共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 0 毫秒
1.
2.
3.
《BMJ (Clinical research ed.)》1978,2(6130):144-147
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Daniel Tumminelli O’Brien 《Human nature (Hawthorne, N.Y.)》2012,23(4):467-489
All communities have common resources that are vulnerable to selfish motives. The current paper explores this challenge in the specific case of the urban commons, defined as the public spaces and scenery of city neighborhoods. A theoretical model differentiates between individual incentives and social incentives for caring for the commons. The quality of a commons is defined as the level of physical (e.g., loose garbage) and social (e.g., public disturbances) disorder. A first study compared levels of disorder across the census block groups of a single city; the second compared the disorder generated by individual addresses in two neighborhoods. Each study found that homeownership, an individual incentive, was the main predictor of disorder. Owner-occupied parcels generated less disorder than their renter-occupied neighbors, but both parcel types produced less disorder in a neighborhood with greater homeownership. The results emphasize the need for considering both individual and social incentives for group-beneficial behaviors. 相似文献
9.
10.
One of the oldest unsolved problems in genetics is the observation that gene silencing can 'spread' along a chromosome. Although spreading has been widely perceived as a process of long-range assembly of heterochromatin proteins, such 'oozing' might not apply in most cases. Rather, long-range silencing seems to be a dynamic process, involving local diffusion of histone-modifying enzymes from source binding sites to low-affinity sites nearby. Discontinuous silencing might reflect looping interactions, whereas the spreading of continuous silencing might be driven by the processive movement of RNA or DNA polymerases. We review the evidence for the spreading of silencing in many contexts and organisms and conclude that multiple mechanisms have evolved that silence genes at a distance. 相似文献
11.
Missing inaction: the dangers of ignoring missing data 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The most common approach to dealing with missing data is to delete cases containing missing observations. However, this approach reduces statistical power and increases estimation bias. A recent study shows how estimates of heritability and selection can be biased when the 'invisible fraction' (missing data due to mortality) is ignored, thus demonstrating the dangers of neglecting missing data in ecology and evolution. We highlight recent advances in the procedures of handling missing data and their relevance and applicability. 相似文献
12.
13.
14.
Esteban Ruiz-Ballesteros Miguel A. Gual 《Human ecology: an interdisciplinary journal》2012,40(6):847-862
The emergence of ??new commons?? poses theoretical challenges that require empirical efforts and in-depth case studies. Three years of ethnographic work at an Ecuadorian coastal community brings us to propose the emergence of a new commons, historically born from an unstructured group of inhabitants, and refunded as a community seemingly able to convert a degraded socio-ecological system into a more sustainable configuration. To understand this process, we study how institutions and rules developed for the environmental management of strategic common pool resources (CPRs), transforming human?Cenvironment relationships. This socio-ecosystem constitutes a co-managed multi-level system of governance, developed through a community building process and a particular community based tourism model. Its analysis suggests that the balanced development of different levels of management with a firm base at the community level bringing into play new CPRs, can be key factors for the emergence of new commons. 相似文献
15.
16.
17.
《Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Stress and Recovery (Formerly Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Health)》1992,1(4):329-329
Executive Committee Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management Society
Executive committee 相似文献18.
19.
William Russell 《BMJ (Clinical research ed.)》1984,288(6425):1244
20.