On the orientation of houseflies to various surfaces

The attraction of houseflies (Musca domestica L.) to surfaces was investigated by repeated counting of flies on samples of materials. The materials tested were mainly such as ordinarily occur in stables. The observations were made partly in a big cage in the laboratory and partly in a stable. The mechanism of attraction to some surfaces was analyzed by counting the number of flies arriving per time unit, and by measuring the duration of visits.Significant differences between materials were found. The brightness of the surfaces proved an important factor. The light materials, e.g. white tile and limewashed surfaces, were less visited than darker ones. Metallic surfaces were highly avoided. More flies were counted on very rough surfaces, straw, and jute sack, than on smoother ones, such as wood and concrete. The arrival of more flies per time unit to dark surfaces was demonstrated in some cases, and so was a tendency of staying longer on relatively rough surfaces, but the differences of attraction were not completely explained by these two reactions.

---

Zusammenfassung Die Bevorzugung verschiedener Oberflächen durch die Stubenfliege (Musca domestica L.) wurde durch wiederholte Auszählung der Fliegen auf Proben verschiedener Substrate untersucht. Die Materialen waren hauptsächlich solche, die oft in Ställen vorkommen, welche bei uns nämlich den wichtigsten Aufenthaltsort der Stubenfliegen darstellen. Die Beobachtungen wurden teils im Laboratorium in einem großen Käfig, teils in einem Stall vorgenommen, wo der Besuch der dort freilebenden Fliegen registriert wurde. Vier Substrate wurden in jedem einzelnen Versuch verglichen, wobei jedes von ihnen in vier Stücken vertreten war. In allen Versuchen wurde Holz als Vergleichsbasis benutzt. Bei einigen Oberflächen wurde versucht, ihre Anziehungskraft durch Zählung der Fliegen näher zu analysieren, die pro Zeiteinheit zu diesen Materialproben kamen, sowie durch Messung der Aufenthaltsdauer auf diesen Substraten. Bei dieser Analyse wurde jeweils eine einzige Materialprobe in einem Käfig beobachtet und mit einem Standardstück aus Holz verglichen. Mehrere der Oberflächen zeigten in bezug auf Fliegenbesuche signifikante Unterschiede. Als ein wichtiger Faktor erwies sich die Helligkeit, indem helle Substrate, wie weiße Fliesen und getünchte Oberflächen, weniger als die dunkleren besucht wurden. In einem Versuch mit Kartonstücken verschiedener Tönung (weiß, hellgrau, dunkelgrau und schwarz) ergab sich, daß unter den betreffenden Versuchs-bedingungen allein die Farbe Unterschiede derselben Größenordnung verursachen konnte wie die Unterschiede zwischen den natürlichen Materialien. Metallische Oberflächen wurden weitgehend vermieden. Auf unebenen Oberflächen, Stroh und Jutesack, wurden mehr Fliegen als auf den glatteren, wie z.B. Holz und Zement, gezählt. Bei den Zählungen der pro Zeiteinheit ankommenden Fliegen ergab sich in mehreren Fällen, daß von dunkleren Oberflächen mehr Fliegen angelockt wurden. Bei Messung der Aufenthaltsdauer zeigte sich in einigen Fällen eine Tendenz zu längerem Verweilen auf unebenen Oberflächen. Jedoch liefert diese Analyse der Präferenz für Oberflächen nicht in allen Fällen eine Erklärung für die Unterschiede im Fliegenbesuch, die bei wiederholten Zählungen der Fliegen auf den Substratstücken festgestellt wurden.

