一种新的硒酶——硫氧还蛋白还原酶

必需微量元素硒的生物功能主要是通过各种硒酶和硒蛋白来实现的,如谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（ＧＰｘ）类具有抗氧化功能,碘甲腺原氨酸脱碘酶（ＤＩ）类在甲状腺激素的生物合成和代谢中具有重要作用。已有研究表明,在哺乳动物各种组织中可能大约存在２５种左右硒蛋白,但是迄...     

人碘化甲腺原氨酸及其衍生物的脱碘过程

甲状腺在种系发生上是最古老的内分泌腺,也是合成T_4的唯一场所。它还分泌含碘量比T_4少的其它碘化甲腺原氨酸,如3,5,3′-三碘甲腺原氨酸(T_3),3,3′,5′-三碘甲腺原氨酸(简称反T_3或rT_3)及T_2等。虽然,本世纪初即已发现T_4,以后相继又发现了其它几种碘化甲腺原氨酸;但对这些碘化甲腺原氨酸在外周组织的代谢过程一直认识不清,致使对一些生理和病理现象困惑不解。近几十年来,随着研究方法和技术的改进,对碘化甲腺原氨酸的代谢,特别是对它们在外周组织脱碘代谢过程的研究日益深入。     

硒蛋白—哺乳动物谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶家族研究进展

硒是生物机体必需的微量元素,硒大部分以硒蛋白形式发挥其生物学效应。硒蛋白是指以第21种氨基酸—硒代半胱氨酸掺入到蛋白质中的一类蛋白质。谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶是最早发现的硒蛋白,目前,在人类中已发现5种谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx1、GPx2、GPx3、GPx4、GPx6),在啮齿动物中发现4种谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx1、GPx2、GPx3、GPx4)。本文就哺乳动物中属于硒蛋白的谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶研究进展做一综述。     

人胎肝匀浆碘化甲腺氨酸5′脱碘酶的研究

<正> 甲状腺素(T_4)在外周组织5′单脱碘为3.5.3′-三碘甲腺氨酸(T_3)而使其生物学活性大大提高,故催化此反应的碘化甲腺氨酸5′脱碘酶被视为甲状腺激素生物学作用的重要调节因子。不同胎令脏器该酶活性的研究将为了解胎儿期间甲状腺激素的代谢及共对胚胎生长发育的影响提供重要线索。本文将对人胎肝匀浆碘化甲腺氨酸5′脱碘酶研究结果作一简要报道。     

谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶的硒代半胱氨酸插入元件

真核生物将硒代半胱氨酸插入蛋白质必需硒代半胱氨酸插入元件（ＳＥＣＩＳ）的参与,后者位于硒蛋白ｍＲＮＡ的３′非翻译区．采用ＲＮＡ折叠程序对１５个谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶基因进行计算机处理发现,其可能的ＳＥＣＩＳ中都具有３段保守碱基ＡＵＧＡ－Ａ（Ｇ）ＡＡ－ＧＡ．根据Ａ（Ｇ）ＡＡ位于顶环或者顶环上游５′臂的突环上,可将ＳＥＣＩＳ分为Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型结构     

硒的生理功能、摄入现状与对策研究进展

硒是谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶、甲状腺素脱碘酶、硒蛋白K、硒蛋白W等多达25种硒蛋白的重要组分,与抗氧化、激素调节、矿质元素代谢等功能密切相关。综述了近10年来国内外对微量元素硒在人体中的生理功能、参考摄入量标准、硒摄入不足所导致的"硒隐性饥饿"问题的现状及其相应的对策等方面的研究进展,以期为硒的营养强化研究提供参考。     

硒蛋白P的研究进展

微量元素硒 (Ｓｅ)作为许多具有重要生物功能的硒酶的活性中心 ,不但与机体的免疫应答及抗氧化作用等生理功能密切相关 ,而且能够降低癌症的发生率[1,2 ] 。在流行病学和临床研究中 ,常用血浆或全血中Ｓｅ浓度作为衡量Ｓｅ状态的指标 ,而且血浆浓度能比全血浓度更迅速地反映Ｓｅ状态的变化。在哺乳动物血浆中 ,Ｓｅ主要结合在 3种蛋白质中 :硒蛋白Ｐ、胞外谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶和清蛋白。其中硒蛋白Ｐ所含Ｓｅ大约占血浆中全部Ｓｅ浓度的 5 0 %。硒蛋白Ｐ不同于目前所鉴定的所有其他硒蛋白 ,因为它含有 10～ 12个硒代半胱氨酸 (ＳｅＣｙｓ)残…     

氯化镧对牛血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶、生长激素、胰岛素、三碘甲腺原氨酸和四碘甲状腺原氨酸浓度的影响

