivar Glenelg after selection for kanamycin resistance. The transformed lines were obtained by inoculation and subsequent regeneration of hypocotyl segments. The callus that formed on the cut surfaces of the hypocotyl segments was isolated three weeks after infection and was subsequently subcultured to yield shoots. This procedure generated a large number of transgenic shoots over a relatively short period of time. The transformation efficiencies obtained were the highest reported so far for this plant species.Abbreviations 2,4-D, 2,4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid - GUS glucuronidase - MS Murasbige and Skoog (1962) medium - MU 4-methyl-umbelliferone - MUG 4-methylumbelliferyl-glucuronide - NPTII neomycin phosphotransferase II - PCR polymerase chain reaction     

High frequency plant regeneration from immature cotyledons of mungbean

An efficient and simple method for high frequency plant regeneration from immature cotyledons of mungbean is described. Immature cotyledons isolated from embryos, one week prior to harvest were cultured on MS medium with combinations of growth regulators such as benzyladenine (1 or 2 mg l⁻¹), thidiazuron (0.1 or 0.5 mg l⁻¹), gibberellic acid (0.1 mg l⁻¹) and indole-3-acetic acid (0.1 or 0.5 mg l⁻¹). A large number of greenish shoot primordia were initiated from the entire surface of the cotyledons in some of the growth regulators. Medium supplemented with benzyladenine (2 mg l⁻¹) in combination with indole-3-acetic acid (0.5 mg l⁻¹) produced the best response. On subculture to the same medium, well developed shoots were obtained. Addition of 0.5% activated charcoal to the shoot initiation medium completely inhibited initiation of shoot primordia. The shoot buds could be rooted on medium supplemented with 0.1 mg l⁻¹ indole butyric acid and plants transferred to soil. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

High frequency stable transformation ofArabidopsis thaliana by particle bombardment

Root explants ofArabidopsis thaliana ecotype C24 were bombarded with the plasmid pCH harboring the hygromycin phosphotransferase gene (hpt). A selection condition with post-bombardment culture of 3 days followed by culture with 20 mgl⁻¹ hygromycin gave the highest yield of transformants. More than 44% of explant clumps formed transformant shoots.     

High molecular weight precursors of glucans inSaccharomyces cerevisiae

Nascent -1,3 glucan synthesized by mixed membrane fractions fromSaccharomyces cerevisiae was solubilized by extraction with hot SDS or urea. Nature of the material was analyzed by electrophoresis and gel filtration. As determined by gel filtration, Mr of synthesized glucans exceeded 1,500 kDa, but was below 20,000 kDa. This nascent material served as an acceptor for further glucose transfer reactions, giving rise to glucan molecules over 20,000 kDa. It is suggested that the high Mr precursor components represent protein-bound glucan molecules in transit to the cell surface.     

High abundance of planctomycetes in anoxic layers of a Sphagnum peat bog

The depth distribution of planctomycete abundance has been examined in six different sites of the Sphagnum peat bog Bakchar, Tomsk oblast, Russia. In situ hybridization of peat with the fluorescently labeled oligonucleotide probes PLA46 and PLA886, reported to be group-specific for representatives of the phylum Planctomycetes, revealed two distinct population maxima of these bacteria in all of the profiles examined. The first population maximum was detected in the uppermost, oxic layer of the bog profile, while the second maximum was located at a depth of 30 cm below the water table level. The population sizes of planctomycetes in the uppermost layer and at a depth of 30 cm were of the same order of magnitude and comprised 0.5–1.5 × 10⁷ and 0.4?0.7 × 10⁷ cells per g^?1 of wet peat, respectively. Only 25–30% of the total number of planctomycete cells in the anoxic layer could be detected if the probe PLA886, whose target specificity is restricted to taxonomically characterized aerobic planctomycetes of the genera Gemmata, Planctomyces, Pirellula, and Isosphaera, was used alone. Other planctomycete cells in this layer were detected only with the probe PLA46, which possesses a much wider scope. This suggests the affiliation of these organisms with a yet undescribed phylogenetic subgroup within the Planctomycetes.