     

Adaptation of plants to altered shoot orientation relative to the gravity vector

Wheat Triticum aestivum L., carrots Daucus carota L., Chinese cabbage Brassica pekinensis Rupr., and African marigold Tagetes patula L. were grown at natural and inverted orientation in the Earth gravitational field. Light vector was set unidirectional or opposite directional relative to the gravity vector. Shoot orientation relative to the gravity vector was set natural or invert. Plants grew in the special pots furnished with plane or cylindrical hydrophilic porous membranes. The membrane allowed to stabilize a water potential in the root zone at the fixed level. Seeds were put into a fiber ion-exchange artificial soil overlaying horizontal hydrophilic plates of porous titanium or anchored to porous metal-ceramic tubes. Plants grew at the PPF level 550 +/- 20 micromoles/(m2 s) during 24-hr lighting and at the water potential level at the membrane surface (-1.00) +/- 0.08 kPa. Normal plants were obtained both at the natural and at the inverse shoot orientation in the all experiments. The wheat plants were yielded healthy germinating seeds no matter plant orientation. In the inverse orientation, no negative influence for plant biomass accruing was marked, but the increasing of shoot to root mass ratio was considerable. However carrot root crop mass decreasing was not revealed in the inverse orientation. The results demonstrated substantial dependence of morphological and physiological characteristics of higher plants on the gravity factor.     

Plasticity of olfactory orientation to foods in the snailAchatina fulica

Summary Snails were tested in an olfactometer for their orientation to food odours. Measures of odour choice, latency to make a choice and percentage of upwind orientations were obtained after experimental manipulations of dietary experience and hunger motivation. Juvenile snails, given an exclusive diet of a certain food for 12 h or less, oriented preferentially toward the odour of that food when subsequently presented with a choice between it and a novel food odour (Fig. 2). A 48 h period of exposure to a food resulted in a 21 day retention of the odour preference (Fig. 3). There was no evidence for an especially sensitive period for conditioning during the first 50 days of age (Fig. 4); however, adult snails (minimum 1 year old) required longer periods of dietary exposure to establish equivalent food odour memories (Fig. 5). Measures of latency and percentage of upwind orientations confirmed the choice data in demonstrating an effect of dietary experiences on olfactory orientation. Hunger motivation increased the selection for familiar food odours, and reduced the latency (Fig. 6 and Tables 3 and 4). Sensory adaptation appears inadequate to explain the conditioning phenomenon since formation of the preferences was contingent upon ingestion of the foods; exposure to the food odours alone was insufficient (Table 2). The data suggest that orientation preferences derive from a learned association between the odour of a food and its nutritional value.We thank Dr. Donald Kramer for helpful criticism throughout the course of this work. The research was supported financially by the National Research Council of Canada and le Ministère de l'Education du Québec.     

An apparatus to retain the spatial orientation of breast biopsies

An apparatus has been designed to retain the spatial orientation of breast biopsies throughout surgery, transport and processing in the pathology laboratory. It does not interfere with regular surgical procedures and simplifies the surgeon's task of marking the orientation of a specimen. As the use of the apparatus does not involve either chemical or physical substances it is an appropriate handling procedure for those specimens requiring sensitive testing procedures such as cell culture.     

A mathematical contribution to the study of orientation of organisms

Organisms orient themselves to a stimulus by two general methods. One method is by directed orientation (taxis); the other is by undirected locomotory reaction (kinesis). An equation, and the methods for finding the necessary parameters of this equation, is derived for the distribution of organisms within a container, with the following limitations: (1) the organisms have no accommodation, (2) they are always active, and (3) the stimulus changes slowly with position. Necessary modifications of the equation are then derived, so that the last two limitations may be eliminated. The equation cannot be solved excatly because of its complexity; hence an approximation method must be used. This method is discussed, an approximate solution is found, and a time constant for equilibrium to be established is derived. Applications tovarious experiments in the literature are then made with fairly satisfactory results. A new interpretation of the theory of klino-kinesis with accommodation is found upon application of the equations developed to experimental work. Further limitations and uses of these equations are then discussed. This work was done while the author was Public Health Service Research Fellow of The National Institute of Mental Halth, Federal Security Agency.     

A psychosocial orientation to schizophrenic disorders.