选用36头平均体重420 kg,年龄2.5岁的中国西门答尔阉牛,采用随机区组设计分为4组,以混合精料和风干玉米秸秆为基础日粮,研究日粮中添加不同水平氯化镧对西门答尔阉牛营养物质消化、血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶、生长激素、胰岛素、三碘甲腺原氨酸和四碘甲状腺原氨酸浓度的影响。结果表明:实验至第60天时,每天添加0.9 g氯化镧的饲粮有机物质、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗纤维、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维的表观消化率较对照组和其它处理组分别提高了8.09%、7.13%、15.20%、9.47%、13.09%和20.48%,血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性较对照组和其它处理组显著提高了8.22、3.95和5.04个单位,血清生长激素、胰岛素浓度、三碘甲腺原氨酸和四碘甲状腺原氨酸浓度均显著高。     

含硒酶与非酶作用机制

在微生物、植物和动物体内,硒的功能形式多种多样,但其作用机制可归纳为酶与非酶两个方面,含硒酶的作用主要有：谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GPx）家族催化超氧化物还原,防止细胞膜的氧化损伤;脱磺酶（ID）家族调节甲状腺激素代谢,硫氧还蛋白还原酶（TDR）家族催化硫氧还蛋白（Trx）还原,TDR／Trx系统为细胞的生长和分化所必需,硒的非酶化学保护作用体现在：可诱导一些蛋白激酶的富半胱氨酸结构域发生氧化还原修饰,增强免疫功能等作用,硒在植物中的作用机制具有许多特殊性。     

牙鲆Ⅰ型甲腺原氨酸脱碘酶基因片段的克隆及序列分析

在GenBank中查找到已知的斑马鱼、奥尼罗非鱼、金头鲷、爪蟾等物种的Ⅰ型甲腺原氨酸脱碘酶的基因序列并运用Primer Premier 5.0软件对这些物种的Ⅰ型甲腺原氨酸脱碘酶基因序列进行同源性分析。依据同源性较大的保守区基因序列设计一对引物,并提取变态期牙鲆仔鱼总RNA作为模板进行RT-PCR,得到一条cDNA片段。将产物连接到T载体中,转化、扩增重组质粒。提取大肠杆菌中的重组质粒进行DNA测序。将DNA测序所得到的基因序列翻译成蛋白序列和已知的奥尼罗非鱼、金头鲷、底鳉、斑马鱼的Ⅰ型甲腺原氨酸脱碘酶基因序列进行同源性分析。结果显示,利用RT-PCR的方法扩增出一条280 bp的目的基因片段,比对结果发现其和奥尼罗非鱼、金头鲷、底鳉、斑马鱼的Ⅰ型甲腺原氨酸脱碘酶基因的蛋白序列的同源性分别为85%,83%,81%,71%。对蛋白序列进行生物信息学分析发现整个蛋白序列中无信号肽,无糖基化位点,无跨膜结构域,但含有一个典型的T4_deiodinase结构。在N-端第69～70区段有β-折叠中心;第35～37区段可能形成转角或无规则卷曲;第8～13区段,第16～20区段等区段是柔性区域。D1蛋白N端第8～11区段,第47～55区段,第90～91区段为优势抗原表位区域。本实验所获得的基因序列是前尚未见报道的牙鲆Ⅰ型甲腺原氨酸脱碘酶基因序列的一部分,为进一步研究该基因的结构与生物学功能奠定了基础。     

Differential regulation of rat liver selenoprotein mRNAs in selenium deficiency.

Selenium deficiency causes a fall in the concentrations of selenoproteins but selenoprotein P and type I iodothyronine 5'-deiodinase (5'-deiodinase) are more resistant to this effect than is glutathione peroxidase. To investigate the differential regulation of these selenoproteins, a selenium-deficient diet was fed to weanling rats for 14.5 weeks and their hepatic mRNAs were measured by Northern analysis. Levels of all 3 mRNAs fell progressively with time. Selenoprotein P and 5'-deiodinase mRNAs remained higher at all time points relative to control than glutathione peroxidase mRNA. mRNA decreases were mirrored by decreases in glutathione peroxidase activity and selenoprotein P concentration. However, the decreases in the protein levels were greater than the decreases in their mRNAs, suggesting that synthesis of both proteins was limited to a similar extent at the translational level by the availability of selenium. In addition to this apparently unregulated translational effect, these results point to a pretranslational regulation, affecting mRNA levels, which could account for the differential effect of selenium deficiency on glutathione peroxidase and the other selenoproteins. This regulation might serve to direct selenium to selenoprotein P and 5'-deiodinase when limited amounts of the element are available.     

