棉铃虫与棉花生长发育耦合系统的建立

以棉铃虫取食模型、种群动态模型及棉花生长发育模型为基础,通过对棉田生态系统中一些关键环节的分析,进一步发展出田间棉铃虫的管理系统。这个系统较好地反映出了国内外到目前为止在棉铃虫管理方面的最新研究成果。强调了在棉花生长发育过程中超补偿机制的实现,以及人工去早蕾与2代棉铃虫取食对棉花生长和产量形成的影响。本系统可以反映第2、3代棉铃虫不同卵量水平下,及不同人工去早蕾水平下棉花生长发育的动态过程。通过不同卵量水平时各去蕾量对产量的影响,以及不同用药时间的最终产量效果的比较,可以找出最佳的去蕾量以及合理的用药时间。     

华北棉区第三代棉铃虫对棉花为害损失与经济阈值的研究

通过在华北棉区棉花蕾铃期阶段,连续５ａ的田间蕾铃脱落原因的观察,明确了在第三代棉铃虫的中常发生年份,影响蕾铃期蕾铃脱落的主要因素是棉株本身的自然脱落其脱落率占总脱落的９０％以上,而因第三代棉铃虫为害造成的脱落率在５％以上。根据田间棉铃虫Ｈｅｌｉｃｏｖｅｒｐａ ａｒｍｉｇｅｒａ（ｈｕｂｎｅｒ）３龄幼虫虫量与为害力的关系研究,结合多年第三代棉铃虫田间生命表,文中提出了三代棉铃虫的经济阈值为百株累计卵量     

华北棉区棉田中棉铃虫的取食行为及为害特征的研究

在大量田间实验的基础上,本文揭示华北棉区棉铃虫Heliothis armigera(Hbner)在棉田中的取食行为及其咬食棉花不同发育阶段的繁殖器官的组成和数量.根据棉铃虫的取食行为与其寄主植物棉花生长发育的关系,分别列出第二、三、四代幼虫期内棉花全株上各发育阶段的繁殖器官的组成、各龄幼虫所在果枝上繁殖器官的组成、各龄幼虫咬食不同发育阶段繁殖器官的组成和数量以及其中脱落的数量.分析了不同世代幼虫取食行为的差异,及其对棉花生长发育和产量形成过程的影响.建立了用于棉田害虫管理系统的棉铃虫取食模型.     

江苏沿江棉区3代棉铃虫对棉花的为害及经济阈值

通过人工接虫为害,研究了3代棉铃虫对蕾铃脱落及结铃的影响,观察了不同年份棉铃虫卵和各龄幼虫的自然存活率及棉花蕾、幼铃的成铃率。结果表明,蕾铃的虫害脱落率对结铃的影响最大,直接通径系数达－0.8917,虫量和蕾铃脱落数主要通过接虫期间的虫害脱落率影响棉花结铃,其间接通径系数分别为－0.8894和-0.891,接虫期间的自然脱落率对结铃的直接和间接通径系数均很小,表明33代棉铃虫为害时棉花4的补偿能力已基本丧失,各龄幼虫的为害量观察表明,1－6龄幼虫的单虫为害当量分别为0.02、0.14、0.31、0.47、0.84和1.54个大铃,根据防治的直接和间接收益,得出3代棉铃虫的防治指标为百株累计卵量26粒。     

氮肥对棉田主要害虫种群密度及棉花产量的影响

通过2年的田间研究,分析了3种不同施氮水平对棉花主要害虫棉玲虫、棉蚜种群动态、棉花蕾铃脱落及棉花产量的影响。结果表明,增施氮肥的棉田棉铃虫和棉蚜数量比对照田要高,但它们之间的差异没有达到显著的水平。不同年份对棉铃虫种群密度有显著影响,但对棉蚜种群没有显著影响。蕾花期施肥可减轻棉铃虫为害造成的花蕾脱落和自然脱落,增加有效铃数和产量,但增加量没有达到显著水平。     