The address considers the regression that has taken place in American psychiatry during the second half of this century, one which has resulted from attempts to locate the origins of many psychiatric disorders in the brain, and particularly from the misguided attempt to revitalize the nineteenth-century conviction that schizophrenia is a clear-cut disease entity that is chronic and incurable. The orientation has again become self-fulfilling because of the relative neglect of psychosocial therapies. A basic reason for the regression lies in a misunderstanding of the nature of human adaptation that rests greatly on the capacities for language, which has led to the need for children to acquire a culture in order to survive and become integrated individuals-an acquisition that depends largely on the parental persons, and inevitably creates some emotional conflicts and adaptive shortcomings; and, when extreme, leads to the escape into a fantasy life and a breaking through confines imposed by the meaning system and logic of the culture that we term schizophrenia.     

Sec61p contributes to signal sequence orientation according to the positive-inside rule

Protein targeting to the endoplasmic reticulum is mediated by signal or signal-anchor sequences. They also play an important role in protein topogenesis, because their orientation in the translocon determines whether their N- or C-terminal sequence is translocated. Signal orientation is primarily determined by charged residues flanking the hydrophobic core, whereby the more positive end is predominantly positioned to the cytoplasmic side of the membrane, a phenomenon known as the "positive-inside rule." We tested the role of conserved charged residues of Sec61p, the major component of the translocon in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in orienting signals according to their flanking charges by site-directed mutagenesis by using diagnostic model proteins. Mutation of R67, R74, or E382 in Sec61p reduced C-terminal translocation of a signal-anchor protein with a positive N-terminal flanking sequence and increased it for signal-anchor proteins with positive C-terminal sequences. These mutations produced a stronger effect on substrates with greater charge difference across the hydrophobic core of the signal. For some of the substrates, a charge mutation in Sec61p had a similar effect as one in the substrate polypeptides. Although these three residues do not account for the entire charge effect in signal orientation, the results show that Sec61p contributes to the positive-inside rule.     

Leaf orientation and the response of the xanthophyll cycle to incident light

Summary Leaves from two species, Euonymus kiautschovicus and Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, with a variety of different orientations and exposures, were examined in the field with regard to the xanthophyll cycle (the interconversion of three carotenoids in the chloroplast thylakoid membranes). East-, south-, and west-facing leaves of E. kiautschovicus were sampled throughout the day and all exhibited a pronounced and progressive conversion of violaxanthin to zeaxanthin, followed by a reconversion of zeaxanthin to violaxanthin later in the day. Maximal levels of zeaxanthin and minimal levels of violaxanthin were observed at the time when each leaf (orientation) received the maximum incident light, which was in the morning in east-facing, midday in southfacing, and in the afternoon in west-facing leaves. A very slight degree of hysteresis in the removal of zeaxanthin compared to its formation with regard to incident light was observed. Leaves with a broader range of orientations were sampled from A. uva-ursi prior to sunrise and at midday. All of the examined pigments (carotenoids and chlorophylls) increased somewhat per unit leaf area with increasing total daily photon receipt. The sum of the carotenoids involved in the xanthophyll cycle, violaxanthin + antheraxanthin + zeaxanthin, increased more strongly with increasing growth light than any other pigment. In addition, the amounts of zeaxanthin present at midday also increased markedly with increasing total daily photon receipt. The percentage of the xanthophyll cycle that was converted to zeaxanthin (and antheraxanthin) at peak irradiance was very large (approximately 80%) in the leaves of both E. kiautschovicus and A. uva-ursi. The daily changes in the components of the xanthophyll cycle that paralleled the daily changes in incident light in the leaves of E. kiautschovicus, and the increasing levels of the xanthophyll cycle components with total daily photon receipt in the leaves of A. uva-ursi, are both consistent with the involvement of zeaxanthin (i.e. the xanthophyll cycle) in the photoprotection of the photosynthetic apparatus against damage due to excessive light.Abbreviations A antheraxanthin - EPS epoxidation state of the xanthophyll cycle=(V+0.5A)/(V+A+Z) - PFD photon flux density (400–700 nm) - PFD_i photon flux density incident upon the upper leaf surface - T_air air temperature - T_L leaf temperature - V violaxanthin - Z zeaxanthin     