Analysis of the Interactions Between Thioredoxin and 20 Selenoproteins in Chicken

Thioredoxin (Trx) is a small molecular protein with complicated functions in a number of processes, including inflammation, apoptosis, embryogenesis, cardiovascular disease, and redox regulation. Some selenoproteins, such as glutathione peroxidase (Gpx), iodothyronine deiodinase (Dio), and thioredoxin reductase (TR), are involved in redox regulation. However, whether there are interactions between Trx and selenoproteins is still not known. In the present paper, we used a Modeller, Hex 8.0.0, and the KFC2 Server to predict the interactions between Trx and selenoproteins. We used the Modeller to predict the target protein in objective format and assess the accuracy of the results. Molecular interaction studies with Trx and selenoproteins were performed using the molecular docking tools in Hex 8.0.0. Next, we used the KFC2 Server to further test the protein binding sites. In addition to the selenoprotein physiological functions, we also explored potential relationships between Trx and selenoproteins beyond all the results we got. The results demonstrate that Trx has the potential to interact with 19 selenoproteins, including iodothyronine deiodinase 1 (Dio1), iodothyronine deiodinase 3 (Dio3), glutathione peroxidase 1 (Gpx1), glutathione peroxidase 2 (Gpx2), glutathione peroxidase 3 (Gpx3), glutathione peroxidase 4 (Gpx4), selenoprotein H (SelH), selenoprotein I (SelI), selenoprotein M (SelM), selenoprotein N (SelN), selenoprotein T (SelT), selenoprotein U (SelU), selenoprotein W (SelW), selenoprotein 15 (Sep15), methionine sulfoxide reductase B (Sepx1), selenophosphate synthetase 1 (SPS1), TR1, TR2, and TR3, among which TR1, TR2, TR3, SPS1, Sep15, SelN, SelM, SelI, Gpx2, Gpx3, Gpx4, and Dio3 exhibited intense correlations with Trx. However, additional experiments are needed to verify them.     

Selenoprotein gene expression during selenium-repletion of selenium-deficient rats

Selenium repletion of selenium-deficient rats with 20 μg selenium/kg body weight as Na₂SeO₃ was used as a model to investigate the mechanisms that control the distribution of the trace element to specific selenoproteins in liver and thyroid. Cytosolic glutathione peroxidase (cGSHPx), phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (PHGSHPx), and iodothyronine 5′-deiodinase (IDI) activities were all transiently increased in liver 16 to 32 h after ip injection with selenium. However, only cGSHPx and PHGSHPx activities increased in the thyroid where IDI activity was already increased by selenium deficiency. These responses were owing to synthesis of the seleoproteins on newly synthesised and/or existing mRNAs. The selenoprotein mRNAs in the thyroid gland were increased two- and threefold after the transitory increases in selenoprotein activity. In contrast, there were parallel changes in selenoprotein mRNAs and enzyme activities in the liver, with no prolonged rises in mRNA levels. The organ differences suggest that increased thryotrophin (TSH) concentrations, which are known to induce thyrodial IDI and mRNA, may control the mRNAs for all the thyroidal selenoproteins investigated and be a major mechanism for the preservation of thyroidal selenoproteins when selenium supplies are limited.     

Selenium prevents downregulation of antioxidant selenoprotein genes by methylmercury

Selenium (Se) is an essential nutrient required by Se-dependent proteins, termed selenoproteins. The selenoprotein family is small but diverse and includes key proteins in antioxidant, redox signaling, thyroid hormone metabolism, and protein folding pathways. Methylmercury (MeHg) is a toxic environmental contaminant that affects seafood safety. Selenium can reduce MeHg toxicity, but it is unclear how selenoproteins are affected in this interaction. In this study we explored how Se and MeHg interact to affect the mRNA expression of selenoprotein genes in whole zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. Embryos were obtained from adult zebrafish fed MeHg with or without elevated Se in a 2×2 factorial design. The embryo mRNA levels of 30 selenoprotein genes were then measured. These genes cover most of the selenoprotein families, including members of the glutathione peroxidase (GPX), thioredoxin reductase, iodothyronine deiodinase, and methionine sulfoxide reductase families, along with selenophosphate synthetase 2 and selenoproteins H, J-P, T, W, sep15, fep15, and fam213aa. GPX enzyme activity and larval locomotor activity were also measured. We found that around one-quarter of the selenoprotein genes were downregulated by elevated MeHg. These downregulated genes were dominated by selenoproteins from antioxidant pathways that are also susceptible to Se-deficiency-induced downregulation. MeHg also decreased GPX activity and induced larval hypoactivity. Elevated Se partially prevented MeHg-induced disruption of selenoprotein gene mRNA levels, GPX activity, and larval locomotor activity. Overall, the MeHg-induced downregulation and subsequent rescue by elevated Se levels of selenogenes regulated by Se status suggest that Se deficiency is a contributing factor to MeHg toxicity.     