不同食料植物对棉铃虫生长发育和繁殖的影响

报道了棉花、烟草、番茄和辣椒4种植物对棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera生长发育和繁殖的影响。棉铃虫成虫喜欢在番茄上产卵,在辣椒上的着卵量最少。初孵幼虫喜选食嫩棉叶,选食辣椒嫩叶的虫数最少。4组幼虫取食嫩叶时的平均相对生长速率都有显著差异,顺序为棉叶组>烟叶组>番茄叶组>辣椒叶组。幼虫存活率以取食棉花时最高,取食番茄时最低。棉花组成虫的产卵量最高,烟草组的产卵量最低。取食棉花的棉铃虫种群增长的速度约为取食番茄时的14倍。6龄幼虫能有效利用和转化棉铃、烟草蒴果、辣椒果实,而对番茄果实的利用和转化效率较低。棉铃虫可分别以这4种植物的不同器官为食完成世代循环。其中,棉花是最适宜的寄主,辣椒和番茄是较不适宜的寄主。     

番茄二代棉铃虫发生期预测技术研究

<正> 棉铃虫Heliothis armigera(Hubner)是番茄主要蛀果害虫,在北京1年发生4代。二代为害最重,一般年份平均蛀果损失5％左右,重发生年达10％以上,严重地块40～70％。1984年我们对棉铃虫二代卵峰期开展了测报技术研究,取得了明显效果,现介绍如下。     

华北棉区第三代棉铃虫的经济阈值

1980—1982、1984—1985年在河北省饶阳县的不同土壤肥力水平、不同棉花品种上进行了模拟为害和自然为害试验,旨在确定第三代棉铃虫 Heliothis armigera(Hubner)虫口密度与棉花产量之间的关系.结果表明,棉花对于第三代棉铃虫为害的补偿能力较弱.较好的土壤肥力亦不能促使棉株完全补偿三代期间的受害损失.每亩皮棉减产斤数Y与第三代百株累计卵量E₃的关系为:Y=-0.2801+0.0643E₃.根据防治的直接收益与直接代价,算出了第三代棉铃虫的经济阈值为百株累计卵量35粒,这一阈值可适用于不同肥力水平的地块.     

北方棉区棉铃虫观察

棉铃虫又名菸螟蛉,俗名青虫,在北方棉区尚少注意。年来为害渐趋扩大,棉花蕾铃被害之後脱落现象极为严重,局部严重地区仅因此虫为害脱落率即达百分之五十以上,药剂防治办法尚不很成熟,人工捕捉经验也感缺乏,—般任其为害,致使产量遭     

华北棉区第二代棉铃虫的经济阈值

1980—1983年在河北省饶阳县及安徽省濉溪县的不同的土壤肥力类型、不同的棉花品种和不同的栽培管理条件下进行了模拟为害和自然为害的试验,旨在确定第二代棉铃虫Heliothis armigera(Hübner)数量与棉花Gossypium hirsutum L.产量和质量的关系。试验结果表明,棉花对于第二代棉铃虫为害的补偿力很强,这种补偿力随着土壤肥力的提高而增强。棉花品种、年份以及栽培管理方法对补偿力的影响属于次要。通过组建的一个静态模型,收进了二代棉铃虫防治的直接收益与代价以及间接收益与代价,算得高、低肥力地的第二代经济阈值,百株累计卵量分别为332粒和34粒。产量水平在80—90斤的中等偏低肥力地,其阈值可定为60粒。     

Characterization of the damage of Spodoptera eridania (Cramer) and Spodoptera cosmioides (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to structures of cotton plants

The cotton plant, Gossypium hirsutum, hosts various pests that damage different structures. Among these pests, Spodoptera cosmioides (Walker) and Spodoptera eridania (Cramer) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) are considered important. The objectives of this study were to characterize and to quantify the potential damage of S. eridania and S. cosmioides feeding on different structures of cotton plants. For this purpose, newly-hatched larvae were reared on the following plant parts: leaf and flower bud; leaf and boll; flower bud or boll; and leaf, flower bud and boll. The survival of S. cosmioides and S. eridania was greater than 80% and 70% for larvae fed on cotton plant parts offered separately or together, respectively. One larva of S. eridania damaged 1.7 flower buds, but did not damage bolls, while one larva of S. cosmioides damaged 5.2 flower buds and 3.0 cotton bolls. Spodoptera eridania and S. cosmioides can be considered species with potential to cause economic damage to cotton plants because they can occur throughout cotton developmental stages causing defoliation and losses of reproductive structures. Therefore, the results validate field observations that these two species of Spodoptera are potential pests for cotton.     