Spatial orientation of trout to partially polarized light

Summary The results of this study reveal that rainbow trout (Oncorhyncus mykiss formerly Salmo gairdneri) are capable of orienting to polarized light fields, and that the degree of polarization of the polarized light field affects the accuracy of orientation behavior. As previously shown, rainbow trout can accurately orient to a plane polarized light field after several sessions of food-rewarded training. The present data demonstrate that the accuracy of such orientation decreases the degree of polarization of the plane-polarized light field is lowered. In testing sessions, different concentrations of latex beads were introduced into a cuvette positioned below the light source to degrade the degree of polarization. There was evidence that trout could still detect the evector and use it in making orienting responses when the light was only 65% polarized. However, most of the test trout did not demonstrate orienting ability at levels of polarization below the 75% level.     

Brachiopod orientation to water movement: functional morphology

Previous work by the author has shown that Laqueus californianus. Terebratulina unguicula , and. to a lesser extent, Hemithyris psittacea will actively reorient to water currents in the laboratory; Terebratalia transversa will not. This active reorientation is effected primarily by the dorsal adjustor muscles; the ventral adjustors function to depress and tilt the shell. The torque around the pedicle generated by drag on the shell is low at moderate current speeds. The dorsal adjustor muscles are competent to resist these torques up to current speeds of 35 cm/s for L. californianus and H. psittacea and 56 cm/s for T. unguicula . Shell shape, gross pedicle form, and form of the pedicle foramen are unreliable indicators of a brachiopod's ability to actively reorient. Shape of the pedicle bulb and position and size of the pedicle connectives are better indicators but. on functional grounds, the dorsal adjustor muscle morphology is the best indicator of active reorientation. An angle α (the maximum possible rotation of the shell that can be produced by contraction of one of the dorsal adjustor muscles) correlates well with both the maximum observed rotations and the exhibition of active reorientation to currents. For fossil material, the existence of dorsal adjustor muscle scars that touch medially should also be a good indicator of active reorientation ability.     

Binocular vision: an orientation to disparity coding

A new study has shown that neurons in the visual cortex are specialized to encode the larger range of horizontal - relative to vertical - disparities that occurs in central vision. These results challenge the established 'energy' model of disparity processing.     

Fibroblast responses to cyclic mechanical stretching depend on cell orientation to the stretching direction

Fibroblasts in intact tendons align with stretching direction, but they tend to orient randomly in healing tendons. Therefore, a question arises: Do fibroblast responses to mechanical stretching depend on their orientation? To address this question, human patellar tendon fibroblasts were grown in custom-made silicone dishes that possess microgrooved culture surfaces. The direction of the microgrooves was either parallel or normal to the direction of cyclic uniaxial stretching. Fibroblasts grown in these microgrooves had a polar morphology and oriented along the direction of the microgrooves regardless of the stretching conditions. Tendon fibroblasts expressed higher levels of alpha-smooth muscle actin when they were oriented parallel to the stretching direction than when they were oriented normal to the stretching direction. Also, cyclic stretching of the fibroblasts perpendicular to their orientation induced a higher activity level of secretory phospholipase A(2) compared with stretching of the cells parallel to their orientation. Thus, these results show that fibroblast responses to mechanical stretching depend on cell orientation to the stretching direction.     