Functional characterization of the eukaryotic SECIS elements which direct selenocysteine insertion at UGA codons.

We investigated the requirements for selenocysteine insertion at single or multiple UGA codons in eukaryotic selenoproteins. Two functional SECIS elements were identified in the 3' untranslated region of the rat selenoprotein P mRNA, with predicted stem-loops and critical nucleotides similar to those in the SECIS elements in the type I iodothyronine 5' deiodinase (5'DI) and glutathione peroxidase selenoprotein mRNAs. Site-directed mutational analyses of three SECIS elements confirmed that conserved nucleotides in the loop and in unpaired regions of the stem are critical for activity. This indicates that multiple contact sites are required for SECIS function. Stop codon function at any of five out-of-context UGA codons in the 5'DI mRNA was suppressed by SECIS elements from the 5'DI or selenoprotein P genes linked downstream. Thus, the presence of SECIS elements in eukaryotic selenoprotein mRNAs permits complete flexibility in UGA codon position.     

Identification of type I iodothyronine 5'-deiodinase as a selenoenzyme

A 27.8 kDa membrane selenoprotein was previously identified in rat thyroid, liver and kidney, the tissues with the highest activities of type I iodothyronine 5'-deiodinase. This membrane enzyme catalyzes the deiodination of L-thyroxine to the biologically active thyroid hormone 3,3',5-triiodothyronine. A decrease in the activity of this enzyme, observed here in the liver of selenium-deficient rats, was found to be due to the absence of a selenium-dependent membrane-bound component. By chemical and enzymatic fragmentation of the 75Se-labeled selenoprotein and of the 27 kDa substrate binding type I 5'-deiodinase subunit, affinity-labeled with N-bromoacetyl-[125I]L-thyroxine, and comparison of the tracer distribution in the peptide fragments the identity of the two proteins was shown. The data indicate that the deiodinase subunit contains one selenium atom per molecule and suggest that a highly reactive selenocysteine is the residue essential for the catalysis of 5'-deiodination. From the results it can be concluded that type I iodothyronine 5'-deiodinase is a selenoenzyme.     

Selenoprotein expression in endothelial cells from different human vasculature and species

Selenium (Se) can protect endothelial cells (EC) from oxidative damage by altering the expression of selenoproteins with antioxidant function such as cytoplasmic glutathione peroxidase (cyGPX), phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (PHGPX) and thioredoxin reductase (TR). If the role of Se on EC function is to be studied, it is essential that a model system be chosen which reflects selenoprotein expression in human EC derived from vessels prone to developing atheroma. We have used [75Se]-selenite labelling and selenoenzyme measurements to compare the selenoproteins expressed by cultures of EC isolated from different human vasculature with EC bovine and porcine aorta. Only small differences were observed in selenoprotein expression and activity in EC originating from human coronary artery, human umbilical vein (HUVEC), human umbilical artery and the human EC line EAhy926. The selenoprotein profile in HUVEC was consistent over eight passages and HUVEC isolated from four cords also showed little variability. In contrast, EC isolated from pig and bovine aorta showed marked differences in selenoprotein expression when compared to human cells. This study firmly establishes the suitability and consistency of using HUVEC (and possibly the human cell line EAhy926) as a model to study the effects of Se on EC function in relation to atheroma development in the coronary artery. Bovine or porcine EC appear to be an inappropriate model.     

Selenium Deficiency Influences Nitric Oxide and Selenoproteins in Pancreas of Chickens

Selenium (Se) deficiency induces pancreatic atrophy in chickens, but the molecular mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the effect of dietary Se deficiency on the expressions of 25 selenoproteins and the content of nitric oxide (NO) and examined the relationship between selenoproteins and NO. Chickens (180; 1 day old) were randomly divided into two groups, low (L) group (fed with Se deficient (Se 0.033 mg/kg) diet) and control (C) group (fed with normal (Se 0.2 mg/kg) diet). Then, pancreas was collected at 15, 25, 35, 45, and 55 days, and the content of NO, the activity of inducible NO synthase (iNOS), and the messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of 25 selenoproteins and iNOS were measured. The results showed that 25 selenoproteins were decreased (P?P?Thioredoxin reductase 2 (TXNRD2), glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1), glutathione peroxidase 3 (GPX3), selenoprotein I (SELI), iodothyronine deiodinase 1 (DIO1), selenoprotein P1 (SEPP1), selenoprotein W1 (SEPW1), selenoprotein O (SELO), selenoprotein T (SELT), selenoprotein M (SELM), selenoprotein X1 (SEPX1), and SPS2 were excessively decreased (P?iNOS activity, and mRNA level were increased strikingly compared with C group (P?相似文献