标准切花菊杂交F1代群体侧枝侧蕾性状的杂种优势和遗传分析

以标准切花菊〔Dendranthema morifolium(Ramat.)Tzvel.〕品种'优香'('Yuuka')为母本、品种'神马'('Jinba')为父本进行杂交,对杂交F1代群体的单株侧枝平均长度、单株侧枝数、单株侧枝数与单株叶节数的比值(R1)、主蕾直径与侧蕾直径的比值(R2)、单株侧蕾数以及主蕾与侧蕾间距离6个性状进行杂种优势和相关性分析,并利用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型检测这些性状的主基因效应.结果显示:杂交F1代群体6个侧枝侧蕾性状的变异系数为2378%~5065%,且侧枝性状的变异系数总体上高于侧蕾性状;各性状的频次均呈现连续性的正态分布趋势,说明这些性状可能属于多基因控制的数量性状.杂交F1代群体的6个侧枝侧蕾性状均在001水平上表现出显著的中亲优势,表明各性状均存在显著的杂种优势.6个性状中,单株侧枝平均长度的中亲值最大(6230 mm),R1的中亲值最小(026);单株侧枝平均长度、R2和主蕾与侧蕾间距离的中亲优势均为正值,单株侧枝数、单株侧蕾数和R1的中亲优势均为负值.6个性状的中亲优势率为-5374%~3128%,其中,单株侧枝数的中亲优势率最小,而主蕾与侧蕾间距离的中亲优势率最大.相关性分析结果显示:单株侧枝平均长度和单株侧枝数均与R1呈极显著正相关,并与R2和单株侧蕾数呈极显著负相关;R2与侧蕾数也呈极显著正相关,且二者均与主蕾与侧蕾间距离呈极显著正相关.混合遗传分析结果显示:单株侧枝平均长度、R1、R2和单株侧蕾数均受2对主基因控制,符合B-1模型,主基因表现为"加性-显性-上位性",这4个性状的遗传率分别为7707%、9672%、6438%和5307%;单株侧枝数也受2对主基因控制,符合B-2模型,主基因表现为"加性-显性",该性状的遗传率为7438%,表明这5个性状的遗传存在主基因控制效应.而主蕾与侧蕾间距离符合A-0遗传模型,说明该性状无主基因控制,易受环境影响.     

Evaluation of the most adequate organ of reference for sap analysis in the tomato plant

The most adequate organ of reference for sap analysis is studied during the phenological stage corresponding to the fructification of the second flower bud in the tomato plant grown in hydroponic culture with normal nutrient solution. Thus, the composition of the sap extracted from petioles of leaves in different stages of growth is studied. The results obtained indicate that the sap extracted from the petioles of fully grown young leaves is the best for achieving a nutritional study of the tomato plant.     

Expression of two gibberellin-regulated cDNAs during early flower development in tomato (Solanum lycopersicon). Effect of grafting and paclobutrazol

To study the role of translocation of gibberellin (GA) intermediates or bioactive GAs from other plant parts to buds during early flower development in tomato ( Solanum lycopersicon ), the effect of grafting and paclobutrazol (PAC) treatment on the expression of tgas100 and tgas118 , two GA-regulated mRNAs, was analysed. Both mRNAs accumulated in a dose-dependent fashion. Application of 0.5 ng GA₃ per bud to developmentally arrested flower buds of a GA-deficient mutant of tomato ( gib-1 ) induced tgas100 expression, while the tgas118 abundance increased. For obtaining normal flower development through anthesis in the mutant, a single GA₃ treatment was required of at least 5 ng GA₃ per bud. In wild-type flower buds, PAC decreased the abundance of tgas100 and tgas118 mRNAs either when PAC was sprayed on whole plants or directly applied to buds. When only the wild-type buds were treated with PAC, the expression profiles characteristic for untreated buds were not restored by translocation of endogenous GAs. Grafting of gib-1 scions onto wild-type donor plants did not result in normal flower development or expression profiles like in wild-type buds. We conclude that the role of GA transport in early flower development of tomato is negligible and that the GAs required for development have to be synthesized in the flower bud itself.     