Integrin signaling regulates spindle orientation in Drosophila to preserve the follicular-epithelium monolayer

Epithelia act as important physiological barriers and as structural components of tissues and organs. In the Drosophila ovary, follicle cells envelop the germline cysts to form a monolayer epithelium. During division, the orientation of the mitotic spindle in follicle cells is such that both daughter cells remain within the same plane, and the simple structure of the follicular epithelium is thus preserved. Here we show that integrins, heterodimeric transmembrane receptors that connect the extracellular matrix to the cell's cytoskeleton [1, 2], are required for maintaining the ovarian monolayer epithelium in Drosophila. Mosaic egg chambers containing integrin mutant follicle cells develop stratified epithelia at both poles. This stratification is due neither to abnormal cell proliferation nor to defects in the apical-basal polarity of the mutant cells. Instead, integrin function is required for the correct orientation of the mitotic apparatus both in mutant cells and in their immediately adjacent wild-type neighbors. We further demonstrate that integrin-mediated signaling, rather than adhesion, is sufficient for maintaining the integrity of the follicular epithelium. The above data show that integrins are necessary for preserving the simple organization of a specialized epithelium and link integrin-mediated signaling to the correct orientation of the mitotic spindle in this epithelial cell type.     

Chromosome orientation

Precise chromosome segregation during cell division results from the attachment of chromosomes to microtubules emanating from both poles of the spindle apparatus. The molecular machinery involved in establishing and maintaining properly oriented microtubule attachments remains murky. Some clarity is now emerging with the identification of Bod1 (Biorientation Defective 1), a protein that promotes chromosome biorientation by unleashing chromosomes from improperly oriented microtubule attachments.     

Visual orientation of Ceratitis capitata flies to fruit models

Wooden and rubber fruit models of different shapes, colors, and sizes were hung in fruiting coffee trees. Spheres (7.5 cm in diam) were much more attractive to Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) than cubes, cylinders, or rectangles of equivalent surface area. Black and yellow were the most attractive of eight colors, and white and grey were the least attractive. When an array of sphere sizes were tested, the attraction to flies increased as the size of yellow spheres increased from 1.5 to 18 cm diam. Trimedlure (tert-butyl 4(5)-chloro-2-methylcyclohexanecarboxylate) enhanced the attraction for males when added to 20.3×25.4-cm yellow rectangles and to 7.5-cm black spheres.

---

Zusammenfassung Fruchtattrappen aus Holz und Kautschuk verschiedener Farbe und Grösse haben sich nach Prokopy (1968) als attraktiv auf R. pomonella (Walsh) in Apfelbäumen erwiesen. Aehnliche Resultate ergaben sich, als diese mit Stikem^® überzogenen Körper in Kaffeebäumen auf Kana, Hawaii aufgehängt wurden und C. capitata beider Geschlechter anzogen. Es wurde gezeigt, dass eine Kugel (7,5 cm Durchmesser) viel attraktiver ist als ein Zylinder, ein Rechteck oder ein Kubus gleicher Fläche (Tafel I, Exper: 2). Gelbe Kugeln, die wahrscheinlich die Reflexion des Laubwerks nachahmen, wurden mit zunehmender Grösse für beide Geschlechter attraktiver. Schwarze Kugeln, die wahrscheinlich die spektrale Absorption von Früchten nachahmen, zeigten eine optimale Attraktion zwischen 3,2 und 7,5 cm Durchmesser. Gelbe und schwarze Kugeln von 7,5 cm Durchmesser waren gleich anziehend und waren am attraktivsten von acht berücksichtigten Farben, während weiss und grau am wenigsten attraktiv waren.In einer zusätzlichen Studie wurde Trimedlure, ein Männchenlockstoff, auf einen Wattebausch gebracht und an eine schwarze 7,5 cm Kugel und an ein gelbes 20×25 cm Rechteck gehängt. Damit wurde die Attraktion beider Körper für Männchen, nicht aber für Weibchen erhöht. Die Verwendung eines Männchen- oder Weibchenlockstoffs zusammen mit visuellen Fallen kann zur Entwicklung einer wirksameren Falle führen.