Caffeyl esters of glucaric acid in Lycopersicon esculentum leaves

Caffeic acid esters of a mixture of glucaric acid and lactone forms occur in tomato leaves (Lycopersicon esculentum). Hydrolysis of these materials yields only caffeic acid and glucaric acid. The esters described are inhibitory to the growth development of the tomato fruitworm (Heliothis zea and represent one of the several resistance factors of the plant.     

Characterization of the Arrest in Anther Development Associated with Gibberellin Deficiency of the gib-1 Mutant of Tomato

The role of gibberellins in flower bud development was investigated by studying the gib-1 mutant of tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum. This gibberellin-deficient mutant initiates flower buds, but floral development is not completed unless the mutant is treated with gibberellin. Treatment with other plant growth regulators does not induce normal flower development. Development of gib-1 flower buds, as measured by progress toward anthesis, ceases at a bud length of 2.5 millimeters; however, increase in size of the bud continues. Buds between 2.5 and 3.7 millimeters are developmentally arrested but still are capable of developing normally after treatment with gibberellic acid. Anthers of these developmentally arrested buds contain pollen mother cells that are in the G1 phase of premeiotic interphase. Following treatment of developmentally arrested buds with gibberellic acid, premeiotic DNA synthesis and callose accumulation in pollen mother cells are evident by 48 hours posttreatment, and within 66 hours, prophase I of meiosis- and meiosis-related changes in tapetum development are observable.     

Variation in context‐dependent foraging behavior across pollinators

Pollinator foraging behavior has direct consequences for plant reproduction and has been implicated in driving floral trait evolution. Exploring the degree to which pollinators exhibit flexibility in foraging behavior will add to a mechanistic understanding of how pollinators can impose selection on plant traits. Although plants have evolved suites of floral traits to attract pollinators, flower color is a particularly important aspect of the floral display. Some pollinators show strong innate color preference, but many pollinators display flexibility in preference due to learning associations between rewards and color, or due to variable perception of color in different environments or plant communities. This study examines the flexibility in flower color preference of two groups of native butterfly pollinators under natural field conditions. We find that pipevine swallowtails (Battus philenor) and skippers (family Hesperiidae), the predominate pollinators of the two native Texas Phlox species, Phlox cuspidata and Phlox drummondii, display distinct patterns of color preferences across different contexts. Pipevine swallowtails exhibit highly flexible color preferences and likely utilize other floral traits to make foraging decisions. In contrast, skippers have consistent color preferences and likely use flower color as a primary cue for foraging. As a result of this variation in color preference flexibility, the two pollinator groups impose concordant selection on flower color in some contexts but discordant selection in other contexts. This variability could have profound implications for how flower traits respond to pollinator‐mediated selection. Our findings suggest that studying dynamics of behavior in natural field conditions is important for understanding plant–pollinator interactions.     

Evaluating the damage of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) on some cultivars of tomato under greenhouse condition

Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is the major pest of tomato plant. Since using relatively resistant cultivars may reduce the number of sprayings as well as postpone the development of the resistance to pesticides, the present study focused on evaluating the damage of T. absoluta on eleven 45-day-old tomato cultivars under greenhouse condition. Larval mines on the leaves as well as the terminal bud damage were considered. Damaged leaves, active mines and damaged terminal buds were significantly different among the cultivars. Cluster analysis using SPSS software resulted in grouping the cultivars into four categories as relatively resistant, partially resistant, partially susceptible and susceptible. The host plant’s growing characteristics (height and leaflet number) were assessed and likewise the weight of the resulted pupae. Differences in vulnerability of the cultivars showed that tomato cultivars possess resistant traits and the identification and utilisation of these traits can give rise to resistant varieties.